RESUMEN
The processes of cellular migration, cellular differentiation and cellular multiplication are studied, since these are the basic developmental processes upon which teratogenic agents act resulting in congenital malformations. We also carefully analyze the interactions between teratogen-embryo in order to establish adequate parameters for analysis of environmental teratogens, as well as experimental teratogenesis and epidemiology. Information on the pathogenesis of congenital malformations obtained from experimental teratology in an adequate biological model, can be extrapolated to the human. The etiology of congenital malformations resulting from environmental teratogens can only be elucidated through epidemiology, since there is species specificity. Such a study must fulfill the following prerequisites: diagnosis of the congenital malformation, ruling out genetic factors in the family tree and determination of the exact time of exposure to the possible teratogen during the pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/etiología , Contaminantes Ambientales/efectos adversos , Teratógenos , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/embriología , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/epidemiología , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/genética , Animales , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inducción Embrionaria/efectos de los fármacos , Edad Gestacional , Cardiopatías Congénitas/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Morfogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Proyectos de Investigación , Teratógenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The atrioventricular septum is defined and its anatomical features are described. This consists of two regions, a muscular and a membranous region. Isolated atrioventricular types of defect are described. The normal and the pathological embryogenesis of the atrioventricular septum are discussed. A definition of the interventricular septum is given and its anatomical features are described. This septum is divided into two regions, a membranous and muscular region. The muscular region is divided into three regions: inflow region or inlet, trabeculated region and outflow region or outlet. Interventricular defects are classified according to the septal regions in which they are located. The anatomical features which characterize each type of interventricular septal defect are established. A brief comment on the normal and pathological morphogenesis of the interventricular septum is made.
Asunto(s)
Defectos del Tabique Interatrial/embriología , Defectos del Tabique Interventricular/embriología , Tabiques Cardíacos/embriología , Defectos del Tabique Interatrial/patología , Defectos del Tabique Interventricular/patología , Tabiques Cardíacos/anatomía & histología , HumanosRESUMEN
A brief presentation of the normal embryological development of the human interatrial septum is made. The anatomical expression of each of its embryological components is described. Our classification of interatrial septal defect is enriched by their more precise anatomical description and by making a more correct morphogenetic interpretation, based on new information obtained by means of experimental embryology. Emphasis is made that absence of the interatrial septum does not preclude the diagnosis of viscero-atrial situs.