RESUMEN
Opportunities exist for automated animal health monitoring and early detection of diseases such as mastitis with greater on-farm adoption of precision technologies. Our objective was to evaluate time series changes in individual milk component or behavioral variables for all clinical mastitis (CM) cases (ACM), for CM caused by gram-negative (GN) or gram-positive (GP) pathogens, or CM cases in which no pathogen was isolated (NPI). We developed algorithms using a combination of milk and activity parameters for predicting each of these infection types. Milk and activity data were collated for the 14 d preceding a CM event (n = 170) and for controls (n = 166) matched for breed, parity, and days in milk. Explanatory variables in the univariate and multiple regression models were the slope change in milk (milk yield, conductivity, somatic cell count, lactose percentage, protein percentage, and fat percentage) and activity parameters (steps, lying time, lying bout duration, and number of lying bouts) over 7 d. Slopes were estimated using linear regression between d -7 and -5, d -7 and -4, d -7 and -3, d -7 and -2, and d -7 and -1 relative to CM detection for all parameters. Univariate analyses determined significant slope ranges for explanatory variables against the 4 responses: ACM, GN, GP, and NPI. Next, all slope ranges were offered into the multivariate models for the same 4 responses using 3 baselines: d -10, -7, and -3 relative to CM detection. In the univariate analysis, no explanatory variables were significant indicators of ACM, whereas at least 1 parameter was significant for each of GN, GP, and NPI models. Superior sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) estimates were observed for the best GP (Se = 82%, Sp = 87%) and NPI (Se = 80%, Sp = 94%) multiple regression models compared with the best ACM (Se = 73%, Sp = 75%) and GN (Se = 71%, Sp = 74%) models. Sensitivity for the GN model was greater at the baseline closest to the day of CM detection (d -3), whereas the opposite was observed for the GP and NPI model as Se was maximized at the d -10 baseline. Based on this screening of relationships, milk and activity sensor data could be used in CM detection systems.
Asunto(s)
Algoritmos , Conducta Animal , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias Grampositivas/aislamiento & purificación , Mastitis Bovina/diagnóstico , Leche/química , Animales , Bovinos , Recuento de Células/veterinaria , Industria Lechera , Conductividad Eléctrica , Granjas , Femenino , Lactancia , Lactosa/análisis , Modelos Lineales , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Leche/metabolismo , Leche/normas , Paridad , Embarazo , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 1 million individuals in the United States. Depression affects up to 50% of these patients and is associated with a variety of poor outcomes for patients and their families. Despite this, there are few evidence-based data to guide clinical care. METHODS: An NIH-funded, randomized, controlled trial of paroxetine CR, nortriptyline, and placebo in 52 patients with PD and depression. The primary outcomes were the change in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the percentage of depression responders at 8 weeks. RESULTS: Nortriptyline was superior to placebo for the change in HAM-D (p < 0.002); paroxetine CR was not. There was a trend for superiority of nortriptyline over paroxetine CR at 8 weeks (p < 0.079). Response rates favored nortriptyline (p = 0.024): nortriptyline 53%, paroxetine CR 11%, placebo 24%. In planned contrasts of response rates, nortriptyline was superior to paroxetine CR (p = 0.034). Nortriptyline was also superior to placebo in many of the secondary outcomes, including sleep, anxiety, and social functioning, while paroxetine CR was not. Both active drug treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Though relatively modest in size, this is the largest placebo-controlled trial done to date in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and depression. Nortriptyline was efficacious in the treatment of depression and paroxetine CR was not. When compared directly, nortriptyline produced significantly more responders than did paroxetine CR. The trial suggests that depression in patients with PD is responsive to treatment and raises questions about the relative efficacy of dual reuptake inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Asunto(s)
Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Depresivo/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Depresivo/etiología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Parkinson/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antidepresivos/efectos adversos , Antidepresivos Tricíclicos/efectos adversos , Antidepresivos Tricíclicos/uso terapéutico , Ansiedad/psicología , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Nortriptilina/efectos adversos , Nortriptilina/uso terapéutico , Paroxetina/efectos adversos , Paroxetina/uso terapéutico , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Calidad de Vida , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/efectos adversos , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/uso terapéutico , Sueño/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Social , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The surface structure of the compound eyes of 6 Drosophila species and 12 eye mutants of D. melanogaster were compared by scanning electron microscopy. D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. hydei, D. funebris and D. virilis displayed hexagonal facets and differed only slightly in the distribution of bristles. D. lebanonensis displayed tetragonal facets.No obvious differences in surface structure of the eyes of colour mutants of D. melanogaster were found. Mutants with structural modifications of the eyes revealed irregular patterns of bristles, variations in bristle number and variations in facet shape, size and organization. The mutant spa(pol) does not display clear-cut delineated facets.