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Introduction: The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has a beneficial "off-target" effect that offers heterologous protection against respiratory tract infections by inducing trained immunity. The need for producing antigen-specific COVID-19 vaccines leads to delays in vaccine administration. Current randomized controlled trials (RCTs) report conflicting data on BCG's efficacy in COVID-19 infection. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major bibliographic databases to identify RCTs evaluating the outcomes of BCG re-vaccination in COVID-19. For dichotomous outcomes, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were pooled using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Statistical significance was set at P less than 0.05. Results: Thirteen RCTs with 13 939 participants (7004 in the BCG re-vaccination group and 6935 in the placebo group) were included. BCG re-vaccination did not lead to a statistically significant difference in the incidence of COVID-19 infection [OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.19; P=0.56], COVID-19-related hospitalizations [OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.38, 1.72; P=0.58), ICU admissions [OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.13, 1.46; P=0.18], or mortality [OR: 0.67; 95% CI 0.15, 3.04; P=0.60]. For safety outcomes, BCG re-vaccination led to a significant increase in the local injection site complications [OR: 99.79; 95% CI: 31.04, 320.80; P<0.00001], however, the risk of serious adverse events was similar [OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.67; P=0.33]. Conclusions: BCG re-vaccination does not decrease the incidence of COVID-19 infection, COVID-19-related hospitalizations, ICU admissions, COVID-19-related mortality, and serious adverse events; however, it leads to a rise in local injection site complications. Caution should be exercised when overstating BCG's efficacy in COVID-19 prevention.

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BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to affect approximately 25% of the global population. Both, coronary artery disease and NAFLD are linked to underlying insulin resistance and inflammation as drivers of the disease. Coronary flow reserve parameters, including coronary flow reserve velocity (CFRV), baseline diastolic peak flow velocity (DPFV), and hyperemic DPFV, are noninvasive markers of coronary microvascular circulation. The existing literature contains conflicting findings regarding these parameters in NAFLD patients. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted on major electronic databases from inception until May 8, 2024, to identify relevant studies. We pooled the standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the inverse-variance random-effects model. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Four studies with 1139 participants (226 with NAFLD and 913 as controls) were included. NAFLD was associated with a significantly lower CFRV (SMD: -0.77; 95% CI: -1.19, -0.36; P < .0002) and hyperemic DPFV (SMD: -0.73; 95% CI: -1.03, -0.44; P < .00001) than the controls. NAFLD demonstrated a statistically insignificant trend toward a reduction in baseline DPFV (SMD: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.38, 0.19; P = .52) compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Patients with NAFLD are at a higher risk of coronary microvascular dysfunction, as demonstrated by reduced CFRV and hyperemic DPFV. The presence of abnormal coronary flow reserve in patients with NAFLD provides insights into the higher rates of cardiovascular disease in these patients. Early aggressive targeted interventions for impaired coronary flow reserve in subjects with NAFLD may lead to improvement in clinical outcomes.

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BACKGROUND: Diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), which can be associated with arrhythmias and heart failure, remains challenging despite multiple advances over time. The 2014 Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) consensus statement recommends an endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) to establish a definite diagnosis of CS. In the absence of a positive EMB, a diagnosis of probable or presumed CS is made on the basis of clinical and imaging criteria. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether there is any difference in outcomes between definite vs probable/presumed CS. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant studies published after 2014. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the random effects model and presented in forest plots. RESULTS: 6 studies involving 2,103 patients were identified. The cohort had a mean age of 56.8 years (SD:±13.6 years). The median duration of follow-up was 40.5 months. No statistically significant difference was observed between definite and probable/presumed CS for reduced risk of the composite endpoint (RR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.72), all-cause death (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.46), sudden cardiac death (RR: 1.59, 95% CI: 0.99 to 2.56), arrhythmias (RR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.07), and HF-related hospitalizations (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.38). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrated the equivalence of clinical course and prognosis between definite and probable/presumed CS. This highlights the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach to CS care and emphasizes that histological confirmation should not be a prerequisite to diagnose or manage this condition.

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Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and its severe complication, chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Conventionally, balloon angioplasty has been regarded as superior to stenting in CLTI associated with infrapopliteal PAD. Stenting is often considered a "rescue" or "bail-out" procedure in managing CLTI. However, stenting using newer generation stents coated with antiproliferative drugs such as paclitaxel has demonstrated noninferior results compared with balloon angioplasty in terms of risk of restenosis. However, the current data comparing stenting to balloon angioplasty for other outcomes is rather inconsistent. Major bibliographic databases were searched systematically to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing stenting to balloon angioplasty in CLTI in infrapopliteal PAD patients. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled in a random-effects model with statistical significance considered at P < 0.05. 9 RCTs with 1125 patients (634, stenting; 491, balloon angioplasty) were included. Stenting was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of binary restenosis (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.38-0.97; P = 0.04] compared with balloon angioplasty. However, no statistically significant difference in technical success, all-cause mortality, clinically driven target lesion revascularization, major limb amputation, and primary patency was observed between the 2 groups. In infrapopliteal PAD associated with CLTI, stenting is noninferior to balloon angioplasty. Future large multicentric RCTs are warranted, particularly evaluating the newer generation drug-eluting stents, in a diverse patient population with longer follow-up periods to corroborate the results of this meta-analysis.

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Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is a commonly performed procedure, however, post-ablation AF recurrence is often observed due to inflammation and oxidative stress. Colchicine is a potent anti-inflammatory agent with conflicting efficacy in preventing post-ablation AF recurrence. A comprehensive literature search of the major bibliographic databases was conducted to retrieve studies comparing colchicine use versus placebo in AF patients post-ablation. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Six studies were included with 1791 patients (721 in the colchicine group and 1070 in the placebo group). Patients who received colchicine had significantly lower odds of AF recurrence on follow-up (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48-0.79; P = 0.0001) but had higher gastrointestinal side effects (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.00-7.12; P = 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in acute pericarditis (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.27-1.05; P = 0.07) or hospitalization (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.73-1.45; P = 0.87). Prophylactic use of colchicine after catheter ablation in patients with AF leads to a reduction in AF recurrence, albeit with increased gastrointestinal side effects. Colchicine use did not lead to a reduction in the rates of pericarditis and hospitalization after ablation. Large randomized controlled trials are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of colchicine in preventing AF recurrence, particularly focusing on the dose and duration of treatment to optimize the side effect profile.

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Introduction: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common post-procedural complication of percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Anisodamine hydrobromide is an alkaloid that has demonstrated efficacy in improving microcirculation. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the reno-protective effects of Anisodamine in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for AMI. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched from inception to January 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of Anisodamine in preventing the development of CIN. Outcomes of interest included the incidence of CIN, serum creatinine levels, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). A random-effects model was used for pooling standard mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% CI. Statistical significance was considered at a P less than 0.05. Results: Three RCTs involving 563 patients were included. Anisodamine was associated with a reduction in the incidence of CIN [OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.69; P=0.0003], a reduction in serum creatinine levels at 48 [SMD: -6.78; 95% CI: -10.54,-3.02; P=0.0004] and 72 h [SMD: -6.74; 95% CI: -13.33,-0.15; P=0.03], and a higher eGFR at 24 [SMD: 5.77; 95% CI: 0.39, 11.14; P=0.03], and 48 h [SMD: 4.70; 95% CI: 2.03,7.38; P=0.0006]. The levels of serum creatinine at 24 h and eGFR value at 72 h were comparable between both groups. Conclusions: Anisodamine has demonstrated clinical efficacy in ameliorating the development of CIN post-PCI in AMI patients. Large, multi-centric RCTs are warranted to evaluate the robustness of these findings.

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INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythematous plaques with scaling. Recent research has demonstrated an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with psoriasis; however, current evidence on atrial fibrillation (AF) risk in psoriasis is limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed on major bibliographic databases to retrieve studies that evaluated AF risk in patients with psoriasis. The DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was used to pool the hazard ratios (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analysis was conducted by dividing the patients into mild and severe psoriasis groups. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection and Egger's regression test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Seven studies were included, with 10,974,668 participants (1,94,230 in the psoriasis group and 10,780,439 in the control group). Patients with psoriasis had a significantly higher risk of AF [Pooled HR: 1.28; 95 % CI: 1.20, 1.36; p < 0.00001]. In subgroup analysis, patients with severe psoriasis [HR: 1.32; 95 % CI: 1.23, 1.42; p < 0.00001] demonstrated a slightly higher risk of AF, although statistically insignificant (p = 0.17), than the mild psoriasis group [HR: 1.21; 95 % CI: 1.10, 1.33; p < 0.0001]. Egger's regression test showed no statistically significant publication bias (p = 0.24). CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrated that patients with psoriasis are at a significantly higher risk of AF and hence should be closely monitored for AF. Further large-scale and multicenter randomized trials are warranted to validate the robustness of our findings.

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Music therapy (MT) is a music intervention involving a credentialed professional and a client, which has gained increasing recognition in current practices as an adjunct therapy for various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). MT demonstrates notable physiological as well as psychological effects leading to lowered anxiety, depression, and systolic blood pressure in patients with CVDs as well as having effects on heart rate and heart rate variability in healthy subjects. MT emerges as a promising adjunct in the prevention and rehabilitation of CVDs and its holistic impact on physiological and psychological parameters underscores its potential as a noninvasive, cost-effective intervention. Existing literature shows heterogeneity in methods in the studies such as the genre and quality of music utilized as well outcomes. While further research is warranted to optimize protocols and assess long-term effects, the current evidence highlights MT's substantial benefits in cardiovascular health care, making it a promising asset in modern therapeutic approaches. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of MT in CVDs, discussing its mechanisms and clinical applications.

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BACKGROUND: Prediabetes is a well-established risk factor for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). However, the relationship between prediabetes and MACCE in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients has not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a link between prediabetes and MACCE in AF patients. AIM: To investigate a link between prediabetes and MACCE in AF patients. METHODS: We used the National Inpatient Sample (2019) and relevant ICD-10 CM codes to identify hospitalizations with AF and categorized them into groups with and without prediabetes, excluding diabetics. The primary outcome was MACCE (all-cause inpatient mortality, cardiac arrest including ventricular fibrillation, and stroke) in AF-related hospitalizations. RESULTS: Of the 2965875 AF-related hospitalizations for MACCE, 47505 (1.6%) were among patients with prediabetes. The prediabetes cohort was relatively younger (median 75 vs 78 years), and often consisted of males (56.3% vs 51.4%), blacks (9.8% vs 7.9%), Hispanics (7.3% vs 4.3%), and Asians (4.7% vs 1.6%) than the non-prediabetic cohort (P < 0.001). The prediabetes group had significantly higher rates of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity, drug abuse, prior myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and hyperthyroidism (all P < 0.05). The prediabetes cohort was often discharged routinely (51.1% vs 41.1%), but more frequently required home health care (23.6% vs 21.0%) and had higher costs. After adjusting for baseline characteristics or comorbidities, the prediabetes cohort with AF admissions showed a higher rate and significantly higher odds of MACCE compared to the non-prediabetic cohort [18.6% vs 14.7%, odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.26-1.42, P < 0.001]. On subgroup analyses, males had a stronger association (aOR 1.43) compared to females (aOR 1.22), whereas on the race-wise comparison, Hispanics (aOR 1.43) and Asians (aOR 1.36) had a stronger association with MACCE with prediabetes vs whites (aOR 1.33) and blacks (aOR 1.21). CONCLUSION: This population-based study found a significant association between prediabetes and MACCE in AF patients. Therefore, there is a need for further research to actively screen and manage prediabetes in AF to prevent MACCE.

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BACKGROUND: Ample evidence suggests that female smokers face a greater risk of smoking-related health problems than male smokers. Due to the growing number of young smokers in the United States, there has been limited information on the effects of smoking on young female smokers over the past decade. METHODS: Hospitalizations of young (18-44 years) female tobacco smokers were identified using the National Inpatient Sample datasets from 2007 and 2017. We compared differences in admission frequency, comorbidity burden, in-hospital outcomes [all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE)], and resource utilization between two young cohorts separated by 10 years. RESULTS: In 2007, there were 665,901 admissions among young female smokers (median age: 35), compared to 1,224,479 admissions (median age: 32) in 2017. In both cohorts, white female smokers accounted for most admissions, followed by blacks. In 2017, the prevalence of alcohol abuse, hyperlipidemia, uncomplicated diabetes, and chronic pulmonary disease decreased relative to the 2007 cohort, whereas the prevalence of deficiency and chronic blood loss anemias, diabetes with complications, drug abuse, hypertension, congestive heart failure, depression, liver disease, and obesity increased significantly (p<0.001). The 2017 cohort had significantly higher odds of all-cause mortality [aOR 1.25 (95%CI: 1.16-1.35)] and a higher risk of MACE [aOR 1.17 (95%CI:1.14-1.20)] upon multivariable adjustment. (p<0.001). Comparatively, the 2017 cohort had fewer routine discharges and higher home healthcare needs than the 2007 cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In this decade-apart analysis, the study reveals rising trends in the burden of comorbidities, MACE, and healthcare resource utilization in admissions (regardless of the primary cause) among relatively younger female smokers. It is crucial to educate young female smokers about the detrimental effects of tobacco and polysubstance abuse on cardiovascular outcomes.

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INTRODUCTION: Neoplastic meningitis (NM), also known as leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, is characterized by the infiltration of tumor cells into the meninges, and poses a significant therapeutic challenge owing to its aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Breast cancer is a common cause of NM among solid tumors, further highlighting the urgent need to explore effective therapeutic strategies. This review aims to provide insights into the evolving landscape of NM therapy in breast cancer by collating existing research, evaluating current treatments, and identifying potential emerging therapeutic options. AREAS COVERED: This review explores the clinical features, therapeutic strategies, recent advances, and challenges of managing NM in patients with breast cancer. Its management includes multimodal strategies, including systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and supportive care. This review also emphasizes targeted drug options and optimal drug concentrations, and discusses emerging therapies. Additionally, it highlights the variability in treatment outcomes and the potential of combination regimens to effectively manage NM in breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION: Challenges in treating NM include debates over clinical trial end points and the management of adverse effects. Drug resistance and low response rates are significant hurdles, particularly inHER2-negative breast cancer. The development of more precise and cost-effective medications with improved selectivity is crucial. Additionally, global efforts are needed for infrastructure development and cancer control considering the diverse nature of the disease.

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