RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The most commonly used insecticides and pesticides worldwide are organophosphate compounds, chemicals that irreversibly inhibit the cholinesterase enzyme. Acute intoxication with cholinesterase inhibitors is known to cause permanent effects on both the human and rat brains. AIM: To investigate the effect of acute organophosphate intoxication on hippocampus morphology, biochemistry, and pyramidal neuron numbers in female rats. METHODS: Twenty-one rats were randomly divided into three groups. The control group received normal nutrition and underwent no procedures. The sham group received intraperitoneal physiological serum, while the experimental group received intraperitoneal 0.8â¯g/kg fenthion. Rats were sacrificed 24â¯h after these procedures. The brains were removed and divided in two halves medially, with one side being kept in 10% neutral formalin. After fixation procedures, tissues were embedded in blocks, sliced, and stained. A neuron count was then performed for the hippocampus. The other hippocampus was homogenized and used for biochemical procedures. RESULTS: Hippocampus sections from rats in the experimental group exhibited swelling and loss of shape in pyramidal cells, while no changes were observed in the control or sham groups. The number of neurons in the experimental group was lower than in the control and sham groups. Biochemical analysis revealed higher MDA and GSH values in the experimental group compared to the control and sham groups. CONCLUSION: Our results show increased apoptotic neurodegeneration of cells in the cornu ammonis region of the hippocampus and changes in biochemical values in rats with acute organophosphate exposure.
Asunto(s)
Fentión/toxicidad , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Intoxicación por Organofosfatos/patología , Células Piramidales/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Femenino , Glutatión/efectos de los fármacos , Glutatión/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Degeneración Nerviosa/inducido químicamente , Degeneración Nerviosa/metabolismo , Degeneración Nerviosa/patología , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/etiología , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/patología , Intoxicación por Organofosfatos/metabolismo , Células Piramidales/metabolismo , Células Piramidales/patología , RatasRESUMEN
Investigation of novel plant-based agents might provide alternative antibiotics and thus fight antibiotic resistance. Here, we measured the ability of fruit and leaf extracts of Sorbus aucuparia (Sauc) and endemic Sorbus caucasica var. yaltirikii (Scau) to inhibit nonreplicative (Klenow Fragment-KF and Bacillus Large Fragment-BLF) and replicative (DnaE and PolC) bacterial DNA polymerases along with their antimicrobial, DPPH free radical scavenging activity (RSA), and chemical contents by total phenolic content and HPLC-DAD analysis. We found that leaf extracts had nearly 10-fold higher RSA and 5-fold greater TPC than the corresponding fruit extracts. All extracts had large amounts of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and rutin, while fruit extracts had large amounts of quercetin. Hydrolysis of fruit extracts revealed mainly caffeic acid from CGA (caffeoylquinic acid) and quercetin from rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside), as well as CGA and derivatives of CGA and p-coumaric acid. Plant extracts of Sorbus species showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative microorganisms. Scau leaf extracts exhibited strong inhibition of KF activity. Sauc and Scau leaf extracts also strongly inhibited two replicative DNA polymerases. Thus, these species can be considered a potential source of novel antimicrobial agents specific for Gram-negative bacteria.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Rosaceae/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Bacterias Gramnegativas/enzimologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely related to the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Alterations in HDL-C subclass distribution and HDL-associated enzyme activities may be more important than total HDL levels for the progression of CAD. We intended to investigate the relationship of HDL-C subclass distribution and HDL-associated enzyme activities with CAD. METHOD AND RESULTS: Our study included 101 patients with stable coronary artery disease, and 64 healthy subjects. Serum levels of HDL lipoprotein-associated-phospholipase A2 (HDL-LpPLA2), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and HDL subfraction distribution were measured. We found increased small HDL (sHDL) subfractions in patients with one-vessel disease (P < 0.001). We also found a reverse correlation between total HDL-C levels and affected vessel number (P < 0.05). Plasma HDL-Lp PLA2 enzyme level was higher in each vessel disease category compared to the control group (P < 0.001). However, PON1 enzyme activity in patients with CAD was not statically significant. Plasma sHDL, HDL-Lp PLA2 enzyme and Lp(a) were significantly different between subjects with CAD and control participants. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated decreased sHDL particles and a lower cardioprotective HDL-LpPLA, enzyme activity in all patient subgroups compared to controls. Measurement of total HDL-C level only may not be sufficient to predict CAD risk.
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1-Alquil-2-acetilglicerofosfocolina Esterasa/sangre , Arildialquilfosfatasa/sangre , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/sangre , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/enzimología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Atherogenic dyslipidemia characterized by abnormal changes in plasma lipid profile such as low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and increased triglyceride (TG) levels is strongly associated with atherosclerotic diseases. We aimed to evaluate the levels of pro- and antiatherogenic lipids and erythrocyte membrane cholesterol (EMC) content in normo- and dyslipidemic subjects to investigate whether EMC content could be a useful marker for clinical presentation of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), HDL and their subfraction levels and erythrocyte lipid content were determined in 64 normolipidemic (NLs), 42 hypercholesterolemic (HCs) and 42 mixed-type dyslipidemic subjects (MTDs). Plasma atherogenic lipid indices [small-dense LDL (sdLDL)/less-dense HDL (LHDL), TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C and Apo B/AI] were higher in MTDs compared to NLs (p < 0.001). The highest sdLDL level was observed in HCs (p < 0.01). Despite a slight increase in EMC level in dyslipidemic subgroups, the difference was not statistically significant. A significant negative correlation, however, was observed between EMC and sdLDL/LHDL in HCs (p < 0.035, r = -0.386). Receiver operating characteristic curves to predict sdLDL level showed that TG and EMC levels had higher area under curve values compared to other parameters in HCs. We showed that diameters of larger LDL and HDL particles tend to shift toward smaller values in MTDs. Our results suggest that EMC content and TG levels may be a useful predictor for sdLDL level in hypercholesterolemic patients.
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Colesterol/metabolismo , Dislipidemias/metabolismo , Membrana Eritrocítica/metabolismo , Lípidos/sangre , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Anciano , Colesterol/sangre , Dislipidemias/sangre , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Curva ROC , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
AIM: To analyze the phenolic composition of the Cimin grape, which is 1 of 2 grape varieties with a protected geographical indication in Turkey and is used locally to treat the symptoms of some disorders such as impotence and cardiovascular diseases, and to investigate its antioxidant potency against oxidant mediators in the models of intra- and extracellular surroundings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cimin grape samples were classified into 5 groups according to the grape's tissues and the extraction solvents used. Free radical scavenging (DPPH) and antilipid peroxidation product [thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and conjugated diene (CD)] levels of the grape tissues were extrapolated from the measurement of total phenolic and individual monomeric flavanol contents in each extract. RESULTS: The seed methanolic extract had the highest total amount of flavanols, with the amount of catechin at 4.034 mM. The DPPH activities of the seed extracts were 2- to 10-fold higher than those of the other samples. The seed extract-treated erythrocyte and unfractionated human plasma also showed lower TBARS and CD values. In addition, regeneration of glutathione was more obvious in grape seed extracts than in the rest of the tissues. CONCLUSION: The underlying mechanism of these changes can be related mainly to increased antioxidant status. Cimin grape consumption may have beneficial effects on health maintenance.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Vitis , Biomarcadores , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/química , Vitis/químicaRESUMEN
Peripheral artery disease occurs at advanced ages and accounts for substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a member of the cysteine-cysteine family of chemokines, is one of the cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is also known as cysteine-cysteine chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between the extent of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) and the increase in MCP-1 level. Eighty consecutive patients who had undergone peripheral angiography for suspected PAD were included. Of these patients, 48 (60%) had hypertension, 23 (28.8%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus, 39 (48.8%) had a family history of coronary artery disease, 23 (28.8%) were cigarette smokers, and 42 (52.5%) had hypercholesterolemia. Angiography revealed that the peripheral arteries of the lower extremity were normal in 41 (51.3%) patients, whereas 39 (48.7%) patients had varying degrees of PAD. The patients were queried regarding age, gender, and atherosclerotic risk factors. The plasma MCP-1 levels were significantly lower in the patients without PAD than those in the patients with PAD (172.27 ± 38.05 pg/mL vs. 200.87 ± 39.31 pg/mL, p = 0.001). Moreover, as the severity of PAD increases, MCP-1 levels also increase. Thus, the plasma MCP-1 level can be used in the diagnosis of PAD and in determining the extent of atherosclerotic PAD of the lower extremities, as in determining the extent of coronary artery disease.