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Objective To construct the drug delivery system of gentamicin/chitosan microspheres for local injection, and evaluate its physicochemical properties and cell cytotoxicity.Methods Gentamicinwas used as model drug, chitosan as carrier, lecithinand hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as accessories, and the microspheres of gentamicin/chitosan/lecithin/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrinwas prepared by spray drying method.The physicochemical properties and cell cytotoxicity of themicrospheres were investigated by UV spectrophotometry , scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic membrane dialysis and MTT assay.Results Five kinds of chitosan microspheres ( A, B, C, D and E) with different drug/carrier ratios were successfully prepared by spray drying method.The yield, drug loading and entrapment efficiency of the drug-loaded microspheres were 34.38%~46.94%, 10.20% ~18.67%, 61.20% ~74.72%, respectively.SEM results showed that compared with microspheres A, B and C, microspheres D and E own the spherical shape with wrinkled surface and uniform particle size, particle size between 0.5 ~3 μm, no adhesion.X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the drug was encapsulated in the microspheres.The results of in vitro release indicated that microspheres D had a good sustained release effect in the four drug-loaded microspheres.The results of cytotoxicity test showed that when the concentration of gentamicin reached 400 μg/mL, the relative growth rate of microspheres D was still higher than 80% with the cytotoxicity grade was one, ie, no cytotoxicity.Conclusion The microspheres D with good physicochemical properties, sustained-release effect and biocompatibility, is expected to be a good carrier of prostate local drug delivery.

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Objective To investigate the value of preoperative neutrophil?to?lymphocyte ratio(NLR) as a prognostic predictor after radical resection of bladder cancer for muscle?bladder cancer. Methods Two hundred and fifty?two cases consecutive muscle?invasive bladder cancer patients treated with total excision radi?cal bladder at the Rology Surgery Department of Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College from January 2006 to March 2010 were retrospectively analyzed,and all patients were diagnosed bladder cancer by pathological examination. Based on the cut?off value of 2. 7,all the patients were divided into two groups:a low NLR(<2. 7,n=142) group and a high NLR(≥2. 7,n=110) group. None accepted neoadjuvant therapy. Results The 5?year overall survival rate was 75. 2% in patients of the low NLR group and 53% in the high NLR group,the difference was significant(P=0. 005). Univariate analysis showed that NLR(P=0. 002),tumor size(P=0. 035),T stage (P=0. 0022),tumor grade(P=0. 04),hydronep?hrosis or no(P=0. 031),Lymph node metastasis or no(P=0. 003) were associated with survival. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that NLR was independent risk factors of prognosis(HR:2. 586;95%CI:1. 256-2. 851;P=0. 039). Conclusion Preoperative NLR≥2. 7 may be a convenient biomarker to predict patients with a poor prognosis after radical cystectomy for muscle?invasive blad?der cancer.

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BACKGROUND: Varicocele has been implicated as a factor responsible for infertility. Many researchers have shown that varicocele causes spermatogenic dysfunction and abnormal germ cell apoptosis. However, the effects of varicocele on the cell cycle and the mechanism of germ cell apoptosis have not been fully defined. Spermatogenic dysfunction in varicocele testes may be related partly to abnormal apoptosis. METHODS: Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham-operated group (SOG) and experimental left varicocele (ELV) group. Experimental varicocele was induced by partial ligation of the left renal vein in rats. After 90 days, two flow cytometric methods, PI staining and annexin V/PI labeling assays, were used to analyze the cell cycle and cell cycle specificity of spermatogenic cell apoptosis. RESULTS: The weight of the left testicle in SOG and ELV was 1.527 +/- 0.071 g and 1.223 +/- 0.136 g, respectively, indicating a lower left testicle weight in ELV than in SOG (p < 0.05). Many changes were observed in ELV. Seminiferous tubules shrunk, spermatogenic epithelium became thinner and many spermatogenic cells dropped into the tubules. Furthermore, we found that the cell cycle was arrested at the phase of spermatogonium. Compared with SOG, the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase increased from 60.632 +/- 5.144% to 74.128 +/- 17.067% (p < 0.05), and the proportion of cells in S phase decreased from 13.853 +/- 2.796% to 7.905 +/- 5.314% in ELV (p < 0.05). Compared with SOG, the apoptosis index (A) increased from 4.345 +/- 0.554% to 14.583 +/- 3% (p < 0.05) in ELV. In ELV, apoptotic cells were mainly in G0/G1 and G2/M phases, and A1 (A1: Apoptosis index of G0/G1 phase) and A3 (Apoptosis index of G2/M phase) increased to 8.343 +/- 1.605% and 5.648 +/- 1.685%, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Spermatogenesis is arrested in G0/G1 phase in experimental left varicocele. The apoptosis of spermatogenic cells by a varicocele may be induced in G0/G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Apoptosis of germ cells with DNA damage may be the principal method through which the testis eliminates arrested germ cells.

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Objective To investigate the mRNA expression of COX-2 and MMP-2 on transitional cell carcinoma of bladder(TCCB) and their relationship with the invasion and metastasis of the bladder neoplasm. Methods Surgical bladder specimens were obtained from 54 TCCB patients and 5 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients to make paraffin slices, and 8 specimens which against cancers. In situ hybridization (ISH) was used to assay the mRNA expression of COX-2 and MMP-2. Results The mRNA expression of COX-2 and MMP-2 in bladder neoplasm were 59.2 % and 57.4 % respectively. Compared to the control, their expression was higher (P