RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that nearly 5%-10% of Indian schoolchildren have hidden problems, with about 80%-85% of them having dyslexia. Failing to diagnose and address learning disabilities on time can lead to adverse outcomes, such as school dropouts and mental health issues. In this context, the study was designed to assess educators' knowledge regarding LD, its detection, and provisions for its management. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 randomly selected English, Hindi, Marathi, and Urdu medium schools under Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation from June 2018 to December 2019. The study participants were primary, upper primary, and high schoolteachers whose knowledge and practices regarding LD were assessed using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: From the ten selected schools, 150 teachers were interviewed. The knowledge regarding LD was poor, with only 26.67% of the teachers expressing the inability of the child to learn in only one particular tenet of their studies as a learning disability, which was incorrect. Nearly 24.67% of the teachers expressed the correct opinion that children who had problems with two or more learning domains were found to have LD. Most of them were unaware of the provisions for children with LD. The most common factors influencing learning disability among children were the environment at home (approximately 40%), followed by health and frequent illness of a child (28.67%). CONCLUSION: LD criteria, screening, provision, and referral should have been better understood by schoolteachers. Most of their expertise came from teacher training programs. Teachers closely study their pupils and can spot even modest changes in academic performance or behavior, making them the first screening medium for learning disabilities. Therefore, teachers must be trained to recognize LD and informed about available services such as urban rehabilitation centers for children with LD.
Résumé Introduction:On estime que près de 5 à 10 % des écoliers indiens ont des problèmes cachés, et environ 80 à 85 % d'entre eux en ont. dyslexie. Ne pas diagnostiquer et traiter les troubles d'apprentissage à temps peut entraîner des conséquences néfastes, telles que l'abandon scolaire et des troubles mentaux. problèmes de santé. Dans ce contexte, l'étude a été conçue pour évaluer les connaissances des éducateurs concernant les TA, leur détection et les dispositions nécessaires à leur prise en charge. gestion.Méthodes:Une étude transversale a été menée dans 10 écoles de langue anglaise, hindi, marathi et ourdou sélectionnées au hasard. relevant de la Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation de juin 2018 à décembre 2019. Les participants à l'étude étaient des élèves du primaire, du primaire supérieur et enseignants du secondaire dont les connaissances et les pratiques en matière de TA ont été évaluées à l'aide d'un questionnaire validé.Résultats:Sur les dix écoles sélectionnées, 150 enseignants ont été interrogés. Les connaissances concernant les TA étaient faibles, avec seulement 26,67 % des enseignants exprimant le l'incapacité de l'enfant à apprendre un seul domaine particulier de ses études en tant que trouble d'apprentissage, ce qui était incorrect. Près de 24,67% des les enseignants ont exprimé à juste titre l'opinion selon laquelle les enfants qui avaient des problèmes dans deux domaines d'apprentissage ou plus avaient des TA. La plupart de ils ne connaissaient pas les dispositions destinées aux enfants atteints de TA. Les facteurs les plus courants influençant les troubles d'apprentissage chez les enfants étaient l'environnement familial (environ 40%), suivi de la santé et des maladies fréquentes de l'enfant (28,67%).Conclusion:critères de TA, dépistage, l'offre et l'orientation auraient dû être mieux comprises par les enseignants. La majeure partie de leur expertise provenait des programmes de formation des enseignants. Les enseignants étudient de près leurs élèves et peuvent déceler même des changements modestes dans leurs résultats scolaires ou leur comportement, ce qui en fait la première sélection. moyen pour les troubles d'apprentissage. Par conséquent, les enseignants doivent être formés à reconnaître les TA et informés des services disponibles, tels que les services urbains. centres de réadaptation pour enfants atteints de TA.
Asunto(s)
Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Discapacidades para el Aprendizaje , Maestros , Instituciones Académicas , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Discapacidades para el Aprendizaje/diagnóstico , Femenino , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Niño , India , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Adulto , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Introduction Learning disability (LD) affects many school-going children and is seldom recognized or treated. As teachers spend time with students, they can easily recognize LD by observing academic activities and behaviors. In this context, the present study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices of teachers regarding LD and evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on teachers' knowledge regarding LD and its screening and referral. Methods A pre-experimental study, including pre-post interventional assessments of teachers, was conducted from June 2018 to December 2019. A universal sample of 150 teachers from 10 schools teaching primary (first to fifth grade) and upper primary (sixth to eight grade) grades was included. Their knowledge about LD was assessed using the Dyslexia Assessment for the Languages of India (DALI), and an educational intervention for assessing, screening, and identifying LD was implemented. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, New York). Using descriptive statistics (mean, median, and standard deviation). The pre-post test results were compared using the McNemar test. Results Overall knowledge about LD was 24.7% at baseline, and improved to 76% post-intervention (p<0.001). The knowledge for most of the components showed improvement. Teachers with a good level of knowledge increased from 21% to 84%. Post-intervention screening of students increased from 0.53% to 13.37%. The suspicion rate for LD increased from 0.04% to 1.94% post-intervention. Conclusion Knowledge about LD was poor among the school teachers. However, the overall knowledge about LD, its specific domains, screening as well as actual LD screening significantly improved after the intervention (p<0.001). This emphasizes the need of training primary and post-primary school teachers about LD and the services available for children with LD.
RESUMEN
The anatomical snuff box is bounded laterally by the Abductor pollicis longus (APL) and the Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons. The variation in insertion of extensor tendons at the forearm and wrist is an interesting phenomenon. Therefore, a sound knowledge of such variations in extensor tendons is essential to know the consequence of tendon injury during implementation of its repair. Hence, we studied 48 formaldehyde fixed forearms of Indian-origin cadavers with age groups ranging from 33 to 67 years from the Central Indian population at Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Variation in the insertion of APL was checked by tracing the tendon till its insertion. APL muscle was found with single tendon in 20 forearms, double in 9, triple in 8 and quadruple in 5 and five (maximum) in 6 forearms. In 93% (n=45), the APL tendon was inserted into the first metacarpal bone and in 7% (n=03), it was inserted into the trapezium bone. No variation was noted in the EPB tendon. Data shows that there are accessory slips in the APL tendon, differing from the standard description. Thus, data provides awareness of such potential variation among operating surgeons for better management of the diseased during dissection.
RESUMEN
Introduction Medical education is changing towards more flexible, effective, active, and student-centred teaching strategies that reduce the limitations of traditional methods of education. Recently, the flipped classroom method has been suggested to support this transition. However, research on the use of flipped classroom methods in medical education pertaining to short- and long-term retention of the topics is at an early stage. The present paper aims to determine and compare the effects of traditional and flipped classroom methods on first-year medical students' short-term and long-term retention. Method Fifty first-year medical students were subjected to traditional and flipped classroom modules in the form of five sessions each on gross anatomy topics of the thoracic region. These sessions were conducted during independent teaching slots for anatomy. Assessments were done at the completion of each module for both methods. Then, after a gap of two months, the students were again assessed on the content taught in the modules as a part of formative assessment. The data so obtained were compared and analysed statistically. Ethical approval was obtained prior to beginning the study. Written informed consent was obtained from the participating students. Result A total of 50 first-year medical students participated in the study. 33 (67%) participants were males, with a median age of 19.47 years, and 17 (33%) participants were females, with a median age of 19.39 years. The assessment scores showed differences between the two methods of teaching in the short and long term. The flipped classroom method was observed to have significant short-term retention with a p-value <0.0001, which is statistically significant. Conclusion The study concludes that the flipped classroom method serves as an advantageous tool and motivating factor for effective learning, understanding, and retention of conceptual and factual anatomical content.
RESUMEN
The mammalian placenta, which is responsible for bonding between the mother and the fetus, is one of the first organs to develop. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a great threat to public health and affected almost all the organs including the placenta. Owing to limited available data on vertical transmission and pathological changes in the placenta of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, we aim to review and summarize histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the placental tissue following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 guidelines were used for review writing. Multiple studies have reported significant pathological changes in the placental tissue of SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers. On the other hand, some studies have demonstrated either no or very little involvement of the placental tissue. The most common pathological changes reported are fetal and maternal vascular malformation, villitis of unknown etiology, thrombus formation in the intervillous space and sub-chorionic space, and chorangiosis. Reports on vertical transmission are less in number. The observations of this review present a strong base for the pathological involvement of the placenta in SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers. However, a smaller number of original studies have been done until now, and most of them have small sample sizes and lack matched control groups, which are the big limitations for drawing an effective conclusion at this stage. Antenatal care can be improved by a better understanding of the correlation between maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection and placental pathology in COVID-19.
RESUMEN
During routine dissection classes for the first-year undergraduate medical students, we encountered an anatomical variation concerning the duplication of the ureter. Usually, a single ureter connects to the posterior renal hilum. In the present case, a double ureter arises from the hilum on the left side and an enlarged suprarenal gland. The accessory ureter travels a short distance from the hilum before joining the other ureter. These anomalies are becoming more common during renal surgeries and renal transplant surgeries. Damage to the accessory ureter may result in complications following surgery. Knowledge of an accessory ureter and an enlarged suprarenal gland is clinically important for renal surgeons, radiologists, and anatomists.
RESUMEN
Cissampelos pareira Linn. is a climbing herb known in Indian traditional medicine as laghupatha. It belongs to the Menispermaceae family. The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is a promising target for the treatment of type-2 diabetes (T2DM). A variety of natural product inhibitors with both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential have been reported in the search for powerful, selective and drug-like GP inhibitors that could lead to hypoglycemic medicines. Therefore, it is of interest to document the molecular docking analysis data of glycogen phosphorylase with compounds from Cissampelos pareira Linn. We report the optimal binding features of 4 compounds namely Trans-N-feruloyltyramine, Coclaurine, Magnoflorine, and Curine with the target protein for further consideration in the context of T2DM.
RESUMEN
The ligand-activated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) has become a major target for type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which controls the expression of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, and insulin sensitivity. Ocimum tenuiflorum, often known as Krishna tulsi, is the most sacred herb in India. It was utilized for a variety of medicinal purposes. Therefore, it is of interest to document the molecular docking analysis data of PARγ modulators from Ocimum tenuiflorum. Four of the twenty substances (rosmarinic acid, permethrin, luteolin, and isosakuranetin) have a considerable binding affinity for the PPARγ. These phytochemicals are a source of potential anti-diabetic medicines.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has caused a great global threat to public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared COVID-19 disease as a pandemic, affecting the human respiratory and other body systems, which urgently demands for better understanding of COVID-19 histopathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: Data on pathological changes in different organs are still scarce, thus we aim to review and summarise the latest histopathological changes in different organs observed after autopsy of COVID-19 cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over the period of 3 months, authors performed vast review of the articles. The search engines included were PubMed, Medline (EBSCO & Ovid), Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus and Bio-Medical. Search terms used were 'Histopathology in COVID-19', 'COVID-19', 'Pathological changes in different organs in COVID-19' or 'SARS-CoV-2'. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 guidelines were used for review writing. RESULT: We identified various articles related to the histopathology of various organs in COVID-19 positive patients. Overall, 45 articles were identified as full articles to be included in our study. Histopathological findings observed are summarised according to the systems involved. CONCLUSION: Although COVID-19 mainly affects respiratory and immune systems, but other systems like cardiovascular, urinary, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, nervous system and integumentary system are not spared, especially in elderly cases and those with comorbidity. This review would help clinicians and researchers to understand the tissue pathology, which can help in better planning of the management and avoiding future risks.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/patología , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected most severely people with old age, or with comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Cancer patients are twice more likely to contract the disease because of the malignancy or treatment-related immunosuppression; hence identification of the vulnerable population among these patients is essential. Method: We took a bioinformatics approach to analyze the gene and protein expression data of these coronavirus receptors (DPP4, ANPEP, ENPEP, TMPRSS2) in human normal and cancer tissues of multiple organs including the brain, liver, kidney, heart, lung, skin, GI tract, pancreas, endocrine tissues, and the reproductive organs. RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GTeX databases were used for extensive profiling analysis of these receptors across 9,736 tumors and 8,587 normal tissues comparing coronavirus receptors. Protein expression from immunohistochemistry data was assessed from The Human Protein Atlas database including 144 samples, corresponding to 48 different normal human tissue types, and 432 tumor samples from 216 different cancer patients. The correlations between immune cell infiltration, chemokine, and cytokines were investigated via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and TCGA. Result: We found that among all, renal tumor and normal tissues exhibited increased levels of ACE2, DPP4, ANPEP, and ENPEP. Our results revealed that TMPRSS2 may not be the co-receptor for coronavirus infection in renal carcinoma patients. The other receptors DPP4, ANPEP, and ENPEP may act as the compensatory receptor proteins to help ACE2. The receptors' expression levels were variable in different tumor stage, molecular, and immune subtypes of renal carcinoma. Intriguingly, in clear cell renal cell carcinomas, coronavirus receptors were associated with high immune infiltration, markers of immunosuppression, and T cell exhaustion. Conclusion: Our study indicates that CoV receptors may play an important role in modulating the immune infiltrate and hence cellular immunity in renal carcinoma. As our current knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms will improve, it may help us in designing focused therapeutic approaches.
RESUMEN
Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected nearly 7 million individuals and claimed more than 0.4 million lives to date. There are several reports of gender differences related to infection and death due to COVID-19. This raises important questions such as "Whether there are differences based on gender in risk and severity of infection or mortality rate?" and "What are the biological explanation and mechanisms underlying these differences?" Emerging evidences have proposed sex-based immunological, genetic, and hormonal differences to explain this ambiguity. Besides biological differences, women have also faced social inequities and economic hardships due to this pandemic. Several recent studies have shown that independent of age males are at higher risk for severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Although susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 was found to be similar across both genders in several disease cohorts, a disproportionate death ratio in men can be partly explained by the higher burden of pre-existing diseases and occupational exposures among men. At immunological point of view, females can engage a more active immune response, which may protect them and counter infectious diseases as compared to men. This attribute of better immune responses towards pathogens is thought to be due to high estrogen levels in females. Here we review the current knowledge about sex differences in susceptibility, the severity of infection and mortality, host immune responses, and the role of sex hormones in COVID-19 disease.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Adaptativa/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Estrógenos/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Testosterona/inmunología , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/mortalidad , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mortalidad , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/mortalidad , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Caracteres Sexuales , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Diagnosis of persons exposed to/infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is central to controlling the global pandemic of COVID-19. Currently, several diagnostic modalities are available for COVID-19, each with its own pros and cons. Although there is a global consensus to increase the testing capacity, it is also essential to prudently utilize these tests to control the pandemic. In this paper, we have reviewed the current array of diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2, highlighted the gaps in current diagnostic modalities, and their role in community surveillance and control of the pandemic. The different modalities of COVID-19 diagnosis discussed are: clinical and radiological, molecular based (laboratory based and point-of-care), Immunoassay based (ELISA, rapid antigen and antibody detection tests) and digital diagnostics (artificial intelligence based algorithms). The role of rapid antigen/antibody detection tests in community surveillance has also been described here. These tests can be used to identify asymptomatic persons exposed to the virus and in community based seroprevalence surveys to assess the epidemiology of spread of the virus. However, there are few concerns about the accuracy of these tests which needs to evaluated beforehand.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/métodos , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Vigilancia de la Población , Algoritmos , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Antígenos Virales/análisis , Inteligencia Artificial , Enfermedades Asintomáticas , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , Betacoronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Betacoronavirus/fisiología , Líquidos Corporales/virología , COVID-19 , Prueba de COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Coronavirus/transmisión , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Nasofaringe/virología , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/transmisión , Pruebas en el Punto de Atención , Utilización de Procedimientos y Técnicas , ARN Viral/análisis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , SARS-CoV-2 , Esputo/virología , Evaluación de Síntomas , Carga ViralRESUMEN
The gastrointestinal tract is more susceptible to the development of diverticula. Duodenum, next to colon is the common site for diverticula. This case reports the presence of a single extramural diverticulum at the junction of a horizontal and the ascending part of the duodenum in an adult female cadaver during a routine dissection procedure. Suspensory ligament of duodenum containing suspensory muscle of duodenum was found attached to the basal aspect of the diverticulum. Though most of the duodenal diverticula are asymptomatic, awareness of its presence play a major role in treating the complications
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Divertículo , Duodeno/anatomía & histología , Ligamentos/anatomía & histología , Cadáver , Páncreas/anatomía & histología , Enfermedades Raras , Duodeno/patología , Músculos/anatomía & histología , Disección/educación , Disección/métodos , Abdomen/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sciatic nerve ligation causes neuropathic pain with chronic constriction injury (CCI). However, there is no published report on the effect of pioglitazone as an antidepressant in the treatment of depression induced by neuropathic pain with CCI in rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone as an antidepressant by targeting oxidative stress by the peripheral neuropathic pain model using the CCI of the sciatic nerve. METHODS: Behavioral studies were carried out to measure thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia as markers of neuropathic pain and force swim test for depression. These were followed by estimation of biochemical parameters which include lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione, catalase, nitrite and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the rat brains as a measure of oxidative stress. We administered two intraperitoneal doses of pioglitazone (4.5 and 9.0 mg/kg, i.p.) to the treated group for 28 consecutive days from the day of injury and behavioral as well as biochemical evaluations were performed. RESULTS: The results suggested that the administration of pioglitazone significantly countered the neuropathic pain induced depression as interpreted through elevated pain threshold of tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia followed by decreased immobility time in the 9.0 mg/kg dose group. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that the oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and depression as evidenced by the behavioral studies and the changes in the levels of lipid peroxidase, nitrite, catalase, and glutathione and SOD.
Asunto(s)
Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/metabolismo , Neuralgia/complicaciones , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Tiazolidinedionas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Depresión/etiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Glutatión/metabolismo , Pérdida de Tono Postural/efectos de los fármacos , Ligadura/efectos adversos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Nitritos/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Dimensión del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos/complicaciones , Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos/tratamiento farmacológico , Pioglitazona , Ratas , Nervio Ciático/lesiones , Nervio Ciático/cirugía , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
During routine dissection classes, conducted for first year undergraduate medical students, we encountered a rare anatomical variation in relation to the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN). The ICBN represents the lateral undivided cutaneous branch of second intercostal nerve. In this case, the ICBN formed nerve loops with branches of the lateral cutaneous branch of the third intercostal nerve. These loops eventually gave branches that probably supplied the floor of the axilla and proximal arm. Nowadays, this ICBN is gaining clinical importance during the axillary lymph node dissections and mammary gland surgeries. Damage to the ICBN, may results in the sensory deficits in patients undergoing surgery. In our case report, ICBN was making aberrant nerve loop along with the branches from the third intercostal nerve. Knowledge regarding the origin, formation and route of ICBN is of clinical significance to axillary surgeons, radiologist and anesthesiologists.
Asunto(s)
Axila/patología , Plexo Braquial/patología , Nervios Intercostales/patología , Axila/anatomía & histología , Axila/inervación , Cadáver , Humanos , Escisión del Ganglio LinfáticoRESUMEN
During the routine dissection classes for undergraduate students, uncommon variation in relation to the upper subscapular nerve of posterior cord of brachial plexus was observed. Normally upper subscapular nerve takes origin from the posterior cord, but in this case report, it arises in triplet fashion, just above the circumflex scapular artery. All these accessory nerves were supplying upper part of the subscapularis muscle. As per our knowledge, this is a rare variation of brachial plexus. Many variations are encountered in the formation of brachial plexus. The normal and the abnormal origin of nerves are important considering neurotisation surgeries as well as during the infraclavicular nerve block for various axillary and upper limb surgeries.
RESUMEN
The obturator artery normally originates from the internal iliac artery while the obturator vein drains into the internal iliac vein. During a routine gross anatomy dissection class for undergraduate students at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, in 2016, a rare unilateral variation in the obturator vasculature was found in a female cadaver of approximately 55 years of age. In this case, the left obturator artery originated from the superior gluteal artery and the left obturator vein drained into the external iliac vein. Knowledge of such variations is necessary during hernia procedures, ligation of the internal iliac artery and muscle graft surgeries.
RESUMEN
During a routine dissection class for the undergraduate students at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, a rare uncommon variation of the peritoneal ligament was found. Information regarding variation in such type of accessory peritoneal reflections is necessary for anatomists, surgeons, and radiologists. Normally there was no peritoneal reflection between gallbladder, duodenum and transverse colon, but in the present case report, it was present and termed as cysto-duodeno-colic ligament. Knowledge of such variation is necessary during gallbladder surgeries and liver transplantation surgeries.