RESUMEN

Anthropogenic disturbances are known to cause significant physiological and behavioural changes in animals and, thus, are the critical focus of numerous studies. Light pollution is an increasingly recognised source of disturbance that has the potential to impact animal physiology and behaviour. Here, we investigate the effect of constant light on a personality trait and metabolic rate in the European hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. We used Bayesian mixed models to estimate average behavioural change (i.e. sample mean level behavioural plasticity) and between- and within-individual variation in boldness in response to laboratory light. Hermit crabs experiencing constant light were consistently less bold and had a higher metabolic rate than those kept under a standard laboratory light regime (12:12 h light/dark). However, there was no effect of light on individual consistency in behaviour. As boldness is associated with coping with risk, hermit crabs exposed to light pollution at night may experience increased perceived predation risk, adjusting their behaviour to compensate for the increased conspicuousness. However, reduced boldness could lead to lower rates of foraging and this, in combination with elevated metabolic rate, has the potential for a reduction in energy balance.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The Wolbachia insect control method, employed by the World Mosquito Program (WMP), relies on introgressing Wolbachia through target Aedes aegypti populations to reduce the incidence of dengue. Since 2010, the WMP has been producing Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes at numerous sites across the globe for release in 11 countries. As the technology has matured, greater focus has been placed on mosquito production at larger central facilities for transport to remote release sites, both domestically and internationally. Of particular note is the production of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes at the WMP's Australian production facility for successful international deployments in Fiji, Vanuatu, Kiribati and Sri Lanka. This requires careful management of both production and supply-chain processes to ensure that the quality of the mosquito eggs, specifically the hatch rate and Wolbachia infection rate, is maintained. To ensure the cost-effectiveness and scalability of the Wolbachia method, these processes will be further refined to facilitate deployment from large centralised production facilities.

La méthode de contrôle des insectes mise en oeuvre par le World Mosquito Program (WMP) recourt à la bactérie Wolbachia et repose sur l'introgression de cette dernière par le biais des populations cibles d'Aedes aegypti dans le but de réduire l'incidence de la dengue. Depuis 2010, le WMP produit des moustiques infectés par Wolbachia à partir de nombreux sites répartis dans le monde entier en vue de leur lâcher dans 11 pays. Cette technologie s'étant bien développée, l'accent est désormais mis sur la production de moustiques dans des établissements centralisés de plus grande envergure afin de les expédier vers des sites de lâcher éloignés, tant sur le territoire national qu'à l'échelle internationale. Il importe de souligner la production de moustiques infectés par Wolbachia conduite par le WMP sur son site australien et leur déploiement international couronné de succès aux Fidji, au Vanuatu, à Kiribati et au Sri Lanka. Cela nécessite une gestion rigoureuse des procédures aussi bien lors de la production que tout au long de la chaîne d'approvisionnement afin de veiller au maintien de la qualité des oeufs de moustiques et plus spécifiquement du taux d'éclosion et du taux d'infection par Wolbachia. Afin d'assurer la rentabilité et l'évolutivité de la méthode basée sur Wolbachia, ces procédures seront encore affinées afin de faciliter le déploiement à partir de sites de production à grande échelle centralisés.

El método de control de insectos con Wolbachia que emplea el World Mosquito Program (WMP) reposa en la introgresión de Wolbachia a través de poblaciones de Aedes aegypti para reducir la incidencia del dengue. Desde 2010, el WMP viene generando mosquitos infectados por Wolbachia en numerosas instalaciones repartidas por todo el globo, mosquitos que después son liberados en 11 países. A medida que la tecnología ha ido madurando, la tendencia ha sido cada vez más la de concentrar la producción de mosquitos en grandes instalaciones centrales y desde allí enviarlos a los remotos lugares de suelta, ya estén en el mismo país o en otros países. Especialmente destacable es la producción de mosquitos infectados por Wolbachia en las instalaciones que el WMP tiene en Australia, utilizadas con éxito como centro de operaciones para aplicar el método en otros países como Fiji, Vanuatu, Kiribati y Sri Lanka. Ello exige una cuidadosa gestión de los procesos tanto de producción como de la cadena de suministro, que garantice un nivel constante de calidad de los huevos de mosquito, y más concretamente de las tasas de eclosión y de infección por Wolbachia. A fin de asegurar que el método ofrezca una buena relación costo-eficacia y sea reproducible a mayor escala, esos procesos serán perfeccionados para facilitar el despliegue de los insectos a partir de grandes instalaciones de producción centralizada.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The authors present the subjective responses of 40 patients with heel spur syndrome or plantar fascitis to orthotic treatment. Twenty patients had Rohadur orthoses and 20 patients had TL-61 orthoses. These data show no difference in the response to or problems created by either TL-61 or Rohadur orthoses. The authors recommend TL-61 as one alternative to Rohadur, now that that latter is unavailable.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Educational programs designed to deal with death anxiety among nursing students are based to some extent on an untested assumption: that experience with death and dying is inversely related to death anxiety. In a study of death experience and death anxiety among 76 nurses and nursing students, the assumption was only partially supported. Additional findings suggested areas for needed future research.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Within the occupation of nursing a synthesis of union and profession has been occurring so that "new" images of the profession and of unions are not as divergent as they traditionally were. To investigate whether nurses and nursing students are responding in terms of the traditional or the newer images of unions and professions, the relationship between motivations for entering nursing and attitudes toward unions and the profession were examined among 75 nurses and nursing students. Some support was given to the idea that nurses still respond to unions and the profession in terms of the traditional images although there was some suggestion, when comparing nursing students with nurses, that response patterns may be changing.

Asunto(s)