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Objective: This study investigated the relationship between impulsivity and early trauma through a network analysis in individuals diagnosed with different substance use disorders. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, the sample included 556 men with substance use disorders (195 with alcohol use, 157 with cocaine/crack use, and 214 with polysubstance use). Early trauma and impulsive behavior were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, respectively. The connection between trauma and impulsivity was assessed using network analysis through a fused graphical lasso algorithm. Results: No connection was observed between impulsivity and trauma networks in individuals with alcohol use disorder. In those with cocaine use disorder, networks were linked through the motor domain and sexual abuse nodes. Inverse connections were observed between the emotional neglect node and perseverance, but not the non-planning node. In polysubstance use, the connection between impulsivity and trauma networks was weak, with the cognitive complexity node connecting to the trauma network through physical abuse. There connections were inversely proportional between the motor domain and emotional neglect nodes, as well as between cognitive instability and physical neglect. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the relationship between the type of early (childhood) trauma and the expression of impulsivity could lead to different substance use profiles.

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INTRODUCTION: High rates of early hospital discharge are often observed in crack cocaine users and are related to adverse outcomes and increased public spending. This study evaluated clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with early treatment discharge among crack users. METHODS: The sample comprised 308 men diagnosed with crack cocaine use disorder (crack only), aged 18 to 65 years, admitted between 2013 and 2017 to a male-only hospital unit to treat substance use disorders. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained using the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version, and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire. RESULTS: Early discharge (within 7 days) was significantly associated with lack of own income, insufficient family support, being single, and recent homelessness. Regarding drug use, lower treatment retention was related to younger age of crack use onset, recent alcohol use, and nicotine use. Factors such as age, skin color, and educational level showed no relation to the outcome. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that presence of characteristics verifiable at the time of admission may be related to crack users' treatment retention. Identification of these factors can contribute to target interventions in order to improve treatment adherence in crack cocaine users.

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Introdução: A prevalência de HIV é maior em Porto Alegre comparada ao restante do país. O abuso de álcool afeta o juízo crítico, sendo associado a comportamentos de risco que podem levar à contaminação pelo HIV. Objetiva-se analisar fatores associados à exposição ao HIV em alcoolistas com práticas sexuais de risco comparando com aqueles que se previnem.Métodos: Estudo transversal com 126 homens alcoolistas (HIV negativo), divididos em 2 grupos: Exposto Sexual (n = 42) e Pouco Exposto Sexual (n = 84), considerando uso de preservativo e número de parceiros sexuais.Resultados: A maioria dos sujeitos do grupo Exposto Sexual era solteiro, sem ocupação laboral, com histórico de moradia de rua e de relação com profissional do sexo, apresentavam maior preocupação com infecção por HIV (p < 0,05).Conclusão: Sugere-se o desenvolvimento e monitoramento de intervenções preventivas específicas, considerando as características do abuso de álcool e seu papel na transmissão do HIV.

Introduction: The HIV prevalence is higher in Porto Alegre compared to other capitals in Brazil. Alcohol abuse affects critical judgment, being associated with risky behaviors that can lead to HIV infection. Aim:To analyze factors associated with exposure to HIV in alcohol users, comparing those with risky sexual practices and those who use prevention methods.Methods: Cross-sectional study with 126 male alcohol users (HIV negative), divided into 2 groups: Sexually Exposed (n = 42) and Less Sexually Exposed (n = 84), considering condom use and number of sexual partners.Results: Most subjects in the Sexually Exposed group were single, without a job, with a history of homelessness and a relationship with a sexual worker, and were more concerned about HIV infection (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The development and monitoring of specific preventive interventions is suggested, considering the characteristics of alcohol abuse and its role in HIV transmission.

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Abstract Objectives: to calculate the prevalence and rate per 1,000 live births of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in pregnant women at a public maternity hospital in Salvador. Methods: this descriptive, cross-sectional study retrospectively collected data from compulsory notifications and medical records of pregnant women with STI seen at a maternity hospital in northeastern Brazil between 2014 and 2017 (n = 520). Prevalence and rate per 1,000 live births were estimated for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and syphilis. Associations between STI and other clinical and sociodemographic variables were investigated. Results: most pregnant women were born and resided in Salvador, presented a mean age of 26.4 years, self-reported mixed-race and had unplanned pregnancies. Prevalence and rates per 1,000 live births were, respectively: 0.26% and 3.39 for hepatitis B, 0.06% and 0.79 for hepatitis C, 0.47% and 6.23 for HIV, and 2.46% and 32.2 for syphilis. Conclusion: higher prevalence and rates of infection per 1,000 live births were seen at the maternity hospital in northeastern Brazil compared to official data provided by the Brazilian government, notably with regard to HIV and syphilis. The appropriate epidemiological notification of STI, especially in pregnant women, enables the elaboration of effective preventive strategies incorporating specific sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

Resumo Objetivos: calcular a prevalência e as taxas por 1000 nascidos vivos de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) em gestantes de uma maternidade pública de Salvador. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, com dados coletados retrospectivamente a partir das fichas de notificação dos agravos e dos prontuários de todas as gestantes com IST atendidas na maternidade, entre os anos de 2014 e 2017 (n=520). Foram calculadas as prevalências e as taxas por 1000 nascidos vivos de hepatite B, hepatite C, HIV e sífilis para a população de gestantes da maternidade. Associações entre as IST e demais variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas também foram investigadas. Resultados: a maioria das gestantes era natural e residente de Salvador, pardas, com idade média de 26,4 anos e que não planejaram a gravidez. As prevalências e as taxas por 1000 nascidos vivos foram respectivamente: 0,26% e 3,39 para hepatite B, 0,06% e 0,79 para hepatite C, 0,47% e 6,23 para HIV e 2,46% e 32,2 para sífilis. Conclusão: a maternidade apresenta prevalências e taxas por 1000 nascidos vivos superiores aos dados oficiais do governo brasileiro, especialmente para HIV e sífilis. A correta notificação epidemiológica desses agravos, especialmente em gestantes, permite o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas mais eficientes e com enfoque nas características sociodemográficas e clínicas das pacientes.

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Background and Objectives: The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) is a public health challenge. Identifying risk groups is essential for establishing prevention, screening, containment, and treatment strategies. In Brazil, prisons overcrowding and unhygienic conditions have been a historical problem that enables infectious diseases. This study sought to reflect upon incarcerated population vulnerability and present strategies to face the pandemic. Methods: This is a theoretical-reflective study based on the review of scientific publications and Covid-19 coping guidelines. Results: Prison populations are highly vulnerable to Sars-Cov-2 infections. Such vulnerability is aggravated by prisons' structural conditions, which accelerates diseases spread, especially respiratory illnesses, and hinders the adoption of preventive measures. Healthcare strategies aimed at this population are still scarce. Conclusion: Covid-19 outbreaks in prisons affect prisoners, staff, and family members, possibly leading the health system to an unprecedented collapse. Considering that, strategies to reduce coronavirus impact in prisons and on public health are urgent. Preventive measures of virus spread among this population must be supported by priority health measures, contingency protocols, and coordinated actions between the health and justice sectors.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: A pandemia do coronavírus 2019 (Covid-19) é um problema de saúde pública desafiador. A identificação de grupos de risco é fundamental para o estabelecimento de estratégias de prevenção, rastreamento, contenção e tratamento. No Brasil, a superlotação e as condições insalubres das prisões são um problema histórico que facilita a disseminação de doenças. O objetivo deste estudo é refletir sobre a vulnerabilidade da população penitenciária e apresentar estratégias de enfrentamento à pandemia. Métodos: Estudo teórico-reflexivo construído a partir da revisão de publicações científicas e diretrizes de enfrentamento da Covid-19. Resultados: A PPL apresenta alta vulnerabilidade clínica para contaminação pelo Sars-Cov-2, o qual é agravado pelas condições estruturais das prisões que potencializam a disseminação de doenças, sobretudo respiratórias e dificultando o estabelecimento de medidas de prevenção. Surtos de Covid-19 em prisões afetam presos, funcionários e familiares e podem levar o sistema de saúde a um colapso sem precedentes. As estratégias de atenção a saúde desta população ainda são insuficientes. Conclusão: O estabelecimento de estratégias para reduzir o impacto do Covid-19 nas prisões e o seu reflexo na saúde pública é uma urgência. A prevenção da propagação do vírus nesta população deve ser apoiada por medidas prioritárias de saúde, implementação de protocolos de contingência e estabelecimento de ações coordenadas entre os setores de saúde e justiça.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) es un problema de salud pública desafiante. La identificación de los grupos de riesgo es esencial para establecer estrategias de prevención, detección, contención y tratamiento. En Brasil, el hacinamiento y las condiciones insalubres en las cárceles son un problema histórico que facilita la propagación de enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio es reflexionar sobre la vulnerabilidad de la población carcelaria al Covid-19 y presentar estrategias de afrontamiento a la pandemia. Métodos: Estudio teórico-reflexivo con base en la revisión de publicaciones científicas y guías de afrontamiento del Covid-19. Resultados: La población penitenciaria presenta una alta vulnerabilidad clínica a la contaminación por Sars-Cov-2 agravado por las condiciones estructurales de las cárceles, lo que aumenta la propagación de enfermedades, especialmente respiratorias, y dificulta el establecimiento de medidas preventivas. Los brotes del Covid-19 en las cárceles afectan a los presos, al personal y a los miembros de la familia, y podrían llevar al sistema de salud a un colapso sin precedentes. Las estrategias sanitarias de esta población aún son insuficientes. Conclusión: Las estrategias para reducir el impacto del Covid-19 en las cárceles y su impacto en la salud pública son urgentes. La prevención de la propagación del virus en esta población debe apoyarse en medidas prioritarias de salud, la implementación de protocolos de contingencia y el establecimiento de acciones coordinadas entre los sectores de salud y justicia.(AU)

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Justificativa e Objetivos: O Rio Grande do Sul está entre os estados brasileiros com maior percentual de idosos. Mas, apesar das altas taxas de HIV/AIDS que têm sido verificadas na população geral, existem poucas investigações científicas que exploram este tema na população idosa. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a incidência anual de AIDS na população com 60 anos ou mais de idade, residente no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil, no período de 1997 a 2017, e comparar a diferença na taxa de infecção entre os sexos. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal. As informações sobre as notificações anuais de AIDS foram coletadas no TABNET, e os dados populacionais do RS foram consultados do TABNET e do site da Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE) do RS. A incidência anual foi calculada por 100 mil habitantes. Resultados: Entre 1997 e 2017 foram notificados 3.697 casos de AIDS em idosos no RS. No comparativo entre 1997 e 2017, a incidência anual de AIDS em idosos no RS aumentou de 3,92 para 13,71/100 mil habitantes, o que configura um crescimento de 249,93% (340,49% entre homens e 171,50% entre mulheres). Conclusão: O percentual de diagnósticos de AIDS em idosos no RS foi seis vezes superior ao evidenciado na população geral. A taxa em homens foi quase duas vezes mais alta do que a das mulheres. Isso pode decorrer do aumento da expectativa de vida e de fatores relacionados ao comportamento sexual, como o uso de medicações para impotência e reposição hormonal e de tecnologias de comunicação.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Rio Grande do Sul (RS) is one of the Brazilian states with the highest percentage of older adults. However, despite the high rates of HIV/AIDS that have been detected in the general population, there are few scientific investigations regarding its prevalence in the older adult population. Our goal is to identify the annual incidence of AIDS in the population aged 60 or over living in the State of RS, Brazil, from 1997 to 2017, and to compare the sex differences in infection rates. Methods: This was a time-series ecological study. Information on annual AIDS notifications was collected on TABNET, and population data of RS was collected on TABNET and the website of the Foundation of Economy and Statistics (FEE) of RS. The annual incidence was calculated per 100,000 inhabitants. Results: Between 1997 and 2017, 3,697 AIDS cases in older adults were notified in RS. In the comparison between 1997 and 2017, the annual incidence of AIDS in older adults in RS increased from 3.92 to 13.71/100,000 inhabitants, and a 249.93% increase (340.49% among men and 171.50% among women). Conclusion: The percentage of AIDS diagnostic in RS was six times higher in older adults than in the general population. The rate for men was almost twice as high as that for women. This may be due to increased life expectancy and other factors related to sexual behavior, such as medications for erectile dysfunction and hormonal replacement, and communication technologies.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: Rio Grande do Sul se encuentra entre los estados brasileños con el mayor porcentaje de personas mayores. Además, se han observado altas tasas de VIH/SIDA en la población general; sin embargo, hay pocas investigaciones científicas que exploren este tema. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la incidencia anual de SIDA en la población mayor de 60 años residente en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, en el periodo de 1997 a 2017, así como comparar la diferencia en la tasa de infección entre los sexos. Métodos: Estudio ecológico de series de tiempo. La información sobre las notificaciones anuales de SIDA se consultó en TABNET y los datos de población de ese estado se recopilaron en TABNET y en el sitio web de la Fundación de Economía y Estadística (FEE). La incidencia anual se calculó por 100 mil habitantes. Resultados: Entre 1997 y 2017 se reportaron 3.697 casos de SIDA en las personas mayores en este estado. En la comparación entre 1997 y 2017, la incidencia anual de SIDA en ancianos encontrada pasó de 3,92 a 13,71/100.000 habitantes, lo que representa un aumento del 249,93% (340,49% en hombres y 171,50% entre mujeres). Conclusiones: El porcentaje de diagnóstico de SIDA en personas mayores encontrado fue seis veces mayor al evidenciado en la población general. La tasa de los hombres fue casi el doble que la de las mujeres. Esto puede deberse al aumento de la esperanza de vida y factores relacionados con la conducta sexual, como el uso de medicamentos para la impotencia y el reemplazo hormonal y tecnologías de la comunicación.(AU)

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This study assessed executive functions and inhibitory control in alcohol and crack users, as previous research suggests an association between substance-related disorders and impaired self-regulation and impulse control. In this study, 67 men aged 18-65 years completed the following instruments: sociodemographic questionnaire, Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence), Five Digit Test, and Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Alcohol and crack users showed deficits involving processing speed, response inhibition, flexibility, abstraction, planning, and monitoring. Analysis per type of drug revealed poorer cognitive performance among alcohol users. Years of drug use were associated with planning deficits. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of an association between drug abuse and cognitive changes. In conclusion, impairments in executive functioning and inhibitory control were found in the study samples.

Este estudo investigou as funções executivas e o controle inibitório em usuários de álcool e crack, pois pesquisas prévias sugerem associação entre os transtornos relacionados a substâncias e o comprometimento das capacidades de autorregulação e de controle dos impulsos. Neste estudo, 67 homens com idades entre 18-65 anos responderam aos seguintes instrumentos: questionário sociodemográfico, Vocabulário e Raciocínio Matricial (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence), Five Digit Test e Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Os usuários de álcool e crack apresentaram déficits envolvendo velocidade de processamento, inibição de respostas, flexibilidade, abstração, planejamento e monitoramento. A análise por droga de abuso revelou desempenho cognitivo inferior entre os alcoolistas. O tempo de abuso de drogas foi associado a déficits de planejamento. Esses achados são consistentes com a hipótese de associação do abuso de drogas com alterações cognitivas. Em conclusão, foram observadas alterações do funcionamento executivo e do controle inibitório nas amostras de usuários avaliadas.

Este estudio investigó las funciones ejecutivas y el control inhibitorio en usuários de alcohol y crack, ya que estudios anteriores sugieren una asociación entre las adicciones y alteraciones de las capacidades de auto-regulación y control de los impulsos. En este estudio, 67 hombres con edades entre 18-65 años respondieron a los siguientes instrumentos: cuestionario sociodemográfico, Vocabulario, Matriz de Razonamiento, Test de Los Cinco Dígitos y Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Usuarios de alcohol y crack presentaron déficits de velocidad de procesamiento, inhibición de respuestas, flexibilidad, abstracción, planificación y monitoramiento. El análisis por droga de abuso mostró menor rendimiento cognitivo entre los alcohólicos. El tiempo de abuso de drogas se asoció con déficit de planificación. Estos resultados son consistentes con la hipótesis de la asociación del abuso de drogas con deterioro cognitivo. En conclusión, fueram observadas alteraciones del funcionamiento ejecutivo y del control inhibitorio en las muestras evaluadas.

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The study had the goal to evaluate psychoactive substance use severity, violence, physical and emotional health of crack users who seeks specialized treatment in Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) concerning housing status. This is a multicenter cross-sectional study in six Brazilian capitals with 564 crack users categorized into two groups (1) users who have been homeless sometime in life (n = 266) and (2) individuals who have never lived on streets (n = 298). To assess the substance use severity and the characteristics of the individuals, the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version (ASI-6) was used. Group 1 users showed worse indicators regarding alcohol, medical and psychiatric problems, employment and family support subscales, as well as greater involvement with legal problems, violence, sexual abuse, suicide risk and health related problems such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and tuberculosis. In addition they have lower income to pay for basic needs. After analysis and control for possible confounders, not having enough income to pay for basic needs, showing depression symptoms, and having been arrested for theft remained statistically significant. This study evaluated more deeply drug use severity and housing status of crack users. Interventions developed in outpatient treatment should be designed and tailored to specific profiles and demands of drug users, especially homeless individuals.

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Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a gravidade do uso de substâncias psicoativas, situações de violência, saúde física e emocional de usuários de crack que buscam atendimento em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial para Álcool e Drogas (CAPSad), em relação ao status de moradia. Trata-se de um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras, com 564 usuários de crack categorizados em dois grupos: (1) usuários que estiveram em situação de rua (n = 266) e (2) nunca estiveram em situação de rua (n = 298). Para avaliar a gravidade do uso de substâncias e as características dos indivíduos utilizou-se o Addiction Severity Index, 6ª versão (ASI-6). Os usuários do grupo 1 demonstraram piores indicadores em relação às subescalas álcool, problemas médicos, psiquiátricos, trabalho e suporte familiar, além de maior envolvimento com problemas legais, violência, abuso sexual, risco de suicídio e problemas de saúde como HIV/AIDS, hepatite e tuberculose, além de possuírem menos renda para pagar necessidades básicas. Após análises multivariadas ajustadas para possíveis confundidores, não possuir renda suficiente para pagar necessidades básicas, apresentar sintomas depressivos e ter sido preso por roubo permaneceram significativos. Este trabalho avaliou de forma mais abrangente a gravidade do uso de drogas e a situação de moradia de usuários de crack. Abordagens desenvolvidas nos dispositivos de tratamento extra-hospitalares devem ser projetadas e adequadas de acordo com perfis e demandas específicos dos usuários, em especial aqueles em situação de rua.

Abstract: The study had the goal to evaluate psychoactive substance use severity, violence, physical and emotional health of crack users who seeks specialized treatment in Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) concerning housing status. This is a multicenter cross-sectional study in six Brazilian capitals with 564 crack users categorized into two groups (1) users who have been homeless sometime in life (n = 266) and (2) individuals who have never lived on streets (n = 298). To assess the substance use severity and the characteristics of the individuals, the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version (ASI-6) was used. Group 1 users showed worse indicators regarding alcohol, medical and psychiatric problems, employment and family support subscales, as well as greater involvement with legal problems, violence, sexual abuse, suicide risk and health related problems such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and tuberculosis. In addition they have lower income to pay for basic needs. After analysis and control for possible confounders, not having enough income to pay for basic needs, showing depression symptoms, and having been arrested for theft remained statistically significant. This study evaluated more deeply drug use severity and housing status of crack users. Interventions developed in outpatient treatment should be designed and tailored to specific profiles and demands of drug users, especially homeless individuals.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la gravedad del uso de sustancias psicoactivas, situaciones de violencia, salud física y emocional de consumidores de crack que buscan atención en Centros de Atención Psicosocial para alcohol y drogas (CAPSad), en relación con el status de acceso a la vivienda. Se trata de un estudio multicéntrico en seis capitales brasileñas, con 564 consumidores de crack categorizados en dos grupos: (1) consumidores sin techo (n = 266) y (2) quienes nunca fueron sin techo (n = 298). Para evaluar la gravedad del uso de sustancias y las características de los individuos se utilizó el Addiction Severity Index, 6ª versión (ASI-6). Los consumidores del grupo 1 demostraron peores indicadores, en relación a las subescalas alcohol, problemas médicos, psiquiátricos, trabajo y apoyo familiar, además de una mayor implicación en problemas legales, violencia, abuso sexual, riesgo de suicidio y problemas de salud como VIH/SIDA, hepatitis y tuberculosis, además de contar con menos renta para pagar necesidades básicas. Tras los análisis multivariados ajustados para posibles confusores, no contar con renta suficiente para pagar necesidades básicas, presentar síntomas depresivos y haber sido preso por robo fueron significativos. Este trabajo evaluó de forma más amplia la gravedad del consumo de drogas y la situación de acceso a la vivienda de consumidores de crack. Se deben proyectar enfoques desarrollados en los dispositivos de tratamiento extra-hospitalarios, adecuados según perfiles y demandas específicas de los consumidores, en especial aquellos en situación de desamparo.

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This paper presents the probabilistic record linkage (PRL) methodology as an alternative way to find or follow up hard-to-reach population as crack users. PRL was based on secondary data from public health information systems and the strategy used from standardization; phonetic encoding and the rounds of matching data were described. A total of 293 patient records from medical database and two administrative datasets obtained from Ministry of Health Information Systems were used. Patient information from the medical database was the identifiers to the administrative datasets containing data on outpatient treatment and hospital admissions. 40% of patient records were found in the hospital database and 12% were found in the outpatient database; 95% of the patients were hospitalized up to 5 times, and only 10 out of them had outpatient information. The record linkage methodology by linking government databases may help to address research questions about the path of patients in the care network without spending time and financial resources with primary data collection.

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BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, affecting approximately 10% of individuals throughout life; its onset can be detected since early childhood or adolescence. Studies in adults have shown that anxiety disorders are associated with alcohol abuse, but few studies have investigated the association between anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use in early ages. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if anxiety symptoms are associated with problematic alcohol use in young subjects. METHODS: A total of 239 individuals aged 10-17 years were randomly selected from schools located in the catchment area of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) was used to evaluate the presence of anxiety symptoms, and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), to evaluate alcohol use. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven individuals (53.1% ) reported having already used alcohol. Of these, 14 individuals showed problematic alcohol use (5.8% ). There was no association between lifetime use of alcohol and anxiety symptoms, but mean SCARED scores in individuals with problematic alcohol use was higher if compared to those without problematic use, even after adjustment for age and gender (29.9±8.5 vs. 23.7±11.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitation of a cross-sectional design, our study suggests that anxiety symptoms are associated with problematic alcohol use early in life.

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BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, affecting approximately 10% of individuals throughout life; its onset can be detected since early childhood or adolescence. Studies in adults have shown that anxiety disorders are associated with alcohol abuse, but few studies have investigated the association between anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use in early ages. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if anxiety symptoms are associated with problematic alcohol use in young subjects. METHODS: A total of 239 individuals aged 10-17 years were randomly selected from schools located in the catchment area of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) was used to evaluate the presence of anxiety symptoms, and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), to evaluate alcohol use. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven individuals (53.1% ) reported having already used alcohol. Of these, 14 individuals showed problematic alcohol use (5.8% ). There was no association between lifetime use of alcohol and anxiety symptoms, but mean SCARED scores in individuals with problematic alcohol use was higher if compared to those without problematic use, even after adjustment for age and gender (29.9±8.5 vs. 23.7±11.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitation of a cross-sectional design, our study suggests that anxiety symptoms are associated with problematic alcohol use early in life

INTRODUÇÃO: Os transtornos de ansiedade possuem alta prevalência, afetando aproximadamente 10% dos indivíduos ao longo da vida; seu início pode ser detectado já na infância e na adolescência. Estudos em adultos demonstram que a ansiedade está associada ao abuso de álcool. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram a associação entre sintomas ansiosos e o uso problemático de álcool em indivíduos jovens. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se os sintomas de ansiedade estão relacionados com uso problemático de álcool em jovens. Métodos: Um total de 239 indivíduos com idade de 10-17 anos foram aleatoriamente selecionados em escolas pertencentes à área de abrangência do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. A escala Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) foi utilizada para avaliar a presença de sintomas ansiosos, e a escala Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), para avaliar o uso de álcool. RESULTADOS: Cento e vinte e sete indivíduos (53,1% ) já haviam utilizado bebida alcoólica. Desses, 14 indivíduos mostraram uso problemático de álcool (5,8% ). Não foi observada associação entre ter usado álcool na vida e sintomas ansiosos. Porém, o escore médio da SCARED em indivíduos com uso problemático de álcool foi maior quando comparado com o escore daqueles sem uso de álcool problemático, mesmo após ajuste para idade e gênero (29,9±8,5 vs. 23,7±11,8, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das limitações impostas pelo desenho transversal, nosso estudo sugere que sintomas de ansiedade estão associados com o uso problemático de álcool em indivíduos jovens

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate regional differences and similarities associated with drinking and driving (DUI) in the five Brazilian macro-regions. METHOD: A roadside survey was conducted in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. A total of 3,398 drivers were randomly selected and given a structured interview and a breathalyzer test. To determine the predictors of positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in each region, a MANOVA was performed, and 3 groups were used as follows: 1) North and Northeast, 2) South and Midwest, and 3) Southeast. A Poisson robust regression model was performed to assess the variables associated with positive BAC in each group. RESULTS: Of all surveyed drivers, 2,410 had consumed alcohol in the previous 12 months. Most were male, with a median age of 36. Leisure as the reason for travel was associated with positive BAC in all 3 groups. Low schooling, being older than 30, driving cars or motorcycles and having been given a breathalyzer test at least once in their lives predicted DUI in at least two different groups. CONCLUSIONS: Factors , especially low schooling and leisure as a reason for travel, associated with drinking and driving were similar among regions, although certain region-specific features were observed. This information is important for aiming to reduce DUI in the country.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar diferenças e similaridades em relação a beber e dirigir (DUI) nas cinco macroregiões brasileiras. MÉTODO: Um roadside survey foi realizado nas 27 capitais brasileiras. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 3.398 condutores que responderam a uma entrevista estruturada e foram testados com uso de etilômetro. Para a construção de modelos preditivos de alcoolemia positiva (BAC), as regiões foram agrupadas de acordo com sua similaridade, obtida por MANOVA, em: 1) Norte e Nordeste; 2) Sul e Centro-Oeste; 3) Sudeste. Em cada grupo foi realizado um modelo de regressão robusta para estimar as variáveis associadas a BAC. RESULTADOS: Dentre os condutores, 2.410 ingeriram bebidas alcoólicas nos 12 meses anteriores, sendo a maioria composta por homens com idade mediana de 36 anos. A única variável associada a BAC em todos os grupos foi ter lazer como motivo da viagem. Baixa escolaridade, idade > 30 anos, dirigir carros/motos e ter realizado teste de bafômetro previamente foram associadas a BAC em ao menos dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores associados a DUI foram semelhantes nas regiões, especialmente o motivo da viagem e a escolaridade, embora algumas especificidades regionais tenham sido observadas. Estas informações são estratégicas para políticas públicas destinadas a redução do DUI.

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OBJECTIVE: Brazil lacks information about driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) originated from representative samples obtained from the general population. METHOD: 333 subjects with a valid driver's license and drinking in the last 12 months were drawn from a multistaged sample of 2,346 adults from the first Brazilian Household Survey of Patterns of Alcohol Use. A multivariate analysis was conducted to understand the associations between risk factors and driving after drinking three or more drinks. RESULTS: the overall DUI prevalence reported in the sample was 34.7% - 42.5% among males and 9.2% among females. Being male (OR = 6.0, 95% CI 2.9-12.6), having a previous DUI accident (OR = 7.9, 95% CI 2.5-24.9), binging in the last year (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.03-4.5) and having an unfavorable opinion towards policies (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-6.2) remained associated with heavy drinking and driving after model adjustments. DISCUSSION: This was the first study evaluating driving under the influence of alcohol in a representative sample of the Brazilian population. The prevalence of DUI found is alarming, and possibly underestimated in the sample. Results demonstrate the need for more studies on this association and show directions towards preventive strategies for the specific high-risk group of male drivers with previous problems with alcohol and unfavorable opinions about prevention policies.

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OBJECTIVE: Brazil lacks information about driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) originated from representative samples obtained from the general population. METHOD: 333 subjects with a valid driver's license and drinking in the last 12 months were drawn from a multistaged sample of 2,346 adults from the first Brazilian Household Survey of Patterns of Alcohol Use. A multivariate analysis was conducted to understand the associations between risk factors and driving after drinking three or more drinks. RESULTS: the overall DUI prevalence reported in the sample was 34.7 percent - 42.5 percent among males and 9.2 percent among females. Being male (OR = 6.0, 95 percent CI 2.9-12.6), having a previous DUI accident (OR = 7.9, 95 percent CI 2.5-24.9), binging in the last year (OR = 2.2, 95 percent CI 1.03-4.5) and having an unfavorable opinion towards policies (OR = 2.9, 95 percent CI 1.4-6.2) remained associated with heavy drinking and driving after model adjustments. DISCUSSION: This was the first study evaluating driving under the influence of alcohol in a representative sample of the Brazilian population. The prevalence of DUI found is alarming, and possibly underestimated in the sample. Results demonstrate the need for more studies on this association and show directions towards preventive strategies for the specific high-risk group of male drivers with previous problems with alcohol and unfavorable opinions about prevention policies.

OBJETIVO: O Brasil carece de informação sobre beber e dirigir a partir de amostras representativas da população. MÉTODO: Uma amostra de 2.346 adultos do I Levantamento Nacional Domiciliar sobre Padrões de Consumo de Álcool forneceu 333 indivíduos com carteira de motorista e que haviam bebido álcool nos últimos 12 meses. Utilizou-se análise multivariada para compreender associações entre fatores de risco e dirigir após três ou mais drinques. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de beber e dirigir na amostra foi 34,7 por cento - 42,5 por cento nos homens e 9,2 por cento nas mulheres. Ser homem (OR = 6,0; IC95 por cento 2,9-12,6), ter tido acidente prévio com beber e dirigir (OR = 7,9; IC95 por cento 2,5-24,9), ter tido "consumo excessivo episódico" no ultimo ano (OR = 2,2; IC95 por cento 1,03-4,5) e ter uma opinião desfavorável sobre políticas públicas (OR = 2,9; IC95 por cento 1,4-6,2) mantiveram-se associados com consumo pesado e dirigir após ajustes no modelo. DISCUSSÃO: Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia beber e dirigir em uma amostra representativa da população brasileira. A prevalência de beber e dirigir encontrada é alarmante e possivelmente subestimada nesta amostra. Os achados demonstram a necessidade de outros estudos sobre esta associação, e dão indicações sobre possíveis estratégias preventivas para este grupo específico de motoristas masculinos com problemas prévios com álcool e opiniões desfavoráveis sobre políticas de prevenção.

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OBJECTIVES: To compare changes in AIDS knowledge and risk behaviors among Brazilian cocaine users in an intervention trial. METHOD: 119 participants were randomly assigned to either a standard or a standard plus "thought mapping" intervention, and re-interviewed 2 and 8 weeks after intake using standardized data collection instruments. Intervention effects were examined using generalized estimated equation model. RESULTS: Significant increases in AIDS knowledge and condom use were observed in the experimental group, as well as significant changes in the subscores for sexual and drug risks. The experimental intervention was less successful in decreasing mean days of cocaine use when compared to the standard. CONCLUSION: Although not robust, the findings nevertheless suggest that components of the experimental thought-mapping model might be useful in combination with other approaches.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar as mudanças em conhecimento sobre AIDS e comportamentos de risco em usuários de cocaína brasileiros submetidos a uma intervenção experimental. MÉTODO: 119 sujeitos foram aleatoriamente designados para uma intervenção padrão ou uma intervenção padrão adicionada a um "mapa cognitivo", e re-entrevistados duas e oito semanas após admissão no estudo, utilizando-se instrumentos de coleta padronizados. Os efeitos da intervenção foram examinados utilizando modelo de equações de estimação generalizadas. RESULTADOS: Foram observados aumentos significativos no conhecimento sobre AIDS e uso de preservativos no grupo experimental, bem como modificações significativas nos subescores para risco sexual e uso de drogas. A intervenção experimental teve menos sucesso em diminuir dias de uso de cocaína quando comparada com a intervenção padrão. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de não serem robustos, os achados sugerem que os componentes do modelo de mapa cognitivo experimentados poderiam ser úteis em combinação com outras abordagens.

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OBJECTIVES: To compare changes in AIDS knowledge and risk behaviors among Brazilian cocaine users in an intervention trial. METHOD: 119 participants were randomly assigned to either a standard or a standard plus "thought mapping" intervention, and re-interviewed 2 and 8 weeks after intake using standardized data collection instruments. Intervention effects were examined using generalized estimated equation model. RESULTS: Significant increases in AIDS knowledge and condom use were observed in the experimental group, as well as significant changes in the subscores for sexual and drug risks. The experimental intervention was less successful in decreasing mean days of cocaine use when compared to the standard. CONCLUSION: Although not robust, the findings nevertheless suggest that components of the experimental thought-mapping model might be useful in combination with other approaches.

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OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown signs of brain damage caused by different mechanisms in cocaine users. The serum neuron specific enolase and S100B protein are considered specific biochemical markers of neuronal and glial cell injury. This study aimed at comparing blood levels of S100B and NSE in chronic cocaine users and in volunteers who did not use cocaine or other illicit drugs. METHOD: Twenty subjects dependent on cocaine but not on alcohol or marijuana, and 20 non-substance using controls were recruited. Subjects were selected by consecutive and non-probabilistic sampling. Neuron specific enolase and S100B levels were determined by luminescence assay. RESULTS: Cocaine users had significantly higher scores than controls in all psychiatric dimensions of the SCL-90 and had cognitive deficits in the subtest cubes of WAIS and the word span. Mean serum S100B level was 0.09 ± 0.04 µg/l among cocaine users and 0.08 ± 0.04 µg/l among controls. Mean serum neuron specific enolase level was 9.7 ± 3.5 ng/l among cocaine users and 8.3 ± 2.6 ng/l among controls. CONCLUSIONS: In this first study using these specific brain damage markers in cocaine users, serum levels of S100B and neuron specific enolase were not statistically different between cocaine dependent subjects and controls.

OBJETIVO: Estudos têm demonstrado sinais de lesão cerebral causadas por diferentes mecanismos em usuários de cocaína. A enolase sérica neurônio-específica e a proteína S100B são consideradas marcadores bioquímicos específicos de lesão neuronal e glial. Este estudo objetivou comparar os níveis sangüíneos de S100B e enolase sérica neurônio-específica em usuários crônicos de cocaína e em voluntários que não usam cocaína ou outras drogas ilícitas. MÉTODO: Vinte sujeitos dependentes de cocaína, mas não dependentes de álcool, maconha ou outra droga, e 20 sujeitos controles não usuários de drogas foram recrutados. Os sujeitos foram selecionados por amostragem consecutiva e não-probabilística e os níveis de enolase neurônio-específica e S100B foram determinados por ensaio de luminescência. RESULTADOS: Os usuários de cocaína tiveram escores significativamente maior que os controles em todas as dimensões psiquiátricas do SCL-90 e apresentaram prejuízos cognitivos no subteste cubos do WAIS e no span de palavras. Os níveis de S100B foram em média 0,09 ± 0,04 µg/l nos usuários de cocaína e 0,08 ± 0,04 µg/l nos controles. Os níveis de enolase neurônio-específica foram em média 9,7 ± 3,5 ng/l nos usuários e 8,3 ± 2,6 ng/l nos controles. CONCLUSÃO: Neste primeiro estudo utilizando esses marcadores específicos de lesão cerebral em usuários de cocaína, os níveis séricos de S100B e enolase específica do neurônio não foram significativamente diferentes entre dependentes de cocaína e controles.

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OBJECTIVE: Impulsivity is associated with different psychiatric disorders. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 is one of the scales mostly used to measure impulsivity and it does not have a validated version for Brazilian Portuguese. The objective of this study is to adapt and conduct the construct validation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 for adolescents. METHOD: The scale was translated and adapted into Portuguese and then back-translated into English. The psychometric proprieties, factor analysis and construct validity were evaluated in two samples: 18 bilingual undergraduate medical students and 464 male adolescents between 15 and 20 years old from a well-delimited geographical area in the city of Canoas, southern Brazil. RESULTS: The adolescent sample had a mean age of 17.3 ± 1.7 years. Intra-class correlation coefficient achieved a value of 0.90, and internal consistency had alpha of 0.62. Factor analysis did not identify the 3 factors of the original scale. Impulsivity scores from the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 had a correlation with scores for attention deficit/hyperactive disorder and oppositional defiant disorder and with number of symptoms of conduct disorder, suggesting an appropriate construct validity of the scale. CONCLUSION: Even considering some limitations in the Portuguese version, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 can be used in male adolescents and should be tested in other populations.

OBJETIVO: A impulsividade está associada a diversos transtornos psiquiátricos. A escala de impulsividade de Barratt é uma das mais utilizadas para medir impulsividade mas não há uma versão validada em português. O objetivo do estudo é adaptar para o português e realizar a validação de construto da escala de impulsividade de Barratt para adolescentes. MÉTODO: A escala foi traduzida e adaptada para o português e retro-traduzida para o inglês. Foram avaliadas propriedades psicométricas, análise fatorial e validade de constructo em duas amostras: 18 estudantes de medicina bilíngües e 464 adolescentes masculinos, entre 15 e 20 anos, de uma região geograficamente delimitada de Canoas, sul do Brasil. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos adolescentes foi de 17,3 ± 1,7 anos. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi de 0,90 e a consistência interna teve alfa de 0,62 para os 30 itens. A análise fatorial não identificou os três fatores da escala original. Os escores de impulsividade da escala de impulsividade de Barratt versão 11 foram correlacionados com os escores para os transtornos de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, oposicional desafiante, e para o número de sintomas de transtorno de conduta, conferindo validade de constructo à escala. CONCLUSÃO: Mesmo considerando as limitações da versão brasileira, a escala de impulsividade de Barratt versão 11 pode ser utilizada em adolescentes masculinos e deve ser testada em outras populações.

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OBJECTIVE: There is no information in the literature on the impact of crack smoking using crushed aluminum cans as makeshift pipes, a common form of crack use in Brazil. Since aluminum intake is associated with neurological damage, we measured serum aluminum levels in crack smokers. The objective of this study was to ascertain the levels of aluminum in crack users who smoke on makeshift aluminum pipes. METHOD: 71 female crack smokers, their mean age being 28.0 (+/- 7.7), provided information about their drug use, and had blood samples tested for serum aluminum level. RESULTS: 56 (79%) subjects smoked crack from crushed can pipes, while 15 (21%) smoked from other containers. Fifty-two (73.2%) out of the 71 subjects presented a serum aluminum level of 2 microg/l and 13 (18.3%) had a serum aluminum level of 6 microg/l cut-off point, which is above the reference value. When compared to non-drug users matched by their mean age and gender, they had similar median values and interquartile ranges for serum aluminum level [3 (2-4.6) for crack smokers; 2.9 (1.6-4.1) for controls], but with different means and standard deviations (4.7 +/- 4.9 and 2.9 +/- 1.7, respectively). DISCUSSION: Crack smokers have high serum aluminum level, but we are unsure of its complete association with aluminum cans. Further studies are needed. If such association is proven true in future research, further issues will be raised in dealing with this important disorder, including proper planning and evaluation of public health policies in this area.

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