RESUMEN

El plan de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Mosquito (ETM): Dengue, Fiebre Chikungunya, Amarilla, y Zika de la CABA establece cuatro escenarios teóricos de riesgo que orientan la implementación de las acciones de prevención y control. En el presente informe se presentan los estudios de foco investigados en nuestra Área Programática (AP) y su georreferencia, a fin de obtener un diagnóstico situacional local que permita la ejecución de intervenciones oportunas y eficaces a fin de limitar la aparición de nuevos casos en el contexto epidémico 2015-2016. El objetivo general fue estudiar la epidemia de ETM para su comprensión y abordaje en el Área Programática del Hospital General de Agudos Juan A. Fernández, y el objetivo específico, prevenir y limitar la aparición de nuevos casos de ETM. (AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Animales , Fiebre Amarilla/prevención & control , Fiebre Amarilla/epidemiología , Áreas de Influencia de Salud , Diagnóstico de la Situación de Salud , Dengue/prevención & control , Dengue/epidemiología , Fiebre Chikungunya/prevención & control , Fiebre Chikungunya/epidemiología , Infección por el Virus Zika/prevención & control , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , Mosquitos Vectores/patogenicidad , Hospitales Municipales

RESUMEN

The somitic compartment that gives rise to trunk muscle and dermis in amniotes is an epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite, and is known as the dermomyotome. However, despite its central role in the development of the trunk and limbs, the evolutionary history of the dermomyotome and its role in nonamniotes is poorly understood. We have tested whether a tissue with the morphological and molecular characteristics of a dermomyotome exists in nonamniotes. We show that representatives of the agnathans and of all major clades of gnathostomes each have a layer of cells on the surface of the somite, external to the embryonic myotome. These external cells do not show any signs of terminal myogenic or dermogenic differentiation. Moreover, in the embryos of bony fishes as diverse as sturgeons (Chondrostei) and zebrafish (Teleostei) this layer of cells expresses the pax3 and pax7 genes that mark myogenic precursors. Some of the pax7-expressing cells also express the differentiation-promoting myogenic regulatory factor Myogenin and appear to enter into the myotome. We therefore suggest that the dermomyotome is an ancient and conserved structure that evolved prior to the last common ancestor of all vertebrates. The identification of a dermomyotome in fish makes it possible to apply the powerful cellular and genetic approaches available in zebrafish to the understanding of this key developmental structure.

Asunto(s)

Somitos/citología , Vertebrados/embriología , Animales , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Factores de Transcripción Paired Box/genética , Factores de Transcripción Paired Box/metabolismo , Filogenia , Vertebrados/genética

RESUMEN

Vertebrate muscle development begins with the patterning of the paraxial mesoderm by inductive signals from midline tissues [1, 2]. Subsequent myotome growth occurs by the addition of new muscle fibers. We show that in zebrafish new slow-muscle fibers are first added at the end of the segmentation period in growth zones near the dorsal and ventral extremes of the myotome, and this muscle growth continues into larval life. In marine teleosts, this mechanism of growth has been termed stratified hyperplasia [3]. We have tested whether these added fibers require an embryonic architecture of muscle fibers to support their development and whether their fate is regulated by the same mechanisms that regulate embryonic muscle fates. Although Hedgehog signaling is required for the specification of adaxial-derived slow-muscle fibers in the embryo [4, 5], we show that in the absence of Hh signaling, stratified hyperplastic growth of slow muscle occurs at the correct time and place, despite the complete absence of embryonic slow-muscle fibers to serve as a scaffold for addition of these new slow-muscle fibers. We conclude that slow-muscle-stratified hyperplasia begins after the segmentation period during embryonic development and continues during the larval period. Furthermore, the mechanisms specifying the identity of these new slow-muscle fibers are different from those specifying the identity of adaxial-derived embryonic slow-muscle fibers. We propose that the independence of early, embryonic patterning mechanisms from later patterning mechanisms may be necessary for growth.

Asunto(s)

Tipificación del Cuerpo/fisiología , Fibras Musculares de Contracción Lenta/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Hedgehog , Proteína MioD/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Transactivadores/metabolismo , Pez Cebra/embriología

RESUMEN

A full understanding of somite development requires knowledge of the molecular genetic pathways for cell determination as well as the cellular behaviors that underlie segmentation, somite epithelialization, and somite patterning. The zebrafish has long been recognized as an ideal organism for cellular and histological studies of somite patterning. In recent years, genetics has proven to be a very powerful complementary approach to these embryological studies, as genetic screens for zebrafish mutants defective in somitogenesis have identified over 50 genes that are necessary for normal somite development. Zebrafish is thus an ideal system in which to analyze the role of specific gene products in regulating the cell behaviors that underlie somite development. We review what is currently known about zebrafish somite development and compare it where appropriate to somite development in chick and mouse. We discuss the processes of segmentation and somite epithelialization, and then review the patterning of cell types within the somite. We show directly, for the first time, that muscle cell and sclerotome migrations occur at the same time. We end with a look at the many questions about somitogenesis that are still unanswered.

Asunto(s)

Somitos/citología , Pez Cebra/embriología , Animales , Relojes Biológicos , Tipificación del Cuerpo/genética , Diferenciación Celular , Movimiento Celular , Embrión de Pollo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Mesodermo/citología , Ratones , Músculos/embriología , Mutación , Especificidad de la Especie , Pez Cebra/genética

RESUMEN

Hedgehog proteins mediate many of the inductive interactions that determine cell fate during embryonic development. Hedgehog signaling has been shown to regulate slow muscle fiber type development. We report here that mutations in the zebrafish slow-muscle-omitted (smu) gene disrupt many developmental processes involving Hedgehog signaling. smu(-/-) embryos have a 99% reduction in the number of slow muscle fibers and a complete loss of Engrailed-expressing muscle pioneers. In addition, mutant embryos have partial cyclopia, and defects in jaw cartilage, circulation and fin growth. The smu(-/-) phenotype is phenocopied by treatment of wild-type embryos with forskolin, which inhibits the response of cells to Hedgehog signaling by indirect activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Overexpression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) or dominant negative PKA (dnPKA) in wild-type embryos causes all somitic cells to develop into slow muscle fibers. Overexpression of Shh does not rescue slow muscle fiber development in smu(-/-) embryos, whereas overexpression of dnPKA does. Cell transplantation experiments confirm that smu function is required cell-autonomously within the muscle precursors: wild-type muscle cells rescue slow muscle fiber development in smu(-/-) embryos, whereas mutant muscle cells cannot develop into slow muscle fibers in wild-type embryos. Slow muscle fiber development in smu mutant embryos is also rescued by expression of rat Smoothened. Therefore, Hedgehog signaling through Slow-muscle-omitted is necessary for slow muscle fiber type development. We propose that smu encodes a vital component in the Hedgehog response pathway.

Asunto(s)

Fibras Musculares de Contracción Lenta/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/embriología , Proteínas/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Transducción de Señal , Transactivadores , Proteínas de Pez Cebra , Animales , Colforsina , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Genes , Proteínas Hedgehog , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Mutagénesis , Fenotipo , Proteínas/genética , Ratas , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética , Receptor Smoothened , Pez Cebra/embriología , Pez Cebra/genética

RESUMEN

We have examined whether the development of embryonic muscle fiber type is regulated by competing influences between Hedgehog and TGF-beta signals, as previously shown for development of neuronal cell identity in the neural tube. We found that ectopic expression of Hedgehogs or inhibition of protein kinase A in zebrafish embryos induces slow muscle precursors throughout the somite but muscle pioneer cells only in the middle of the somite. Ectopic expression in the notochord of Dorsalin-1, a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, inhibits the formation of muscle pioneer cells, demonstrating that TGF-beta signals can antagonize the induction of muscle pioneer cells by Hedgehog. We propose that a Hedgehog signal first induces the formation of slow muscle precursor cells, and subsequent Hedgehog and TGF-beta signals exert competing positive and negative influences on the development of muscle pioneer cells.

Asunto(s)

Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/fisiología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba/genética , Proteínas de Pez Cebra , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/fisiología , Drosophila , Embrión no Mamífero , Proteínas Hedgehog , Proteínas de Insectos/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Insectos/fisiología , Familia de Multigenes , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/citología , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/enzimología , Fibras Musculares de Contracción Lenta/citología , Fibras Musculares de Contracción Lenta/fisiología , Notocorda/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/fisiología , Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores/biosíntesis , Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores/fisiología , Pez Cebra

RESUMEN

We have examined the development of specific muscle fiber types in zebrafish axial muscle by labeling myogenic precursor cells with vital fluorescent dyes and following their subsequent differentiation and fate. Two populations of muscle precursors, medial and lateral, can be distinguished in the segmental plate by position, morphology and gene expression. The medial cells, known as adaxial cells, are large, cuboidal cells adjacent to the notochord that express myoD. Surprisingly, after somite formation, they migrate radially away from the notochord, becoming a superficial layer of muscle cells. A subset of adaxial cells develop into engrailed-expressing muscle pioneers. Adaxial cells differentiate into slow muscle fibers of the adult fish. We have named the lateral population of cells in the segmental plate, lateral presomitic cells. They are smaller, more irregularly shaped and separated from the notochord by adaxial cells; they do not express myoD until after somite formation. Lateral presomitic cells remain deep in the myotome and they differentiate into fast muscle fibers. Thus, slow and fast muscle fiber types in zebrafish axial muscle arise from distinct populations of cells in the segmental plate that develop in different cellular environments and display distinct behaviors.

Asunto(s)

Músculo Esquelético/embriología , Animales , Movimiento Celular , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta , Morfogénesis , Músculo Esquelético/citología , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo , Pez Cebra

RESUMEN

Argentina has an exceptionally high frequency of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). We sought to define prospectively the role of verocytotoxins (Shiga-like toxins [SLTs]) in 254 Argentinean children with grossly bloody diarrhea during spring and summer. Free fecal SLTs (I/II) and/or DNA probe-positive isolates were found in 99 (39%) of the children. During the follow-up period, HUS developed in 6 patients (4 with evidence of recent SLT infection based on stool studies); another 14 patients had some, but not all, of the abnormalities seen in typical HUS. The development of HUS or incomplete HUS in these children was significantly associated with recent SLT-Escherichia coli infection (p = 0.024). The high incidence of SLT-associated bloody diarrhea in Argentina explains, at least partially, the unusually high frequency of HUS. Our data indicate that incomplete forms of HUS may be common in patients with SLT-associated bloody diarrhea.

Asunto(s)

Diarrea Infantil/epidemiología , Diarrea/epidemiología , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/epidemiología , Argentina/epidemiología , Toxinas Bacterianas/análisis , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Preescolar , Citotoxinas/análisis , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Diarrea/complicaciones , Diarrea/diagnóstico , Diarrea Infantil/complicaciones , Diarrea Infantil/diagnóstico , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Heces/química , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/diagnóstico , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/etiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Hibridación de Ácido Nucleico , Estudios Prospectivos , Toxinas Shiga

RESUMEN

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is thought to be a vascular endothelial injury disease. The mechanism of injury is unknown although verocytotoxins (Shiga-like toxins (SLTs)) are known to be associated with it. Recent evidence suggests that in vitro treatment of some endothelial cells with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) dramatically increases their susceptibility to SLTs. We studied 25 children with HUS, 63 children with SLT-positive bloody diarrhea, 62 children with bloody diarrhea not associated with SLTs and 39 children admitted for elective surgery, included as an age- and season-matched control group. The TNF-alpha concentrations were found to be significantly elevated in children with HUS (range, 1 to 95 pg/ml; geometric mean, 32.2 pg/ml) compared with the healthy controls (range, 0 to 53 pg/ml; mean, 12.5 pg/ml; P < 0.001). Because it is hypothesized that TNF-alpha elevation might precede development of HUS, we also studied children with blood diarrhea. The TNF-alpha serum concentrations were significantly higher during the first 10 days after onset of bloody diarrhea than after the first 10 days (P < 0.02). Such elevation could be associated with vascular endothelial glycolipid receptor up-regulation and increased susceptibility to the effects of SLTs.

Asunto(s)

Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/sangre , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/fisiopatología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/análisis , Argentina , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Preescolar , Diarrea/etiología , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/complicaciones , Humanos , Inmunoensayo , Lactante , Masculino , Pronóstico

RESUMEN

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is usually preceded by enteric infection by Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (SLT-EC), but most children with SLT-EC diarrhea do not develop HUS. SLT toxicity depends on entry into the target cell via its host cell glycolipid receptor, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). The relationship between differential susceptibility to HUS and erythrocyte Gb3 levels, as measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography, was studied. Erythrocytes of children with histories of HUS had lower nonhydroxylated fatty acyl (NFA) Gb3 levels than did erythrocytes of controls (1.6 vs. 2.0 nmol/mL of packed cells); these erythrocytes had lower ratios of NFA-Gb3 to lactosylceramide (0.16) than did erythrocytes of SLT-EC diarrheal patients without subsequent HUS (0.30; P < .003) or of healthy controls (0.28; P < .001). The lower erythrocyte Gb3 levels associated with HUS may reflect a genetic predisposition for differential outcomes of SLT-EC gastroenteritis.

Asunto(s)

Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Glicoesfingolípidos/metabolismo , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/sangre , Niño , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/inmunología , Humanos

RESUMEN

The E2F transcription factor is found in complexes with a variety of cellular proteins including the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. Various assays have demonstrated a tight correlation between the functional capacity of Rb as a growth suppressor and its ability to bind to E2F. Moreover, only the underphosphorylated form of Rb, which appears to be the active species, interacts with E2F. Despite the fact that the majority of Rb becomes hyperphosphorylated at the end of G1, we now show that the E2F-Rb interaction persists through the G1/S transition and into S phase. A distinct E2F complex does appear to be regulated in relation to the transition from G1 to S phase. We now demonstrate that this complex contains the Rb-related p107 protein. Moreover, like the Rb protein, p107 inhibits E2F-dependent transcription in a co-transfection assay. This result, together with the observation that free, uncomplexed E2F accumulates as cells leave G1 and enter S phase, suggests that the p107 protein may regulate E2F-dependent transcription during G1. In contrast, although Rb does regulate the transcriptional activity of E2F, this association does not coincide with the G1 to S phase transition.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Portadoras , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Unión al ADN , Proteínas Nucleares , Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteína de Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Células 3T3 , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , División Celular , ADN de Cadena Simple , Factores de Transcripción E2F , Fase G1 , Humanos , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fosforilación , Proteína 1 de Unión a Retinoblastoma , Proteína p107 Similar a la del Retinoblastoma , Fase S , Factor de Transcripción DP1 , Transcripción Genética , Células Tumorales Cultivadas

RESUMEN

In a prospective randomized study at two clinical sites, ceftibuten was compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), both given orally for a period of 5 days, for the treatment of dysentery. Twenty-two children were found to have bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella and/or enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. All organisms isolated were susceptible to ceftibuten; 6 of 20 Shigella strains and 4 of 5 enteroinvasive E. coli were resistant to TMP-SMX. The diarrhea persisted for a mean (+/- SD) period of 2.4 +/- 1.4 days in the ceftibuten-treated patients vs. 3.4 +/- 1.7 days in the TMP-SMX-treated patients. The duration of fever was similar for both treatment groups. Patients treated with ceftibuten or TMP-SMX had equivalent clinical responses unless the pathogen was found to be TMP-SMX-resistant. Those who were randomized to receive TMP-SMX but who were eventually found to have TMP-SMX-resistant organisms had significantly more stools at days 3, 4 and 5 (P less than 0.02 to less than 0.00006) with more watery consistency for these days (P less than 0.02 to less than 0.005) compared to patients treated with ceftibuten. No clinical relapses were reported and no drug-related side effects were observed. We conclude that ceftibuten is at least as effective as TMP-SMX in the treatment of diarrhea caused by Shigella and enteroinvasive E. coli in children.

Asunto(s)

Cefalosporinas/uso terapéutico , Disentería Bacilar/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Combinación Trimetoprim y Sulfametoxazol/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Ceftibuteno , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Estudios Prospectivos

RESUMEN

To determine whether severity of the prodromal gastrointestinal illness is associated with the course and complications of the extraintestinal manifestations of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, we conducted a retrospective review of children (n = 509) hospitalized with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Those who came to the hospital with colitis and rectal prolapse associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (group I, n = 40) were compared with an equal number of time-matched children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome but without prolapse (group II). Children in group I had evidence of more severe colitis than children in group II had, as indicated by increased frequency of bloody diarrhea (p less than 0.001) and longer duration of diarrhea (p less than 0.001). However, they also had more severe extraintestinal manifestations during hemolytic-uremic syndrome, including edema (p less than 0.0001), severe thrombocytopenia (p less than 0.0001), prolonged anuria (p less than 0.001), and seizures (p = 0.036). Long-term prognosis for recovery of renal function was worse for group I than group II. Within group II, patients with bloody diarrhea had milder extraintestinal illness than those with prolapse but more severe extraintestinal illness than those with watery diarrhea. Analysis of Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated a better prognosis for return of normal renal function in the children with watery diarrhea but without prolapse (p = 0.009) than in children with bloody diarrhea or prolapse. These data demonstrate that the severity of the gastrointestinal prodrome reflects the severity of the extraintestinal acute microangiopathic process and the resulting long-term outcome. Widespread vascular damage, often followed by permanent sequelae, is characteristic of patients with the most severe colitis.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/complicaciones , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/complicaciones , Adolescente , Colitis/complicaciones , Femenino , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/diagnóstico , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/fisiopatología , Humanos , Riñón/fisiopatología , Masculino , Pronóstico , Prolapso Rectal/complicaciones , Estudios Retrospectivos

RESUMEN

The E2F transcription factor has been found in association with the cyclin A protein, and this complex accumulates during the S phase of the cell cycle, suggesting that E2F may play a role in cell cycle control. In independent studies, cyclin A has been shown to be associated with two other proteins, the Rb-related p107 protein and the cdc2-related p33 cdk2 protein kinase. Through an analysis of the E2F-cyclin A complex, we now find that both the p107 protein and the cdc2-related p33cdk2 kinase are components of the previously described complex. Moreover, the complex possesses H1 kinase activity. These results thus define a cyclin A-cdk2 kinase complex that possesses sequence-specific DNA binding activity. This suggests that the cdk2 kinase may phosphorylate other DNA-bound substrates, and that one role of the E2F factor may be to localize this protein kinase to the DNA.

Asunto(s)

Quinasas CDC2-CDC28 , Proteínas Portadoras , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Quinasas Ciclina-Dependientes , Ciclinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Células 3T3 , Animales , Western Blotting , Ciclo Celular , Línea Celular , Quinasa 2 Dependiente de la Ciclina , Ciclinas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Transcripción E2F , Humanos , Células L , Sustancias Macromoleculares , Ratones , Modelos Estructurales , Protamina Quinasa/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteína 1 de Unión a Retinoblastoma , Fase S , Factor de Transcripción DP1 , Factores de Transcripción/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

Recent experiments have shown that the cellular E2F transcription factor is found in complexes with cellular proteins and that one such complex contains the cyclin-A protein. Isolation of a cellular activity, which we term E2F-BF, can reconstitute the E2F-cyclin-A complex and has permitted a more detailed analysis of the mechanism of E1A dissociation. Through the analysis of a series of E1A mutants, we find that sequences in conserved region 1 (CR1) and conserved region 2 (CR2) are important for dissociation of the E2F complex, whereas amino-terminal sequences are not required. In contrast to the requirements for dissociation, only the CR1 sequences are required to block formation of the complex if E1A is added when the components are combined. We have also identified an activity, termed E2F-I, that inhibits E2F binding to DNA, again apparently through the formation of a complex with E2F. This inhibitory activity is also blocked by E1A, dependent on the same elements of the E1A protein that disrupt the interaction with E2F-BF. Because the E1A sequences that are important for releasing E2F from these interactions are also sequences necessary for oncogenesis, we suggest that this activity may be a critical component of the transforming activity of E1A.

Asunto(s)

Adenoviridae/genética , Proteínas Portadoras , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Unión al ADN , Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/fisiología , Factores de Transcripción/fisiología , Adenoviridae/fisiología , Proteínas Precoces de Adenovirus , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Unión Competitiva , Ciclinas , Factores de Transcripción E2F , Células L , Ratones , Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/genética , Proteína 1 de Unión a Retinoblastoma , Teratoma , Factor de Transcripción DP1 , Factores de Transcripción/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Activación Transcripcional

RESUMEN

We have examined E2F binding activity in extracts of synchronized NIH 3T3 cells. During the G0 to G1 transition, there is a marked increase in the level of active E2F. Subsequently, there are changes in the nature of E2F-containing complexes. A G1-specific complex increases in abundance, disappears, and is then replaced by another complex as S phase begins. Analysis of extracts of thymidine-blocked cells confirms that the complexes are cell cycle regulated. We also show that the cyclin A protein is a component of the S phase complex. Each complex can be dissociated by the adenovirus E1A 12S product, releasing free E2F. The release of E2F from the cyclin A complex coincides with the stimulation of an E2F-dependent promoter. We suggest that these interactions control the activity of E2F and that disruption of the complexes by E1A contributes to a loss of cellular proliferation control.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Portadoras , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Ciclo Celular , Ciclinas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteínas Precoces de Adenovirus , Animales , Línea Celular , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción E2F , Sustancias Macromoleculares , Ratones , Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/genética , Unión Proteica , Proteína 1 de Unión a Retinoblastoma , Factores de Tiempo , Factor de Transcripción DP1

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Portadoras , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Ciclinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN , Proteína de Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteínas Precoces de Adenovirus , Sitios de Unión , Ciclo Celular/genética , Ciclo Celular/fisiología , Línea Celular , Factores de Transcripción E2F , Humanos , Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Proteína de Retinoblastoma/genética , Proteína 1 de Unión a Retinoblastoma , Factor de Transcripción DP1 , Transcripción Genética

RESUMEN

We conducted a prospective study in 87 household contacts of 51 children with hemolytic uremic syndrome to determine the frequency of infection with Shiga-like toxin-producing bacteria. Gastrointestinal tract symptoms occurred in only 1 of 87 contacts. Free fecal toxin was detected in 25 of 64 (39%) of the household members. Neutralization with specific antisera to Shiga-like toxins I and II (SLT-I, SLT-II) revealed that in 6 of these household contacts only SLT-I was present in stool, in 10 only SLT-II was present and in 9 both toxins were found. Thirty-three percent of the hemolytic uremic syndrome families in which 2 or more members were studied had more than 1 household member with free fecal toxin in stool. None of the household contacts was found to have E. coli O157:H7 in feces. Serum samples were available in 77 household contacts; 75% (58 of 77) had serum neutralizing titers of greater than or equal to 1:4 to 1 or both toxins. In those contacts for whom paired sera were available, seroconversion was found in 10 of 24 (42%). These data show that household contacts of children with hemolytic uremic syndrome are commonly colonized with Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli and seroconversion to Shiga-like toxins occurs frequently in family members of children with hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Asunto(s)

Toxinas Bacterianas/biosíntesis , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/etiología , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiología , Portador Sano/epidemiología , Portador Sano/microbiología , Niño , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Toxina Shiga I , Toxina Shiga II

RESUMEN

The F9 teratocarcinoma cell line differentiates in vitro after treatment with retinoic acid and cAMP and has been a widely used model system for the study of the molecular events that are responsible for cellular commitment and differentiation during early development. Previous experiments have suggested intriguing parallels between the control of gene expression during F9 cell differentiation and the regulation of gene expression by adenovirus E1A. Transfection of a 12S E1A-expressing plasmid into terminally differentiated, nonproliferating F9 cells generates, at high frequency, colonies of dividing cells, each of which expresses E1A. Cell lines established from these colonies proliferate in the presence of retinoic acid and have lost the fully differentiated phenotype as characterized by the absence of expression of a series of differentiation-specific genes. We conclude that expression of the viral 12S E1A gene product interferes with retinoic acid-induced F9 cell differentiation. Moreover, the results suggest that the differentiation process, as defined by markers of terminal differentiation, may not be a permanent event but can be reversed by E1A expression.

Asunto(s)

Adenoviridae/genética , Diferenciación Celular , Transformación Celular Viral , Genes Virales , Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/genética , Proteínas Precoces de Adenovirus , Animales , Western Blotting , Línea Celular , Ratones , Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/análisis , ARN/genética , ARN/aislamiento & purificación , Teratoma , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Transfección

RESUMEN

The neuronal growth cone is a semi-autonomous portion of the developing neuron that is highly specialized for motile activity. Migrating neurons may share some features with neuronal growth cones. I review some of what has been learned about growth cone initiation, the differentiation of axons and dendrites, the role of the cytoskeleton in motility, the movements of membrane vesicles, the factors regulating the rate and direction of growth cone movement, and the further differentiation of growth cones as they enter the target area and initiate synaptogenesis. Where appropriate, I draw comparisons to what is known about the migration of neurons.

Asunto(s)

Axones/fisiología , Movimiento Celular , Neuronas/ultraestructura , Actinas/fisiología , Animales , Axones/ultraestructura , Membrana Celular/fisiología , Citoesqueleto/fisiología , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular/fisiología , Humanos , Neurotransmisores/fisiología