RESUMEN
An enduring mystery from the great houses of Chaco Canyon is the origin of more than 240,000 construction timbers. We evaluate probable timber procurement areas for seven great houses by applying tree-ring width-based sourcing to a set of 170 timbers. To our knowledge, this is the first use of tree rings to assess timber origins in the southwestern United States. We found that the Chuska and Zuni Mountains (>75 km distant) were the most likely sources, accounting for 70% of timbers. Most notably, procurement areas changed through time. Before 1020 Common Era (CE) nearly all timbers originated from the Zunis (a previously unrecognized source), but by 1060 CE the Chuskas eclipsed the Zuni area in total wood imports. This shift occurred at the onset of Chaco florescence in the 11th century, a time with substantial expansion of existing great houses and the addition of seven new great houses in the Chaco Core area. It also coincides with the proliferation of Chuskan stone tools and pottery in the archaeological record of Chaco Canyon, further underscoring the link between land use and occupation in the Chuska area and the peak of great house construction. Our findings, based on the most temporally specific and replicated evidence of Chacoan resource procurement obtained to date, corroborate the long-standing but recently challenged interpretation that large numbers of timbers were harvested and transported from distant mountain ranges to build the great houses at Chaco Canyon.
RESUMEN
Skull base surgery (SBS) is considered the standard of care in treating benign and malignant lesions of the cranial base. SBS is a multidisciplinary team approach used to treat these complex lesions that may have intracranial extension. SBS can be broken down into 3 steps. Transfacial access is performed, followed by resection with sound oncologic principles, and then reconstruction of the cranial base and facial structures. Functional and esthetic concerns must be addressed by the surgeons. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons frequently perform elective facial osteotomies and treat victims of cranial base trauma. These same principles can be applied to SBS as a part of the skull base team.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Craneomandibulares/cirugía , Craneotomía/métodos , Osteotomía Le Fort/métodos , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Neoplasias de la Base del Cráneo/cirugía , Base del Cráneo/cirugía , Nervio Trigémino/cirugía , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma Adenoide Quístico/cirugía , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirugía , Vértebras Cervicales/patología , Vértebras Cervicales/cirugía , Neoplasias de los Nervios Craneales , Neoplasias del Oído/cirugía , Neoplasias Faciales/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Imagenología Tridimensional , Neoplasias Infratentoriales/cirugía , Masculino , Meningioma/cirugía , Neurilemoma/cirugía , Radiografía , Base del Cráneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Base del Cráneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/cirugía , Colgajos Quirúrgicos , Mallas Quirúrgicas , Enfermedades del Nervio Trigémino/cirugíaRESUMEN
Autogenous bone grafts continue to have wide use for reconstructing alveolar defects because of the many advantages associated with them. Although complications are low, the harvesting of bone grafts does have the risk of morbidity, which varies based on the harvest site chosen. Patients should be informed of possible complications associated with bone harvest as well as complications that many develop at the grafted site.
Asunto(s)
Aumento de la Cresta Alveolar/efectos adversos , Trasplante Óseo/efectos adversos , Humanos , Ilion/cirugía , Mandíbula/cirugía , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/efectos adversos , Cráneo/cirugía , Tibia/cirugía , Recolección de Tejidos y Órganos/efectos adversos , Sitio Donante de Trasplante/cirugíaRESUMEN
Long House Valley, located in the Black Mesa area of northeastern Arizona (USA), was inhabited by the Kayenta Anasazi from circa 1800 B.C. to circa A.D. 1300. These people were prehistoric precursors of the modern Pueblo cultures of the Colorado Plateau. A rich paleoenvironmental record, based on alluvial geomorphology, palynology, and dendroclimatology, permits the accurate quantitative reconstruction of annual fluctuations in potential agricultural production (kg maize/hectare). The archaeological record of Anasazi farming groups from A.D. 200 to 1300 provides information on a millennium of sociocultural stasis, variability, change, and adaptation. We report on a multi-agent computational model of this society that closely reproduces the main features of its actual history, including population ebb and flow, changing spatial settlement patterns, and eventual rapid decline. The agents in the model are monoagriculturalists, who decide both where to situate their fields and where to locate their settlements.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Cultural , Demografía , Etnología , Conducta Social , Etnología/estadística & datos numéricos , Etnología/tendencias , Humanos , Sudoeste de Estados Unidos/etnologíaRESUMEN
Long House Valley in the Black Mesa area of northeastern Arizona (U.S.) was inhabited by the Kayenta Anasazi from about 1800 before Christ to about anno Domini 1300. These people were prehistoric ancestors of the modern Pueblo cultures of the Colorado Plateau. Paleoenvironmental research based on alluvial geomorphology, palynology, and dendroclimatology permits accurate quantitative reconstruction of annual fluctuations in potential agricultural production (kg of maize per hectare). The archaeological record of Anasazi farming groups from anno Domini 200-1300 provides information on a millennium of sociocultural stasis, variability, change, and adaptation. We report on a multiagent computational model of this society that closely reproduces the main features of its actual history, including population ebb and flow, changing spatial settlement patterns, and eventual rapid decline. The agents in the model are monoagriculturalists, who decide both where to situate their fields as well as the location of their settlements. Nutritional needs constrain fertility. Agent heterogeneity, difficult to model mathematically, is demonstrated to be crucial to the high fidelity of the model.