RESUMEN
Sequence data from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene were combined with endogenous retrovirus sequences to study the position of the genus Miopithecus in the primate tree. The mitochondrial sequences indicated that Miopithecus is a true genus distinct from Cercopithecus, although talapoin monkeys are commonly referred to as dwarf guenons. The existence of two species of dwarf guenons, suggested by differences in coat color, pigmentation, and geographic location, was supported by substantial mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene divergence. In line with the informal proposal of J. Kingdon (1997, "The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals," Academic Press, London), we use the names Miopithecus talapoin for the southern, darker species and Miopithecus ougouensis for the northern, lighter-colored monkeys. Different 12S rRNA gene haplotypes found in M. ougouensis individuals suggest the possible existence of additional subspecies. Simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV) strain 23. 1 proviruses were introduced in the primate germ-line after the Cercopithecinae split from the Colobinae, estimated at around 9-14 million years ago. SERV sequences were used for timing of divergence events in Cercopithecinae and confirmed the close relationship between the genera Cercopithecus and Miopithecus, which was only weakly supported by the more variable mtDNA sequences in a distance analysis, demonstrating the utility of these pseudogenes in phylogenetic grouping.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecinae/clasificación , Cercopithecinae/genética , ADN Viral/genética , ARN Ribosómico/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , ADN Mitocondrial , Evolución Molecular , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Retroviridae/genética , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Automated DNA sequencing of a fragment of the relatively slowly evolving mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene was used to distinguish primate species, and the method was compared with species determination based upon classical taxonomy. DNA from blood from 53 monkeys housed at the Stichting AAP Shelter for Exotic Animals, all Old World monkeys, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a primer set spanning approximately 390 nucleotides of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. The products were directly sequenced and compared with our database of primate 12S sequences. Many individuals were found to harbor a 12S sequence identical to one of the reference sequences. For others, phylogenetic methods were used for species estimation, which was especially informative in Cercopithecus species.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecidae/genética , Clasificación , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Mitocondrias/genética , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Ribosómico , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Analysis of a cat genomic DNA library showed that cats harbor a previously unrecognized endogenous type C retrovirus, whose env gene has homology to the murine Fv-4 resistance gene. This unique retrovirus, designated FcEV (Felis catus endogenous retrovirus), has a type C pol gene, closely related to the primate Papio cynocephalus endogenous virus (PcEV) pol, not overlapping the env gene, unlike in other type C retroviruses, and is presumably present in a higher copy number than RD-114. Phylogenetic analysis of FcEV and RD-114 fragments amplified from cat species and comparison with baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) fragments from monkeys suggested that RD-114 does not represent the cat strain of BaEV but is actually a new recombinant between FcEV type C genes and the env gene of BaEV. Although BaEV did appear to have infected an ancestor of the domestic cat lineage, it was a de novo recombinant that made its way into the cat germ line.
Asunto(s)
Gatos/virología , Genes Virales , Genoma Viral , Retroviridae/genética , Retroviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Papio/virología , Filogenia , Recombinación Genética , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
A complete endogenous type D viral genome has been isolated from a baboon genomic library. The provirus, simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), is 8,393 nucleotides long and contains two long terminal repeats and complete genes for gag, pro, pol, and env. The primer binding site is complementary to tRNA(Lys)3, like in lentiviruses. The env GP70 protein is highly homologous to that of baboon endogenous virus (BaEV). PCR analysis of primate DNA showed that related proviral sequences are present in Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae but not in apes and humans. Analysis of virus and host sequences indicated that the proviral genomes were inherited from a common ancestor. Comparison of the evolution of BaEV, exogenous simian retrovirus types 1 to 3 (SRV1 to SRV3), and SERV suggests that SERV is ancestral to both BaEV and the SRVs.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Viral , Haplorrinos/virología , Papio/virología , Retrovirus de los Simios/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Dosificación de Gen , Genes Reguladores , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Provirus/genética , Secuencias Repetitivas de Ácidos Nucleicos , Retrovirus de los Simios/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Cross-species transmission of retroviruses among primates has recently been recognized as the source of the current epidemics of HIV-1, HIV-2 and human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The distribution of baboon endogenous virus among non-human primates resembles that of exogenous viruses and appears to be a consequence of different primate species sharing the same habitat.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Biológica , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Primates/virología , Infecciones por Retroviridae/epidemiología , Retroviridae/genética , África , Animales , Reservorios de Enfermedades , Retroviridae/clasificación , Infecciones por Retroviridae/transmisión , Especificidad de la Especie , Integración ViralRESUMEN
PCR amplification of baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) long terminal repeat, reverse transcriptase gene, and env fragments from 24 different species of African monkeys indicates that BaEV is less widespread than was formerly thought. Instead of being present in every species of African primates, BaEV can be found only in baboons, geladas, and mangabeys (all belonging to the Papionini tribe) and in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops)subspecies. BaEV, which can be activated from baboon and gelada tissues, was most likely introduced in the germ line only recently (less than a few million years ago) and has not been inherited from a common ancestor of all extant African monkeys. Neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood analyses of the sequences obtained showed that two distinct virus clusters can be distinguished: the first containing baboon, gelada, and African green monkey BaEV sequences and the second consisting of mandrill and mangabey BaEV sequences. This viral evolutionary tree does not follow host phylogeny, indicating the cross-species transmissions and multiple germ line fixations of the virus must have occurred in the past. BaEV sequences are found in monkeys inhabiting savannas (baboons, geladas, and African green monkeys) as well as forests (managabeys and mandrills) and cluster according to the habitats of their hosts, providing evidence for cross-species transmission in shared habitats.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecidae/virología , Chlorocebus aethiops/virología , Papio/virología , Filogenia , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ARN/genética , Retroviridae/genética , Retroviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , ADN Viral/sangre , ADN Viral/genética , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Genes env , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ARN/química , Secuencias Repetitivas de Ácidos Nucleicos , Retroviridae/clasificación , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Conducta Social , Especificidad de la Especie , Theropithecus/virología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/químicaRESUMEN
Baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) is present in multiple copies in many Old World monkey species. BaEV proviruses may contain open reading frames for all major genes, as is indicated by the rescue of infectious virus particles from baboon and gelada tissues after cocultivation with permissive cells. We have analyzed full-length BaEV proviral structures in a baboon (Papio cynocephalus) genomic library and found no evidence for the rearrangements or large deletions commonly observed in endogenous virus genomes from other mammalian species. The two proviruses studied were integrated next to or nearby long interspersed repeat sequence (LINE) transposable elements. Additionally, isolated dispersed fragments with 100% and approximately 77% homology, respectively, to part of the BaEV reverse transcriptase gene were detected. These presumed retroelements were present in an approximately 10-fold excess compared with the full-length proviral genomes. PCR amplification and sequencing of BaEV reverse transcriptase and env fragments from the lambda clones and from the genomic DNA of other baboon species showed that there is little sequence variation present in BaEV DNA in the baboon genome.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecidae/virología , Gammaretrovirus/genética , Gammaretrovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Genoma , Papio/virología , Provirus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , Genes env , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Papio/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ARN/genética , Secuencias Repetitivas de Ácidos Nucleicos , Mapeo Restrictivo , Eliminación de Secuencia , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Theropithecus/virologíaRESUMEN
Monkey mummy bones and teeth originating from the North Saqqara Baboon Galleries (Egypt), soft tissue from a mummified baboon in a museum collection, and nineteenth/twentieth-century skin fragments from mangabeys were used for DNA extraction and PCR amplification of part of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Sequences aligning with the 12S rRNA gene were recovered but were only distantly related to contemporary monkey mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences. However, many of these sequences were identical or closely related to human nuclear DNA sequences resembling mitochondrial 12S rRNA (isolated from a cell line depleted in mitochondria) and therefore have to be considered contamination. Subsequently in a separate study we were able to recover genuine mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences from many extant species of nonhuman Old World primates and sequences closely resembling the human nuclear integrations. Analysis of all sequences by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method indicated that mitochondrial DNA sequences and their nuclear counterparts can be divided into two distinct clusters. One cluster contained all temporary cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA sequences and approximately half of the monkey nuclear mitochondriallike sequences. A second cluster contained most human nuclear sequences and the other half of monkey nuclear sequences with a separate branch leading to human and gorilla mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Sequences recovered from ancient materials were equally divided between the two clusters. These results constitute a warning for when working with ancient DNA or performing phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA as a target sequence: Nuclear counterparts of mitochondrial genes may lead to faulty interpretation of results.
Asunto(s)
ADN/genética , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico/genética , ARN/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cercocebus , Cartilla de ADN , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Momias , Papio/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Primates/genética , ARN Mitocondrial , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
The suborder Anthropoidea of the primates has traditionally been divided in three superfamilies: the Hominoidea (apes and humans) and the Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys), together comprising the infraorder Catarrhini, and the Ceboidea (New World monkeys) belonging to the infraorder Platyrrhini. We have sequenced an approximately 390-base-pair part of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene for 26 species of the major groups of African monkeys and apes and constructed an extensive phylogeny based upon DNA evidence. Not only is this phylogeny of great importance in classification of African guenons, but it also suggests rearrangements in traditional monkey taxonomy and evolution. Baboons and mandrills were found to be not directly related, while we could confirm that the known four superspecies of mangabeys do not form a monophyletic group, but should be separated into two genera, one clustering with baboons and the other with mandrills. Patas monkeys are clearly related to members of the genus Cercopithecus despite their divergence in build and habitat, while the talapoin falls outside the Cercopithecus clade (including the patas monkey).
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecinae/genética , Hominidae/genética , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico/genética , ARN/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , ARN Mitocondrial , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
In three subgroups of a clinically and socially well defined group of Dutch homosexual men, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences in seronegative blood samples was studied using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 19 seronegative partners of seropositive persons, no HIV-1 sequences were found by PCR in either early (1984/1985) or more recent (1987) samples. In 42 seronegative persons selected by their high risk for HIV-1 infection, none harbored HIV-1 sequences in either early (1985/1986) or late (1989) samples. In 15 people who seroconverted for HIV-1, only 2 samples collected 3 months before seroconversion were PCR-positive. These persons were also HIV antigen-positive at this time. These data suggest that a latent infection greater than 6 months does not occur and that the combination of HIV antibody and HIV antigen tests is appropriate and conclusive in most cases of HIV-1 infection.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , Seropositividad para VIH , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Secuencia de Bases , Estudios de Cohortes , ADN Viral , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Homosexualidad , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Países Bajos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine viral DNA load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-1-infected individuals. DESIGN: HIV-1 copy numbers were determined using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the PCR-aided template titration assay (PATTY). PATTY utilizes an internal plasmid control DNA, which is amplified within the same tube and using the same primers as the PBMC target DNA. HIV-1 copy numbers were confirmed by limiting-dilution PCR analysis. RESULTS: PBMC viral load of 19 long-term (greater than 4 years) HIV-1-infected individuals ranged from 0.8 to 100 copies per 10(3) PBMC. Significantly higher copy numbers were found among p24-antigen-positive than among p24-antigen-negative individuals. In addition, the PBMC viral load of two HIV-1-infected individuals was monitored during the first 3 months after acute infection. For both patients, the HIV-1 copy numbers were shown to peak at the time of HIV-1-antibody seroconversion and decline subsequently (range, 0.6-10 copies per 10(3) PBMC). CONCLUSIONS: PATTY is a useful method for assessing the HIV-1 copy numbers in PBMC DNA. Viral DNA load peaks shortly after infection and reaches an individual specific level that is probably stable within a few months of infection. Viral DNA load in PBMC varies widely among long-term HIV-1-infected individuals.
Asunto(s)
ADN Viral/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Seropositividad para VIH , VIH-1/genética , Leucocitos Mononucleares/química , Serodiagnóstico del SIDA/métodos , Secuencia de Bases , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Seroprevalencia de VIH , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodosRESUMEN
PIP: The existence of dual infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and 2 in West African countries has been controversial, although the current consensus is that dual infection is not the cause of the extensive cross-reactivity observed between these 2 viruses. To evaluate the role of antibody reactivity to the HIV-1 accessory gene products in type-specific HIV serology, proteins encoded for nef, tat, rev, vpr, and vpu were developed and used as an antigen. 5 of the 7 exclusively HIV-2 reactive sera were not reactive to the HIV-1 accessory gene products. Moreover, the 2 sera that showed reactivity to the HIV-1 envelope were the only ones reactive to HIV-1 accessory gene products. These findings indicate that type 2 viruses may be as diverse as type 1 viruses. A subsequent analysis of sera from 24 West Africans revealed reactivity with a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) peptide but not with an HIV-1 peptide previously shown to be discriminatory in a direct binding assay between HIV-1 and HIV-2. Compared to 29 control sera from East Africans, the West Africa sera had significantly lower reactivity to antibodies specific to nef, tat, and rev; there was not reactivity to vpr and vpu. 38% of the West African sera compared with 93% of the East African sera showed reactivity to HIV-1 accessory gene products. It is concluded that, while reactivity to the HIV-1 accessory gene products vpr and vpu indicate HIV-1 infection, reactivity to the other accessory gene products cannot be used to identify virus type given the documented cross-reactivity to HIV-1 accessory gene products of antibodies elicited by HIV-2 strains.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/microbiología , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Proteínas de los Retroviridae/inmunología , África Oriental , África Occidental , VIH-1/clasificación , VIH-1/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de los Retroviridae/genética , SerotipificaciónRESUMEN
The inhibition of HIV-1 and SIV reverse transcriptase by human and rhesus macaque serum positive for HIV-1 or HIV-2/SIV antibodies was studied. The domain to which reverse transcriptase-inhibiting antibodies were elicited appeared to be highly antigenic. A total of 67% (48 of 72) of individuals had HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-inhibiting (RTI) antibodies 1 year after seroconversion for HIV-1, 90% (9 of 10) of HIV-2 antibody positive persons had SIV RTI antibodies, and all four experimentally SIV-infected rhesus macaques developed SIV RTI antibodies. Low cross-reactivity between HIV-1 and HIV-2/SIV RTI antibodies was observed. Of 10 HIV-1 RTI sera, 2 reduced SIV RT activity by more than 50% (mean reduction 85 versus 24%). Only 1 of 9 SIV RTI human sera reduced HIV-1 RT (mean reduction 74 versus 25%). This serum, however, showed a shared reactivity against both HIV-1 and HIV-2. These results indicate that the HIV-1 domain inducing RTI antibodies is antigenically different from the HIV-2/SIV domain.