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The genetic basis for the emergence of creativity in modern humans remains a mystery despite sequencing the genomes of chimpanzees and Neanderthals, our closest hominid relatives. Data-driven methods allowed us to uncover networks of genes distinguishing the three major systems of modern human personality and adaptability: emotional reactivity, self-control, and self-awareness. Now we have identified which of these genes are present in chimpanzees and Neanderthals. We replicated our findings in separate analyses of three high-coverage genomes of Neanderthals. We found that Neanderthals had nearly the same genes for emotional reactivity as chimpanzees, and they were intermediate between modern humans and chimpanzees in their numbers of genes for both self-control and self-awareness. 95% of the 267 genes we found only in modern humans were not protein-coding, including many long-non-coding RNAs in the self-awareness network. These genes may have arisen by positive selection for the characteristics of human well-being and behavioral modernity, including creativity, prosocial behavior, and healthy longevity. The genes that cluster in association with those found only in modern humans are over-expressed in brain regions involved in human self-awareness and creativity, including late-myelinating and phylogenetically recent regions of neocortex for autobiographical memory in frontal, parietal, and temporal regions, as well as related components of cortico-thalamo-ponto-cerebellar-cortical and cortico-striato-cortical loops. We conclude that modern humans have more than 200 unique non-protein-coding genes regulating co-expression of many more protein-coding genes in coordinated networks that underlie their capacities for self-awareness, creativity, prosocial behavior, and healthy longevity, which are not found in chimpanzees or Neanderthals.

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Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar in vitro la adaptación del cono principal por ls métodos radiográfico y radiovisiográfico en 40 dientes unirrdiculares instrumentados con una técnica estandarizada hasta la longitu de trabjo con una lima K# 40. Material y métods: Fueron radiografiados y radiovisiografiados antes y luego d la experiencia con una incidencia ortorradial y próximo proximal con el posicionador Endoray II (Dentsply). Para efectuar la conometría se utlizaron conos de gutapercha # 40 (Dentsply Maillefer), que fueron introducidos dentro de los conductos radiculares preparados, ajustándolos a la longitud de trabajo. La evaluación radiográfica fue realizada utilizando una upa de magnificción 6 X, sobre un negatoscopio, mientras que la radovisiografica se analizó directamente en el monitor de la PC. Los datos registrados fueron evaluados estadísticamente mediante el coeficiente kappa y la prueba bnomial. Resultados: La evaluación radiográfica tvo mediante la incidencia próximo proximal un 68% de conos no adaptdos, mientras que mediatne incidencia ortorradial solo un 18%. En la incidencia próxmo proximal la sensibiliad del método radiovisiográfico comparado con el rdiográfico fue de solo el 30% , es decir que el 70% de las piezas clasificadas como adaptaas por radiovisiografía fueron clasificadas como no adaptadas por radiografía convencional. La especificidad en cambio fue elevada, del 92%, es decir, que solo se observó un 8% de falsos positivos por radiovisiografí. Conclusiones: En las condiciones de este estudio el método radiovisiográfico mostró pobre concordancia con el método radiográfico en mas incidencias (AU)

Objetive: The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the adaptationof the master cone, by the radiographic and radiovisiographic methods in 40 teeth wih single root canals instrumented with a standardized tecnique up to the working length wih a K File # 40. Materials and ethods: The teeth were radiographic and radiovisiogrphic pictures taken before an after the experience with an otoraial incidence and proximo proximal with the positioner Endoray II (Dentsply, Maillefer). To do the master cones apical of gutta-percha # 40 were used (Dentsply Maillefer), which were introduced in the prepared root canas, adjusting them to the working length. The radiographic evaluation was done by wo observers, using a magnifying glass 6 X, on a microscope, whereas the radiovsiographic picture was analyzed directly in the PC monitor. The registered information was evaluated statistically used was evaluated by means of kappa coefficiente and the binmial test. Results: Were detected that by means of incidence proximo proximal a 68% of not adapted cones, whereas by means of ortorradial incidence only an 18%. In the incidence proximo proximal the sensitivity of the radiovisiographic method was only 30%, that the 70% of the pieces classified as adapted by radiovisiographic ictures were classified as not adapted by conventional radiographic pictures. The specificity hovwever was 92% that means that only the 8% of false positive by radiovisiographic ws observed. Conclusions: In this study conditions the radiovisiographic method showed a poor agreement with the radiographic method, for both incidences, proximo proximal and ortorrdial (AU)

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The Gene Ontology (GO) vocabulary has been extensively explored to analyze the functions of coexpressed genes. However, despite its extended use in Biology and Medical Sciences, there are still high levels of uncertainty about which ontology (i.e. Molecular Process, Cellular Component or Molecular Function) should be used, and at which level of specificity. Moreover, the GO database can contain incomplete information resulting from human annotations, or highly influenced by the available knowledge about a specific branch in an ontology. In spite of these drawbacks, there is a trend to ignore these problems and even use GO terms to conduct searches of gene expression profiles (i.e. expression + GO) instead of more cautious approaches that just consider them as an independent source of validation (i.e. expression versus GO). Consequently, propagating the uncertainty and producing biased analysis of the required gene grouping hypotheses. We proposed a web tool, Onto-CC, as an automatic method specially suited for independent explanation/validation of gene grouping hypotheses (e.g. coexpressed genes) based on GO clusters (i.e. expression versus GO). Onto-CC approach reduces the uncertainty of the queries by identifying optimal conceptual clusters that combine terms from different ontologies simultaneously, as well as terms defined at different levels of specificity in the GO hierarchy. To do so, we implemented the EMO-CC methodology to find clusters in structural databases [GO Directed acyclic Graph (DAG) tree], inspired on Conceptual Clustering algorithms. This approach allows the management of optimal cluster sets as potential parallel hypotheses, guided by multiobjective/multimodal optimization techniques. Therefore, we can generate alternative and, still, optimal explanations of queries that can provide new insights for a given problem. Onto-CC has been successfully used to test different medical and biological hypotheses including the explanation and prediction of gene expression profiles resulting from the host response to injuries in the inflammatory problem. Onto-CC provides two versions: Ready2GO, a precalculated EMO-CC for several genomes and an Advanced Onto-CC for custom annotation files (http://gps-tools2.wustl.edu/onto-cc/index.html).

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The wealth of transcript information that has been made publicly available in recent years has led to large pools of individual web sites offering access to bioinformatics software. However, finding out which services exist, what they can or cannot do, how to use them and how to feed results from one service to the next one in the right format can be very time and resource consuming, especially for non-experts. Automating this task, we present a suite of protein annotation pipelines (tasks) developed at the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) oriented to protein annotation by homology (ProtSweep), by domain analysis (DomainSweep), and by secondary structure elements (2Dsweep). The aim of these tasks is to perform an exhaustive structural and functional analysis employing a wide variety of methods in combination with the most updated public databases. The three servers are available for academic users at the HUSAR open server http://genius.embnet.dkfz-heidelberg.de/menu/biounit/open-husar/

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Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a severe complication in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and adoptive immunotherapy. The transfer of a suicide gene into donor T-lymphocytes (TLCs) allows selective elimination of GvHD-causing cells. As retroviral gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells can induce leukaemia, there is an urgent need also to analyze retroviral integration sites in TLCs. We examined suicide gene-transduced TLCs in four grafts and from four transplanted patients. One-hundred and fifteen integration sites were detected in vitro. Of these 90 could be mapped to the human genome; 50% (45) were located in genes and 32% (29) were detected 10 kb upstream or downstream of transcription start sites. We found a significant overrepresentation of genes encoding for proteins with receptor activity, signal transducer activity, transcription regulator activity, nucleic acid binding activity and translation regulator activity. Similar data were obtained from patient samples. Our results point to preferred vector integration patterns, which are specific for the target cell population and probably independent of selection processes. Thus, future preclinical analysis of the integration repertoire with abundant amounts of transduced cells could allow a prediction also for the in vivo situation, where target cells are scarce.

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La parotiditis aguda supurativa es una enfermedad muy infrecuente en el período neonatal. En la literatura especializada se han publicado aproximadamente 100 casos. La deshidratación y la prematuridad son dos importantes factores que predisponen a su desarrollo. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico, y son útiles el recuento leucocitario y la ecografía parotídea. Staphylococcus aureus es el agente etiológico aislado con más frecuencia. El tratamiento inicial consiste en antibioticoterapia intravenosa empírica antiestafilocócica durante 7-10 días. El pronóstico es bueno. La enfermedad cursa sin recurrencias.Se describen los casos de 2 recién nacidos de 12 días de vida que presentaron fiebre, tumefacción parotídea unilateral, con eritema, calor y dolor, y secreción purulenta por el conducto de Stenon. Se hace una revisión de la literatura (AU)

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Acute suppurative parotitis is highly uncommon in neonates. Approximately 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Dehydration and prematurity are important predisposing factors. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs. White blood cell count and parotid ultrasonography are useful. The most commonly isolated causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus. Initial treatment consists of antistaphylococcal empiric antimicrobial therapy for 7-10 days. The prognosis is good. The illness is not usually associated with recurrences. We describe two 12-day-old newborn infants who presented with fever, unilateral swelling of the parotid region with erythema, warmness and pain, and purulent discharge from Stensen's duct. We also provide a literature review.

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High concentrations of heavy metals have been shown to adversely affect the size, diversity, and activity of microbial populations in soil. The aim of this work was to determine how the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is affected by the addition of sewage-amended sludge containing heavy metals in a long-term experiment. Due to the reduced number of indigenous AM fungal (AMF) propagules in the experimental soils, several host plants with different life cycles were used to multiply indigenous fungi. Six AMF ecotypes were found in the experimental soils, showing consistent differences with regard to their tolerance to the presence of heavy metals. AMF ecotypes ranged from very sensitive to the presence of metals to relatively tolerant to high rates of heavy metals in soil. Total AMF spore numbers decreased with increasing amounts of heavy metals in the soil. However, species richness and diversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index increased in soils receiving intermediate rates of sludge contamination but decreased in soils receiving the highest rate of heavy-metal-contaminated sludge. Relative densities of most AMF species were also significantly influenced by soil treatments. Host plant species exerted a selective influence on AMF population size and diversity. We conclude based on the results of this study that size and diversity of AMF populations were modified in metal-polluted soils, even in those with metal concentrations that were below the upper limits accepted by the European Union for agricultural soils.

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Medical network as connecting Hospital Information Systems are needed in order to exchange, compare and make accessible data. The use of OSI standard communication protocols (open-network environment) will allow to interconnect multiple vendor systems and to accommodate a wide range of underlaying of communication technologies. The security of information on a given host may become dependent of the security measures employed by the network and by other hosts. Computer viruses modifies the executable code and thrive in network environment filled with personal computers and third-party software. Most networks and computers, permit users to share files; this, let the viruses to bypass the security mechanisms of almost every commercial operating system. However, computer viruses axes not the only threat to the information in a network environment. Other as deliberate (passive attacks -wire-tapping-) and accidental threat (unauthorized access to the information) are potential risks to the security information. Cryptographic techniques that now are widely used can resolve the external security problems of the network and improve the internal security ones. This paper begins describing the threats to security that arise in an open-network environment, and goes to establish the security requirements of medical communication networks. This is followed by a description of security services as: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, access control, etc., that will be provided to include security mechanisms in such network. The integration of these security mechanisms into the communication protocols allows to implement secure communication systems that not only must provide the adequate security, but also must minimize the impact of security on other features as for example the efficiency. The remainder of the paper describes how the security mechanisms are formed using current cryptographic facilities as algorithms, one-way functions, cryptographic systems (symmetric and asymmetric), etc. Emphasis is placed on the method to obtain these mechanisms. We will obtain several mechanisms of varying strength for the provision of each security service. Finally, the security mechanisms are structured into several mutually related areas of network security and are presented in a formal form.

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