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Background: White spot lesions (WSLs) are frequently linked with low microhardness and mineral content changes. several strategies have been employed to deal with these problems. This investigation aimed to analyze the microhardness and mineral content changes after remineralization with bioactive glass (BAG) and casein phospho-peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF). Methods: Twenty sound maxillary first premolars extracted were used to obtain a total of one hundred enamel samples. forty enamel slabs were split into four experimental groups (n = 10 each): Group I, BAG; Group II, BAG+CPP-ACPF; Group III, CPP-ACPF varnish; and Group IV, artificial saliva (negative control). To create artificial WSLs, all samples were preserved in a prepared demineralizing agent for 72 h before treatment with remineralizing agents. Vickers microhardness test was performed. Additionally, 60 enamel samples were selected for analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and assigned to six experimental groups; the first four groups were similar to that used in the microhardness test along with Group V: WSLs, and Group VI: baseline. The statistical analyses employed in this study included Tukey's HSD (p<0.05), one-way ANOVA, and Shapiro-Wilk. Result: Regarding surface microhardness, the BAG+CPP-ACPF group showed the most favorable recovery, which was better than the outcomes of the BAG and CPP-ACPF groups. A statistically significant change (p <0.05) was not observed between them. Similarly, for mineral content change, the BAG+CPP-ACPF group demonstrated the greatest result, The BAG group came next, and the CPP-ACPF group came last. Conclusion: The BAG+CPP-ACPF group might be regarded as the best course of treatment for enhancing both the surface microhardness and mineral content (Ca, P), while the control group (Artificial saliva) showed the least satisfactory results in comparison. After demineralization, mineral content and microhardness decreased in all samples. Therefore, BAG+CPP-ACPF significantly improved the surface microhardness and mineral content.
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Background: Dental caries and an impairment in visual acuity (VA) may both be caused by a variety of risk factors. Various conditions of the eye can appear as a consequence of overall inflammation and active dental caries. Aim: The present study aims to assess dental caries and salivary status by measuring the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) and flow rate between visually impaired students compared with students with normal vision. Materials and Methods: Research was performed employing a cross-sectional comparative study design conducted among representative 653 students aged 8-10 years at primary schools in Al-Diwaniyah governorate using the Snellen E chart for measuring VA status. Partitioning the students according to the degree of VA into normal students with normal VA of 6/9 or better and students with visual impairment of 6/12 or worse was done. Sub-sample of 180 students was recruited randomly from both groups, age and gender-matched participants for salivary analysis, and dental caries assessment measured by decay, missed, filled index, according to the World Health Organization in 2013. Results: Out of 653 students, only 70 students suffer from a decrease in VA. Dental caries was more prevalent in those who had a decrease in VA compared with normal groups. For primary teeth decay, missed, filled teeth index (DMFT/dmft), the result was not significant but highly significant for DMFT/dmft. A significant decrease in salivary flow rate and increased salivary TGF-ß1 level among visually impaired students was found. Conclusions: According to the current research, the study population that has impaired VA, dental health status has greatly deteriorated.
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PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of natural antimicrobial agents in reducing biofilm development on different titanium and zirconia dental implant materials in vitro using a constant depth film fermentor (CDFF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contact angles and surface free energy were determined for all surfaces. Biofilms were grown on disks of polished partially stabilized zirconia, titanium blasted with zirconia, titanium blasted with zirconia and acid-etched, and polished titanium using a CDFF to simulate oral cavity conditions. Antimicrobials (cinnamon oil, clove oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, or 0.5% Tween 80) were pulsed twice daily to the biofilm to mimic application in the oral cavity. Samples were taken after 6, 24, and 48 hours. Serial dilutions were made and plated onto agar. Bacterial colonies were counted to determine colony-forming units/mL. RESULTS: Treatment of different implant material surfaces with the various antimicrobial agents led to significant increases in wettability and free energy on all surfaces. All surfaces showed a remarkable decrease in bacterial adhesion in the first 2 days in a relatively similar manner, with significant reduction in most of them, particularly after 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Functionalization of different dental implant material surfaces with essential oils resulted in immediate and ongoing antibacterial and antiplaque activities, and this antibacterial effect was enhanced with increased plaque age. Differences in the type of material seemed to have little effect on bacterial adhesion after treatment with antimicrobial agents. Expansion of this work with in vivo studies and clinical trials would be valuable.