RESUMEN
AIM: The present study is a comparative case study as part of research on the psychotherapeutic process. This research describes the perception of subjective time in two psychotherapeutic processes, one successful and one unsuccessful. METHODS: We studied two psychotherapeutic processes of cognitive orientation, which were video recorded and fully transcribed in each session. First a qualitative analysis was applied for quality coding (Top-down) was performed to identify category types of subjective time, depending on psychological well-being. These were categorized as past, present, and future; each one in positive and negative forms. Secondly, two quantitative statistical analyses were applied: one of content analysis, which allowed us to observe the frequencies for the six categories, and another, a cumulative frequency analysis, which allowed us to identify a differential pattern in the analyzed cases. RESULTS: These data showed different temporal profiles for both cases, differentiated by categories. This finding that would allow us to track the process of subjectivity in terms of specific components associated with psychotherapy success. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: We present a mixed method, a qualitative for initial coding of patient speaking turns and a quantitative methodology such as the cumulative frequency analysis in time in a therapeutic context. Those changes are progressive and must be observed as a continuous and dynamic evolution to allow for an interpretation in a naturalistic context.
Asunto(s)
Agorafobia/rehabilitación , Ansiedad/rehabilitación , Depresión/rehabilitación , Psicoterapia , Adulto , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Psicoterapia/métodos , Psicoterapia Breve/métodos , Autoimagen , Resultado del Tratamiento , Grabación en VideoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Both children affected by nutritional and eating disorders (ED) and adults with bipolar disorder (BD) display symptoms of deficient emotional self-regulation, which can present in different forms. If we observe the clinical and developmental histories of individuals affected by EDs and BD, based on a cognitive systemic post-rationalist approach, we can hypothesise a continuum between the two disorders. The aim of this pilot study is to support the hypothesis - from an explanatory rather than a non-descriptive approach - that EDs and BD are the possible result of issues tied to biological and psychological self-regulation. When such an issue manifests during an individual's early stages through an eating disorder, it is more likely to result in an actual affective disorder, such as BD, during an individual's adult years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study examined a total of 51 patients affected by an ED between the ages of 8 and 18. At least one of the parents had been diagnosed with a mental disorder. All of the subjects completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) II. Each of the patients underwent a pediatric assessment using their BMI to establish the type of ED. The parents were divided into two groups: subjects with BD and subjects affected by other psychopathologies. RESULTS: Although the comparison between patients with EDs and parents with or without BD did not demonstrate a significant difference in any scale, it highlighted specific common characteristics between the disorder presented by the parent and the cognitive-emotional expressions of his or her child. In fact, the results indicate that the CBCL "problems of thought" scale explains much of the Impulsivity variance obtained by the EDI and that the CBCL "high withdrawal/depression" dependent factor highlighted a statistical significance for the EDI's "low interoceptive awareness" scale. CONCLUSIONS: The study presented limitations, especially with respect to the sample size examined, but it suggests a field that can be further explored to understand the reasons for a significance in the aspects related to contrasting emotional adjustments, impulsivity and depression/withdrawal, highlighting a connection with the parents' distinctive relational model.
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Conducta del Adolescente , Conducta Infantil , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Humor/diagnóstico , Padres/psicología , Síntomas Prodrómicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Comorbilidad , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/complicaciones , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Italia/epidemiología , Masculino , Trastornos del Humor/complicaciones , Trastornos del Humor/epidemiología , Proyectos Piloto , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
The post-rationalist psychotherapy academy (non-classic cognitive approach) started at the end of the 80's with a series of consistent hypotheses. It is an academy which stems from contemporary psychotherapy and develops different areas, giving a strong contribution to theoretical and clinical psychotherapy. This academy has presented development as all other psychotherapy schools have, as well as the same difficulties and solutions. In this article, our aim is to show some tendencies that don't present an epistemological, theoretical, methodological and coherency, since these tendencies don't allow any confutation, which is the fundamental premise of Vittorio Guidano's academy. Finally, we stress how it's nowadays crucial in psychotherapy, to apply coherent methodological and conceptual positions based on the research.
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Investigación Biomédica , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina , Psicoterapia , Academias e Institutos/tendencias , Investigación Biomédica/tendencias , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/tendencias , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Humanos , Italia , Trastornos Mentales/rehabilitación , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/tendencias , Psicoterapia/tendenciasRESUMEN
An epistemological foundation for cultural psychology is essential to neuro- and behavioural sciences for the challenge psychological sciences must currently face: searching for an explanation of how a brain can become a mind and how individuals assign a sense to the world and their life. Biological systems are very likely determined by physical and chemical laws of spontaneous self-organization and endogenous constraints but, even if the major result of the Darwinian revolution is "the discovery that living species are their story", the modern synthesis of the evolution theory adopted only continuist and gradualist hypotheses. This nourished the analogy between the theory of natural selection and the theory of operant conditioning, thereby supporting empiricist associationism and the methodological positivism of behavioural and "classical" cognitive psychologists. Current scientific contributions provide evidence to the need for psychotherapy and psychopathology of a new epistemological approach in order to connect research stemming from animal models, up to the most abstract levels of personal meaning. The complex system oriented approach, here described, called "post-rationalism", shaped by a change initiated by evolutionary epistemology. The regulation of emotions initially develops within interpersonal relationships and evolves during both phylogeny and ontogeny, according to complex self-organization processes, leading to the acquisition of Self-organizing abilities and the construction of personal meaning. Endorsing the epistemological similarities of neo-Darwinism and behaviourism, and differentiating from this, the above mentioned approach, emphasises the fact that clinical and psycho-therapeutical practice must be founded on the laws of biological organisation: the ongoing activity of neurobiological systems, including the more abstract domains of thought and language.
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Etnopsicología , Conducta , Evolución Biológica , Cognición , Humanos , Conocimiento , Relaciones Metafisicas Mente-CuerpoRESUMEN
A complex system process oriented approach, in other words a constructivistic postrationalist cognitive one to psychology and to psychopathology, stresses the close interdependency among processes as evolution, emotion, language and conscience. During evolution, emotions, whose biological roots we share with superior primates, should be specialized and refined. Along this process should become necessary a more and more abstract way of scaffolding the enormous quantity of data a brain could manage. Cognitive abilities, rooted in the emotional quality of experience, allow - during the phylogenetic development - more and more complex patterns of reflexivity until to the necessary ability of recognizing other's intention and consequently of lying. Language, abstract ability usefull to give increasing experiential data scaffolding, probably coming from motor skills development, brings at the same time the possibility, for a human knowing system, of self-consciousness: to do this it's owed to detach from itself, that is experience a deep sense of loneliness. Here it is that the progressive cognitive skills development is linked to the possibility of lying and of self-deception as long as the acquiring of advanced levels of selfconsciousness.
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Conciencia , Estado de Conciencia , Emociones , Lenguaje , Psicoterapia , Evolución Biológica , Decepción , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Psicoterapia/métodosRESUMEN
After examining the notion of time among philosophical and psychological theories and some recent evidences, we propose a concept of time, relating to its objective/subjective difference, from a cognitive-systems process oriented approach, which is a multidisciplinary and evolutionary approach for diagnosis, practice and steps of psychotherapy.