RESUMEN
The effect of Picroliv on hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases (MFO) and glutathione conjugating enzyme system in cholestatic rats was studied. Bile duct ligation in male rats for one weeks caused significant increase in both serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity and serum bile acide concentration indicating cholestatic liver injury. Furthermore, a rise in the hepatic hydroxyproline level indicating collagen accumulation was observed. As a result of these alterations, the hepatic microsomal MFO system was imparied as evidenced by a decrease in cytochrome P-450 system content and in the activities of NADPH-cytochrome C reductase and aminopyrine demethylase. While the hepatic glutathione content remained unaffected, the cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity was clearly suppressed due to subchronic cholestasis. Oral administration of Picroliv (25 mg/kg/day for 21 days)--a standardized irioid glycoside fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa in bile ligation induced cholestatic rats, singnificantly prevented the biochemical changes induced in liver and serum of cholestatic rats. These results suggested that picroliv has anti-cholestatic activity which may be attributed to antioxidant property or it's specific role in protein synthesis.
Asunto(s)
Colestasis/enzimología , Cinamatos/administración & dosificación , Glicósidos/administración & dosificación , Microsomas Hepáticos/enzimología , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/efectos de los fármacos , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/metabolismo , Ácido Vanílico/administración & dosificación , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cinamatos/metabolismo , Glutatión/análisis , Glicósidos/metabolismo , Masculino , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ácido Vanílico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Healing promoting actions of Rhinax, a multiconstituent herbal preparation, was investigated in chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer models induced by acetic acid in rats and the effects were compared with those of famotidine by gross of histological evaluation. Rhinax markedly promoted the well balanced healing of gastric ulcer at oral does of 25-100 mg/kg x 2 /day, as evidenced by the reduction of ulcer, regeneration of mucosa and proliferation of connecitve tissue. Rhinax caused an increase in gastric mucosa secretion in all the regenerated mucosa around the gastric ulcers. Famotidine failed to promote the healing of gastric ulcers at 100 mg/kg x 2/ day p.o. Rhinax also significantly accelerated the healing of acetic acid -induced duodenal ulcers as well famotidine. These results indicate that Rhinax is characterised by a potent promoting action on the healing of chronic ulcers, suggesting that the increase in gastric mucus secretion might be associated with the antiulcer action of Rhinax in rats.
Asunto(s)
Antiulcerosos/uso terapéutico , Úlcera Duodenal/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácido Acético , Animales , Úlcera Duodenal/inducido químicamente , Úlcera Duodenal/patología , Famotidina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Úlcera Gástrica/inducido químicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/patologíaRESUMEN
The Study was designed to verify the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal effects of unripe fruit extract of Aegle marmelos Corr. The gastroprotective function of this extract was evaluated in rats against gastric mucosal damage induced by hypothermic restraint stress, absolute ethanol, and indomethacin, whereas the antidiarrhoeal activity was investigated by studying the influence on gastrointestinal transit as measured by a charcoal marker and on castor oil-induced accumulation of intestinal fluid in mice and also on contractile responses evoked by acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, and barium chloride in isolated guinea-pig ileum, the results demonstrated that pretreatment of animals with unripe fruit extract (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) produces a significant inhibition of gastric lesion induced by ethanol but not those induced by restraint stress or indomethacin and suggest a probable involvement of a prostaglandin-independent mechanism of gastroprotection. At similar doses, both the intestinal transit as well as the accumulation of intestinal fluids induced by castor oil in mice were significantly inhibited by raw fruit extract. Furthermore, the extract antagonized the contractile responses evoked by different agonists on guinea-pig ileum in vitro and its inhibitory potential for the drugs are in the order of acetylcholine > histamine > serotonin > barium chloride. Taken together, these results point out a possible antidiarrhoeal effect of unripe fruit extract of A. marmelos Corr., since inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion can control clinical diarrhoea.
Asunto(s)
Antiulcerosos/farmacología , Antidiarreicos/farmacología , Rutaceae/química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos , Antiulcerosos/aislamiento & purificación , Antidiarreicos/aislamiento & purificación , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central , Etanol , Frutas/química , Cobayas , Técnicas In Vitro , Indometacina , Masculino , Ratones , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Úlcera Gástrica/inducido químicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/etiología , Úlcera Gástrica/prevención & control , Estrés Psicológico/complicacionesRESUMEN
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kenyae (B.t.k.) is a microbial insecticide effective against lepidopteran pest species. Acute oral toxicity in rats and acute dermal toxicity, ocular irritation, skin irritation in rabbits were studied for the wettable powder formulation of B.t.k. In addition, toxicity of the wettable powder formulation was also studied in fresh water fish (Gambussia affinis). The results of these studies indicate that this wettable powder formulation of B.t.k. is nontoxic and nonirritant to rats, rabbits, and fish.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus thuringiensis , Toxinas Bacterianas/toxicidad , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Precursores de Proteínas/toxicidad , Pruebas de Toxicidad , Administración Cutánea , Administración Oral , Animales , Toxinas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Ciprinodontiformes , Ojo/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Insecticidas/administración & dosificación , Irritantes/toxicidad , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Masculino , Control Biológico de Vectores , Polvos , Precursores de Proteínas/administración & dosificación , Conejos , Ratas , Piel/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Co-administration of piperine, an alkaloid isolated from Piper nigrum L. enhanced bioavailability of beta lactam antibiotics, amoxycillin trihydrate and cefotaxime sodium significantly in rats. The improved bioavailability is reflected in various pharmacokinetic parameters viz. tmax, Cmax, t(1/2) and AUC, of these antibiotics. The increased bioavailability could be attributed to the effect of piperine on microsomal metabolising enzymes or enzymes system.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Piperidinas/administración & dosificación , Amoxicilina/administración & dosificación , Amoxicilina/farmacocinética , Animales , Benzodioxoles , Disponibilidad Biológica , Cefadroxilo/administración & dosificación , Cefadroxilo/farmacocinética , Cefotaxima/administración & dosificación , Cefotaxima/farmacocinética , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Alcamidas Poliinsaturadas , RatasRESUMEN
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) root extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; orally) improved retention of a passive avoidance task in a step-down paradigm in mice. Ashwagandha (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; orally) also reversed the scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg)-induced disruption of acquisition and retention and attenuated the amnesia produced by acute treatment with electroconvulsive shock (ECS), immediately after training. Chronic treatment with ECS, for 6 successive days at 24 h intervals, disrupted memory consolidation on day 7. Daily administration of ashwagandha for 6 days significantly improved memory consolidation in mice receiving chronic ECS treatment. Ashwagandha, administered on day 7, also attenuated the disruption of memory consolidation produced by chronic treatment with ECS. On the elevated plus-maze, ashwagandha reversed the scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg)-induced delay in transfer latency on day 1. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that ashwagandha exhibits a nootropic-like effect in naive and amnesic mice.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Nootrópicos/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Withania , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Electrochoque , Femenino , Medicina de Hierbas , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Medicina Ayurvédica , Trastornos de la Memoria/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de la Memoria/etiología , Ratones , Nootrópicos/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Raíces de Plantas , Escopolamina , Transferencia de Experiencia en Psicología/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a major life threatening complication among transplant recipient and patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. In a rat model of progressive pulmonary aspergillosis that is characterized by hyphal bronchopneumonia, aerosol hamycin (aero-H; 0.68 mg/kg given 2 days before infection) significantly delayed mortality in rats compared with animals in control group. The first death in the aero-H-treated group occurred on day 12, by which time six of the eight control animals had died. The same dose of aero-H given as treatment (0.68 mg/kg given 24 h after infection and than daily for 6 days) was also effective. In this trial, eight of the ten animals treated with aero-H survived for 7 day, whereas only one of ten control animals survived. Colony counts in lungs homogenates obtained 24 h after infection showed an 80-fold reduction in the number of viable spores in animals that had received 2.8 mg/kg doses of aero-H 2 days prior to infection. At 48 h after administrating a single 0.68 or 1.36 mg/kg dose of aero-H, mean lung concentrations were 1.25 and 2.60 mg/g tissue, respectively. From the results of the present study it was concluded that aero-H killed inhaled spores and delays the progression of pulmonary aspergillosis by inhibiting mycelial proliferation.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Aspergilosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aspergilosis/prevención & control , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/prevención & control , Polienos/administración & dosificación , Aerosoles , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , RatasRESUMEN
The efficacy of antifungal agent, hamycin, in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis was studied. Mice were intravenously infected with Candida albicans blastoconidia and treated for 14 days with intraperitoneal hamycin, oral fluconazole, or a combination of these two. Hamycin alone was most efficacious in prolonging survival and in decreasing renal colony counts, usually with complete sterilization of the kidneys by the end of the treatment period. Fluconazole improved survival rates and effected a decrease in renal colony counts, but kidneys were not microbiologically sterilized. Combination therapy with hamycin and fluconazole did not result in a decrease in the efficacy of hamycin by either end point (survival or renal colony counts). High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of Hamycin concentrations in serum indicated lowlevels of absorption of the drug. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that hamycin is effective in the treatment of murine invasive candidiasis and that the theoretical concern about adverse interactions between the two drug does not apply to the dosages studied in these experiments.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Fluconazol/administración & dosificación , Polienos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Antifúngicos/sangre , Candidiasis/sangre , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Fluconazol/sangre , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Polienos/sangreRESUMEN
Pharmacological and metabolic effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae)) used in Ayurveda as a herbal tonic and health food were studied. Ashwagandha was shown to increase swimming time in rats in physical working capacity test, i.e. rats swimming endurance test. Significant increase in relative heart weight and glycogen content in myocardium and liver was also observed in ashwagandha treated group. Ashwagandha treatment increased the duration of contractility in functional test for the resistance of frog heart muscle towards the toxic action of strophanthin-K. Ashwaaandha treatment also resulted in significant increase in coagulation time which attains normalcy 7 days after cessation of treatment. Ashwagandha possesses no toxicity up to a dose of (100 mg/kg; p.o. for 180 days) and does not cause significant changes in biochemical parameters in the blood serum of rats. Increase in catecholamine content in the heart and aortic tissues and their decrease in adrenal glands are unfavourable effects of high doses of ashwagandha. On the basis of these observations, it was concluded that ashwagandha possesses adaptogenic, cardiotropic, cardioprotective and anticoagulant properties.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales/química , Animales , Anuros , Coagulación Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Fenómenos Químicos , Química Física , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Pruebas de Función Renal , Medicina Ayurvédica , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia Física/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas/química , Ratas , Natación/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The therapeutic efficacy of 1% cream and 1% solution of hamycin, a polyene antimycotic agent, in the model of cutaneous candidiasis in prednisolone-treated guinea pigs was evaluated in comparison with that of comparable formulations of miconazole. Each preparation was topically applied once a day for three consecutive days starting on the fifth day post infection, and quantitative culture study was conducted on the ninth day post infection. Both formulations were much more highly effective in terms of eradication of fungi like miconazole formulations.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Candidiasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Polienos/administración & dosificación , Administración Tópica , Animales , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Cobayas , Miconazol/administración & dosificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Hamycin, a heptaene antifungal antibiotic was compared with amphotericin B in the treatment of established systemic infection with Candida albicans in normal and diabetic rats. In normal rats, orally administered hamycin at 10 mg kg(-1) per day for 7 days reduced Candida colony counts in the kidneys and livers as well as amphotericin B did and was nearly as effective as amphotericin B in a 21-day treatment trial. There was no further reduction in Candida colony counts when normal rats were treated with hamycin at 25 mg kg(-1) twice a day for 7 days. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, hamycin at 20 mg kg(-1) per day for either 7 or 21 days compared favourably with amphotericin B in efficacy. Results of the present study suggest that oral hamycin may be useful in the treatment of established disseminated candidiasis in normal as well as diabetic hosts.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicaciones , Administración Oral , Anfotericina B/administración & dosificación , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Candida albicans/crecimiento & desarrollo , Candidiasis/complicaciones , Candidiasis/microbiología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Riñón/microbiología , Hígado/microbiología , Polienos/administración & dosificación , Polienos/uso terapéutico , RatasRESUMEN
Mice lethally infected with Candida albicans were exposed to small-particle aerosols containing hamycin liposomes. The drug, when administered twice daily for 2 h (0.68 mg kg(-1) body weight per day) on days 1, 2 and 3 post inoculation, significantly reduced the numbers of Candida organisms in the kidneys. Aerosol treatment increased the survival time of mice given two 2-h treatments once a week for 4 weeks. A twice weekly 2-h small particle aerosol administration of hamycin for 1, 2, or 3 weeks significantly increased both the mean time of survival and percent survival.
Asunto(s)
Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aerosoles , Animales , Candidiasis/mortalidad , Esquema de Medicación , Portadores de Fármacos , Liposomas , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Polienos/administración & dosificación , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Hepatoprotective effect of 6-MFA, obtained from fungus Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 28706, was evaluated by employing three different immunological liver injury mice models. The first liver injury model was induced by injecting anti-basic liver protein (BLP) antibody into mice previously immunised with rabbit IgG (RGG). The other models were simulated by injecting antiliver specific protein (LSP) antibody or by injecting bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into mice pretreated with Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum). 6-MFA treatment inhibited the increased transaminases (GOT and GPT) activities and showed a tendency to inhibit the histopathological changes of the liver in all the models studied. Furthermore, 6-MFA treatment inhibited deoxycholic acid induced transaminase release from cultured rat hepatocytes in vitro, but failed to affect the formation of hemolytic plaque forming cells in immunised mice spleens and hemolytic activity of guinea pig complement in immunohemolytic reaction. Our findings, therefore, suggested that the moderate hepatoprotective effect of 6-MFA could be related to it's protective effect on hepatocyte plasma membrane rather than the direct inhibitory effects on the antibody formation and/or complement activity.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Aspergillus ochraceus/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/farmacología , Hígado/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antifúngicos/biosíntesis , Ciclofosfamida/farmacología , Ácido Desoxicólico/farmacología , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Conejos , Ratas , Transaminasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The antitussive activity of Adhatoda vasica (AV) extract was evaluated in anaesthetized guinea pigs and rabbits and in unanaesthetized guinea pigs. AV was shown to have a good antitussive activity. Intravenously, it was 1/20-1/40 as active as codeine on mechanically and electrically induced coughing in rabbits and guinea-pigs. After oral administration to the guinea-pig the antitussive activity of AV was similar to codeine against coughing induced by irritant aerosols.
Asunto(s)
Antitusígenos/uso terapéutico , Tos/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Animales , Tos/etiología , Estimulación Eléctrica , Cobayas , Irritantes/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Conejos , Nervio Vago/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
In order to gain insight into the antioxidant effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum; Lauraceae) and cardamom (Amomum subulatum; Zingiberaceae) hepatic and cardiac antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) content and lipid conjugated dienes were studied in rats fed high fat diet along with cinnamon or cardamom. The antioxidant enzyme activities were found to be significantly enhanced whereas GSH content was markedly restored in rats fed a fat diet with spices. In addition, these spices partially counteracted increase in lipid conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides, the primary products of lipid peroxidation. Thus, it appears that these spices exert antioxidant protection through their ability to activate the antioxidant enzymes.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Cinnamomum zeylanicum/análisis , Zingiberales/química , Animales , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Glutatión/metabolismo , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Miocardio/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Semillas/químicaRESUMEN
Administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 3 mg/kg, i.p. in rats resulted in reduced food intake, febrile hyperthermia, decreased body weight and reduced muscle performance in treadmill tests. It also induced some biochemical changes like increased serum levels of transaminases, acid phosphatase, pseudocholinesterase, free fatty acids and decreased blood glucose and liver glycogen levels. Rhinax (RHX), a herbal formulation, at 160 mg/kg, p.o. improved muscle performance but had no effect on the elevated temperature or the reduced body weight of rats weakened by LPS. It also normalised various biochemical alterations induced by LPS. The results of these studies indicate efficacy of RHX as an antifatigue agent to improve muscular performance.
Asunto(s)
Endotoxemia/terapia , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fitoterapia , Animales , Endotoxemia/inducido químicamente , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , RatasRESUMEN
The aqueous suspension of root extract of an Indian drug ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae)) was evaluated for its effect on lipid peroxidation (LPO) in stress-induced animals. Elevation of LPO was observed in rabbits and mice after intravenous administration of 0.2 microg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS: from Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 100 microg/kg of peptidoglycan (PGN: from Staphylococcus aureus), respectively. The peak was reached immediately after PGN and 2-6 h after LPS administration. Simultaneous oral administration of ashwagandha (100 mg/kg) prevented the rise in LPO in rabbits and mice.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Estrés Fisiológico/metabolismo , Withania , Animales , Lipopolisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Ratones , ConejosRESUMEN
Therapeutic efficacy of an Indian Ayurvedic medicinal preparation, Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Solanceae; root)] was evaluated against experimental aspergillosis in Balb/c mice. Ashwagandha given orally once daily for 7 consecutive days in a dose of 100 mg/kg after intravenous infection of Aspergillus fumigatus prolonged the survival period of infected mice. This protective activity was probably related to the observed increases in phagocytosis and intracellular killing of peritoneal macrophages induced by Ashwaganda treatment. The number of peripheral leukocytes was not modified, excluding a possibility of mobilization of cells from other compartments. On the basis of these findings, the probable mechanism underlying the protective action of Ashwagandha against systemic Aspergillus infection was discussed in relation with its possible activity to activate the macrophage function.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Aspergilosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Withania , Animales , Macrófagos/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , FagocitosisRESUMEN
Hamycin is an antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pimprina Thirum. In the present study, the effect of hamycin on (a) the phagocytosis of Candida albicans by murine peritoneal macrophages and (b) the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of C. albicans was investigated. Addition of hamycin to the culture of macrophages and Candida cells increased the susceptibility of Candida cells to the phagocytosis by macrophages. Pretreatment of Candida cells with hamycin increased their vulnerability to killing by macrophages. Examination of physico-chemical properties of Candida cell surface showed a significant decrease in the CSH. These findings suggest that the binding of hamycin to Candida cells induces biochemical/physico-chemical alterations of the surface, so that it becomes more susceptible to phagocytosis by murine macrophages.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida albicans/inmunología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/inmunología , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Candida albicans/química , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Formaldehído/farmacología , Cinética , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/microbiología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C3H , Polienos/metabolismo , Polienos/farmacología , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
The effect of Rhinax on gastric damage in different animal models including gastric ulceration induced by a necrotic agent such as 0.6 N HCl, indomethacin, and intragastric distension was studied. Treatment with Rhinax at a dose of 160 mg/kg protected gastric mucosa against the damage induced by oral administration of indomethacin and intragastric distension. The volume and acidity of gastric juice in pyloric ligated rats was reduced by Rhinax. It also significantly promoted gastric mucus secretion in normal animals. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that Rhinax possesses anti-ulcer activity and that the observed activity may be due to the modulation of defensive factors by improvement in gastric cytoprotection.