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Population aging represents a critical issue for global cancer care, notably in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Latin America is a large region composed of 21 countries with notable diversity in both human development and access to quality healthcare. Thus, it is necessary to understand how care for older individuals is being delivered in such large and diverse regions of the world. This review describes the recent advances made in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile, focusing on the creation and implementation of educational, research, and clinical activities in geriatric oncology. These initiatives intend to change healthcare professionals' perceptions about the care for older adults and to improve the way older patients are being treated.

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PURPOSE: To present a summary of the recommendations for the treatment and follow-up for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) as acquired through a questionnaire administered to 99 physicians working in the field of prostate cancer in developing countries who attended the Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries. METHODS: A total of 106 questions out of more than 300 questions addressed the use of imaging in staging mCRPC, treatment recommendations across availability and response to prior drug treatments, appropriate drug treatments, and follow-up, and those same scenarios when limited resources needed to be considered. Responses were compiled and the percentages were presented by clinicians to support each response. Most questions had five to seven relevant options for response including abstain and/or unqualified to answer, or in the case of yes or no questions, the option to abstain was offered. RESULTS: Most of the recommendations from this panel were in line with prior consensus, including the preference of a new antiandrogen for first-line therapy of mCRPC. Important aspects highlighted in the scenario of limited resources included the option of docetaxel as treatment preference as first-line treatment in several scenarios, docetaxel retreatment, consideration for reduced doses of abiraterone, and alternative schedules of an osteoclast-targeted therapy. CONCLUSION: There was wide-ranging consensus in the treatment for men with mCRPC in both optimal and limited resource settings.

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PURPOSE: To present a summary of the recommendations for the treatment and follow-up for the biochemical recurrence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) as acquired through a questionnaire administered at the Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries. METHODS: A total of 27 questions were identified as relating to this topic. Responses from the clinician were tallied and are presented in percentage format. Topics included the use of imaging in staging, treatment recommendations across different patient scenarios of life expectancy and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time, and follow-up for nonmetastatic castration-resistant PCa. RESULTS: A consensus agreed that in optimal conditions, positron emission tomography-computed tomography with prostate-specific membrane antigen would be used although in limited resource situations the combined use of CT of the abdomen and pelvic (or pelvic MRI), a bone scan, and a CT of the thorax or chest x-ray was recommended. In cases when PSA levels double in < 10 months, more than 90% of clinicians agreed on the use of apalutamide or enzalutamide, regardless of life expectancy. With a doubling time of more than 10 months, > 54% of experts recommended no treatment independent of life expectancy. More than half of the experts, regardless of resources, recommended follow-up with a physical examination and PSA levels every 3-6 months and imaging only in the case of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The voting results and recommendations presented in this document can be used by physicians to support management for biochemical recurrence of castration-resistant PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data.

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Little is known about the features and outcomes of Brazilian patients with pancreatic cancer. We sought to describe the socio-economic characteristics, patterns of health care access, and survival of patients diagnosed with malignant pancreatic tumors from 2000 to 2014 in São Paulo, Brazil. We included patients with malignant exocrine and non-classified pancreatic tumors according to the International Classifications of Disease (ICD)-O-2 and -O-3, diagnosed from 2000 to 2014, who were registered in the FOSP database. Prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in the subgroup of patients with ductal or non-specified (adeno)carcinoma were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard model. The study population consists of 6855 patients. Median time from the first visit to diagnosis and treatment were 13 (Interquartile range [IQR] 4-30) and 24 (IQR 8-55) days, respectively. Both intervals were longer for patients treated in the public setting. Median OS was 4.9 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.7-5.2). Increasing age, male gender, lower educational level, treatment in the public setting, absence of treatment, advanced stage, and treatment from 2000 to 2004 were associated with inferior OS. From 2000-2004 to 2010-2014, no improvement in OS was seen for patients treated in the public setting. Survival of patients with malignant pancreatic tumors remains dismal. Socioeconomical variables, especially health care funding, are major determinants of survival. Further work is necessary to decrease inequalities in access to medical care for patients with pancreatic cancer in Brazil.

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OBJECTIVE: Compare the mortality between critically ill patients who received urgent chemotherapy for a cancer-related life-threatening complication with matched patients (controls) who did not received it. DESIGN: Propensity score-matched retrospective study. SETTING: Adult intensive care unit in an oncological hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All adults with solid tumor or hematological malignancies who received at least 1 day of urgent intravenous chemotherapy for a cancer-related life-threatening complication. Using the propensity score method adjusted for 10 variables, patients who received urgent chemotherapy were matched to patients who did not. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Intensive care unit and hospital mortality. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients (57% with solid tumors and 43% with hematological malignancies) who received urgent chemotherapy were matched to 94 controls. At intensive care unit admission, patients were similar except that those who received urgent chemotherapy were less likely to have received chemotherapy previously (36% vs 85%; P < .01). The intensive care unit (48.9% vs 23.4%; P < .01) and hospital (76.6% vs 46.8%; P < .01) mortality of the patients who received urgent chemotherapy was higher than the controls. The subgroup analysis showed that the higher mortality was limited to patients with solid tumor. CONCLUSION: The use of urgent chemotherapy is associated with an increase in the intensive care unit and hospital mortality of unselected critically ill patients with solid tumors but not in patients with hematological malignancies.

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BACKGROUND: Advanced age is the most important risk factor for pancreatic cancer and about half of patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease. In the first-line setting, multidrug chemotherapy regimens were shown to be more effective than gemcitabine alone. However, the older population was under-represented in randomized clinical trials. We aimed to describe the clinical profile of older patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and their survival outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, unicentric study that included patients diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer (non-neuroendocrine), aged 65 years and over. RESULTS: The study population comprised 196 patients. The median age was 73 years; 67% of these patients presented Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG) ⩽ 1 and the median Charlson Comorbidity score was 10. Chemotherapy was given to 89% of the patients. The most frequently used chemotherapy regimens were gemcitabine (44%), 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin [FOLFOX; 26%], and 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan (FOLFIRINOX; 20%). Patients treated with FOLFIRINOX were younger and they presented better performance status. After a median follow up of 19.8 months, the median overall survival (OS) was of 7.2 months and the median time to first-line-treatment failure was 4.6 months. Among patients treated with chemotherapy, the median OS was highest for those treated with FOLFIRINOX (13.8 months), as compared with FOLFOX (7.0 months) or gemcitabine (6.7 months); p = 0.004. Nonetheless, treatment with FOLFIRINOX was associated with increased risk of severe toxicity (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Older patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer benefit from palliative chemotherapy, and FOLFIRINOX is a therapeutic option in rigorously selected older patients.

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BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer represent an important proportion of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Oncologists and intensivists have distinct knowledge backgrounds, and conflicts about the appropriate management of these patients may emerge. METHODS: We surveyed oncologists and intensivists at 2 academic cancer centers regarding their management of 2 hypothetical patients with different cancer types (metastatic pancreatic cancer and metastatic breast cancer with positive receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2) who develop septic shock and multiple organ failure. RESULTS: Sixty intensivists and 46 oncologists responded to the survey. Oncologists and intensivists similarly favored withdrawal of life support measures for the patient with pancreatic cancer (33/46 [72%] vs 48/60 [80%], P = .45). On the other hand, intensivists favored more withdrawal of life support measures for the patient with breast cancer compared to oncologists (32/59 [54%] vs 9/44 [21%], P < .001). In the multinomial logistic regression, the oncology specialists were more likely to advocate for a full-code status for the patient with breast cancer (OR = 5.931; CI 95%, 1.762-19.956; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Oncologists and intensivists share different views regarding life support measures in critically ill patients with cancer. Oncologists tend to focus on the cancer characteristics, whereas intensivists focus on multiple organ failure when weighing in on the same decisions. Regular meetings between oncologists and intensivists may reduce possible conflicts regarding the critical care of patients with cancer.

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At the 2018 Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium, sponsored by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, significant advances in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were announced. In intermediate-stage disease (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B), interest in combining transarterial chemoembolization and sorafenib has been reignited as a consequence of the TACTICS trial. In advanced-stage disease (BCLC C), external-beam radiotherapy combined with transarterial chemoembolization proved to be superior to sorafenib in patients with portal vein thrombosis according to the START trial. Also, in patients with advanced-stage HCC, the CELESTIAL trial demonstrated survival benefits for patients undergoing treatment with cabozantinib in the second-line setting. Lastly, recent data on the activity of pembrolizumab in patients with HCC highlight the role of immunotherapy in the management of this disease in the years to come.

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BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer worldwide. New prognostic markers are needed to identify patients with poorer prognosis, and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) seem to be promising to accomplish this. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted by blood collection from patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC), three times, every 2 months in conjunction with image examinations for evaluation of therapeutic response. CTC isolation and counting were performed by Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor Cells (ISET). RESULTS: A total of 54 patients with mCRC with a mean age of 57.3 years (31-82 years) were included. Among all patients, 60% (n=32) were carriers of wild-type KRAS (WT KRAS) tumors and 90% of them (n=29) were exposed to monoclonal antibodies along with systemic treatment. Evaluating CTC kinetics, when we compared the baseline (pretreatment) CTC level (CTC1) with the level at first follow-up (CTC2), we observed that CTC1-positive patients (CTCs above the median), who became negative (CTCs below the median) had a favorable evolution (n=14), with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 14.7 months. This was higher than that for patients with an unfavorable evolution (CTC1- that became CTC2+; n=13, 6.9 months; P=0.06). Patients with WT KRAS with favorable kinetics had higher PFS (14.7 months) in comparison to those with WT KRAS with unfavorable kinetics (9.4 months; P=0.02). Moreover, patients whose imaging studies showed radiological progression had an increased quantification of CTCs at CTC2 compared to those without progression (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: This study made possible the presentation of ISET as a feasible tool for evaluating CTC kinetics in patients with mCRC, which can be promising in their clinical evaluation.

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BACKGROUND: Identify in advance responder patients to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) would allow prompt interruption of ineffective therapies in non-responder patients. Hence, predictive markers are sought in numerous trials to detect responder patients, including tumor shrinkage measured by imaging methods. Usually, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) is used to evaluate tumor response in metastatic CRC, but these criteria are questionable with use of biological agents associated to chemotherapy. Our aim was correlate early metabolic response by (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ((18)FDG-PET-CT) with long-term outcome in metastatic CRC in first-line therapy. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 36 patients with metastatic CRC in first-line treatment with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin (folinic acid), oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin (folinic acid), irinotecan (FOLFIRI) associated with cetuximab or bevacizumab. (18)FDG-PET-CT was performed at baseline and after two cycles of chemotherapy. The early metabolic response [standardized uptake value (SUV)] was measured to identify responder and non-responder patients and correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Median age was 58.5 years (range, 41-74 years). PFS was 15.5 months for responder and 13.3 months for non-responder (P=0.42), OS was 55.7 months for responder and not reached for non-responder. There was no correlation between delta-SUV and clinical and pathological variables analyzed. In the subgroup of patients who did not undergo resection of metastasis (45%), PFS was higher for responders (15.3×6.8 months, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, early response by (18)FDG-PET-CT was not a predictor of long-term outcome for patients with metastatic CRC treated in the first-line chemotherapy with a monoclonal antibody.

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Circulating tumor cells are important markers of tumor progression and can reflect tumor behavior in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Identification of proteins that confer resistance to treatment is an important step to predict response and better selection of treatment for patients. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) play a role in irinotecan-resistance, and Excision Repair Cross-Complementation group 1 (ERCC1) expression can confer resistance to platinum compounds. Here, we included 34 patients with mCRC and most of them received FOLFIRI or FOLFOX chemotherapy (91.1%). CTCs were isolated by ISET(®) Technology and identified in 30 patients (88.2%), with a median of 2.0 CTCs/mL (0-31.0). We analyzed the immunocytochemical expression of MRP1, MRP4 and ERCC1 only in patients who had previously detectable CTCs, accordingly to treatment received (n = 19, 15 and 13 patients, respectively). Among patients treated with irinotecan-based chemotherapy, 4 out of 19 cases with MRP1 positive CTCs showed a worse progression free survival (PFS) in comparison to those with MRP1 negative CTCs (2.1 months vs. 9.1 months; p = 0.003). None of the other proteins studied in CTCs had significant association with PFS. We analyzed also histological sections of primary tumors and metastases by immunohistochemistry, and found no association with clinicopathological characteristics or with PFS. Our results show MRP1 as a potential biomarker of resistance to treatment with irinotecan when found in CTCs from mCRC patients. This is a small proof-of-principle study and these early findings need to be validated in a larger cohort of patients.

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Introdução: A trombose venosa cerebral constitui entidade clínica rara, respondendo por menos de 1% dos casos de AVC. Está associada a trombofilias hereditárias, infecções parameníngeas, traumatismos, além de vasculites, câncer e a própria quimioterapia. Relato do caso: Paciente de 59 anos com adenocarcinoma colônico sob quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracil infusional (esquema de Gramont) associado a bevacizumabe apresentou quadro de tontura em desequilíbrio, déficit de força em membro inferior, cefaleia e convulsões, sendo constatada trombose venosa cerebral. Evoluiu com reversão total dos déficits neurológicos com anticoagulação. Conclusão: Enfatiza-se papel do câncer e da própria quimioterapia na etiopatogenia da trombose venosa cerebral em paciente sem aparente trombofilia hereditária e outros fatores tipicamente implicados na gênese desta rara condição.

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Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is an important enzyme for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. The search for this enzyme in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be a powerful tool to follow-up cancer patients. mCRC patients were enrolled before the beginning of 5-FU-based chemotherapy. The blood was filtered on Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor Cells (ISET), and the analysis of TYMS expression in CTCs was made by immunocytochemistry. Additionally, we verified TYMS staining in primary tumors and metastases from the same patients. There were included 54 mCRC patients and 47 of them received 5-FU-based chemotherapy. The median CTCs number was 2 per mL. We were not able to analyze immunocytochemistry in 13 samples (9 patients with absence of CTCs and 4 samples due to technical reasons). Therefore, TYMS expression on CTCs was analyzed in 34 samples and was found positive in 9 (26.5%). Six of these patients had tumor progression after treatment with 5-FU. We found an association between CTC TYMS staining and disease progression (DP), although without statistical significance (P = 0.07). TYMS staining in primary tumors and metastases tissues did not have any correlation with disease progression (P = 0.67 and P = 0.42 respectively). Patients who had CTC count above the median (2 CTCs/mL) showed more TYMS expression (P = 0.02) correlating with worse prognosis. Our results searching for TYMS staining in CTCs, primary tumors and metastases suggest that the analysis of TYMS can be useful tool as a 5-FU resistance predictor biomarker if analyzed in CTCs from mCRC patients.

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CONTEXT: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progresses to distant metastases in most cases. The most frequent sites for distant metastases are the bones, central nervous system, adrenal glands and liver. Dissemination to the skin, myocardium, thyroid gland and intestine may occur, but is rare. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of squamous cell carcinoma in the lungs, with metastases in the colon and thyroid, in a 66-year-old female patient. The lesion was unresectable and chemotherapy was started. The patient evolved with intestinal subocclusion, and colonoscopy showed the presence of a polyp. Biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis on the polyp showed that it was compatible with squamous cell carcinoma of pulmonary origin. At a follow-up consultation, the patient presented a thyroid nodule. A aspiration biopsy and cellblock immunohistochemistry confirmed the squamous cell carcinoma of pulmonary origin. After third-line chemotherapy, the patient progressed with acute obstructive abdomen due to a retroperitoneal mass. She underwent exploratory laparotomy and died due to surgical complications. Metastases to the thyroid and colon are rarely reported in cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the lungs. Gastrointestinal involvement in pulmonary metastases may affect the stomach, small intestine and colon, and cases of bleeding and perforation have already been reported. Although richly vascularized, the thyroid is an infrequent site for metastases. Such sites reflect poor prognoses for the clinical evolution. We did not find any previous reports in the literature, on lung cancer with metastases concomitantly in the colon and thyroid, in a single patient.

CONTEXTO: O câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas evolui, na maioria dos casos, com metástases a distância. Ossos, sistema nervoso central, glândula adrenal e fígado são os sítios mais frequentes de metástases. Disseminação para pele, miocárdio, tireoide e intestino pode ocorrer, entretanto é rara. RELATO DE CASO: Descrevemos um caso de carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de pulmão com metástase em cólon e tireoide, em mulher de 66 anos. A lesão era irressecável, e foi iniciada quimioterapia. A paciente evoluiu com suboclusão intestinal e a colonoscopia evidenciou pólipo colônico cuja biópsia e imunoistoquímica (IHQ) foram compatíveis com CEC de origem pulmonar. Em consulta de acompanhamento, detectou-se nódulo tireoidiano cuja punção aspirativa e IHQ de cellblock confirmaram CEC de origem pulmonar. Após quimioterapia de terceira linha, a paciente evoluiu com abdome agudo obstrutivo por massa retroperitoneal, sendo submetida a laparotomia exploradora, vindo a falecer por complicações da cirurgia. Metástases para tireoide e cólon são raramente reportadas em carcinomas epidermoides de pulmão. O envolvimento gastrointestinal por metástases de pulmão pode acometer estômago, intestino delgado e cólon, e casos de sangramento e perfuração já foram reportados. Embora ricamente vascularizada, a tireoide é sítio infrequente de metástases. Os sítios refletem prognósticos reservados na evolução clínica. Não encontramos, na literatura, relato prévio de câncer de pulmão com metástases em cólon e tireoide concomitantes em um único paciente.

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CONTEXT: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progresses to distant metastases in most cases. The most frequent sites for distant metastases are the bones, central nervous system, adrenal glands and liver. Dissemination to the skin, myocardium, thyroid gland and intestine may occur, but is rare. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of squamous cell carcinoma in the lungs, with metastases in the colon and thyroid, in a 66-year-old female patient. The lesion was unresectable and chemotherapy was started. The patient evolved with intestinal subocclusion, and colonoscopy showed the presence of a polyp. Biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis on the polyp showed that it was compatible with squamous cell carcinoma of pulmonary origin. At a follow-up consultation, the patient presented a thyroid nodule. A aspiration biopsy and cellblock immunohistochemistry confirmed the squamous cell carcinoma of pulmonary origin. After third-line chemotherapy, the patient progressed with acute obstructive abdomen due to a retroperitoneal mass. She underwent exploratory laparotomy and died due to surgical complications. Metastases to the thyroid and colon are rarely reported in cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the lungs. Gastrointestinal involvement in pulmonary metastases may affect the stomach, small intestine and colon, and cases of bleeding and perforation have already been reported. Although richly vascularized, the thyroid is an infrequent site for metastases. Such sites reflect poor prognoses for the clinical evolution. We did not find any previous reports in the literature, on lung cancer with metastases concomitantly in the colon and thyroid, in a single patient.

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A linfangite pulmonar neoplásica (LPN) é a disseminação intrapulmonar de células neoplásicas metastáticas via vasos linfáticos, englobando 6 a 8% das metástases pulmonares. Seu desconforto sintomático tem grande impacto na qualidade de vida (QdV) e seu prognóstico é muito reservado. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos, o tratamento, a QdV e a sobrevida em LPN, em um estudo prospectivo. O seguimento mediano foi de 32 dias; 79% dos pacientes foram seguidos por menos de 6 meses, devido a evolução desfavorável e óbito. A idade mediana dos pacientes foi de 60,5 anos; 65% eram mulheres. A maioria dos sítios primários de neoplasia foram pulmão e mama (88%). A QdV estava comprometida, mas podiam ter algum benefício terapêutico, especialmente com corticosteróides, e a quimioterapia melhorou a sobrevida. Algumas variáveis foram estatisticamente significantes para predizer o status de sobrevida em um mês: Karnofsky performance scale (KPS)>=60%, hemoglobina(Hb)>=10 g/dL, LPN unilateral, PO2>=60 mmHg, tratamento oncológico sistêmico e sem necessidade de ventilação assistida não-invasiva. Preditores significantes de maior sobrevida mediana foram: KPS>=60%, SpO2>=90%, Hb>=10 g/dL, sem hipoxemia (PO2>=60 mmHg), sem necessidade de oxigenioterapia, tratamento com opióide fraco, tratamento oncológico sistêmico e ausência de ventilação assistida. O tratamento sintomático deve ser ativo, oferecendo melhor QdV aos pacientes e familiares e o tratamento etiológico é importante. As avaliações de QdV facilitam a relação médico-paciente, além da informação prognostica ser crucial para ajudar na definição e planejamento terapêuticos, uma vez que análises de parâmetros de custo-benefício e metas realistas são essenciais para cuidados oncológicos paliativos de boa qualidade, especialmente em síndromes com prognóstico reservado, tal como a LPN.

Our objective was to evaluate clinical aspects, treatment, QoL, and survival, in NPL in a prospective study. Median follow-up was of 32 days; 79% percent of patients were followed for less than 6 months, due to bad outcome. Median age was 60.5 years; 65% were female. Most primary tumor sites were lung and breast cancers (88%). QoL was compromised, but could have treatment benefit, especially with corticosteroids, and chemotherapy improved survival. Some variables were statistically significant for predicting survival status in one month, such as: Karnofsky performance scale (KPS)>=60%, hemoglobin>=10 g/dL, unilateral NPL, PO2>=60 mmHg, oncological systemic treatment, and no need for noninvasive assisted ventilation. Significant predictors of longer median survival were: KPS>=60%, SpO2>=90%, hemoglobin>=10 g/dL, without hypoxemia (PO2>=60 mmHg), no need for oxygen therapy, weak opioid treatment, systemic oncological treatment, and absence of assisted ventilation. Symptomatic treatment must be active, offering better QoL to patients and their families, and etiological treatment is important. QoL evaluation facilitates patient-physician relationship, and prognostic information is crucial to help in defining treatment plan, since cost-benefit parameter analysis and realistic goals are essential in good-quality palliative cancer care, especially for syndromes with poor prognosis, such as NPL.

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Na Imunologia dos Transplantes, um dos aspectos fundamentais e a tentativa de imunomodulaçäo do aloenxerto, sem a induçäo de efeitos deletereos secundários, como os observados em métodos clássicos de imunossupressao. As terapias imunossupressoras constituem uma pratica comum nos centros de transplantes, promovendo a inibiçäo preventiva da resposta imunologica. Os agentes supressores atualmente empregados apresentam uma eficacia consideravel em aumentar a sobrevida do enxerto. Entretanto, sua utilizaçäo prolongada e sua inespecificidade de açäo podem aumentar a suscetibilidade a infecçöes e ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias no hospedeiro. A tolerância oral, induzida com aloantigenos (celulas imunocompetentes), tem demonstrado ser uma terapia de imunomodulaçäo ao da resposta a aloantigenos...

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