RESUMEN
The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether the cryopolymerization technique is capable of producing suitable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Cryopolymers made of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid with (W1 and W20) and without (W0) wollastonite particles were prepared. The elastic modulus of the specimens rose one order of magnitude from W1 to W20. Total porosity reached 56% for W0, 72% for W1 and 36% for W20, with pore sizes of up to 2 mm, large interconnection sizes of up to 1 mm and small interconnection sizes of 50-80 µm on dry specimens. Cryogels swell up to 224 ± 17% for W0, 315 ± 18% for W1 and 231 ± 27% for W20 specimens, while maintaining the integrity of the bodies. Pore sizes > 5 mm can be observed for swollen specimens. The biocompatibility of the samples was tested using human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissues. Both types of cells attached and grew on the three tested substrates, colonized their inner regions and organized an extracellular cell matrix. Fibronectin and osteopontin levels decreased in the media from cells cultured on W20 samples, likely due to increased binding on the ECM deposited by cells. The osteoprotegerin-to-receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand secretion ratios increased with increasing wollastonite content. Altogether, these results indicate that an appropriate balance of surface properties and structure that favours stromal cell colonization in the porous cryogels can be achieved by modulating the amount of wollastonite.
Asunto(s)
Huesos/fisiología , Cerámica , Criogeles , Polímeros/química , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Andamios del Tejido/química , Tejido Adiposo/citología , Células de la Médula Ósea/citología , Remodelación Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Huesos/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Forma de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cerámica/farmacología , Criogeles/farmacología , Módulo de Elasticidad , Estudios de Factibilidad , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/ultraestructura , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoprotegerina/metabolismo , Polímeros/farmacología , Porosidad , Ligando RANK/metabolismo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
The aim of this work was to investigate those mechanical parameters able to describe the fracture behavior of dental composite resins. A commercially available fine-particle micro-hybrid resin composite was used. Classical parameters as Young's modulus, strength distribution, and critical stress intensity factor were considered. Strength values were determined using the diametrical compression of discs test and for the critical stress intensity factor both unstable and controlled fracture tests were used. Controlled fracture tests allowed determining the work of fracture. Microstructure was studied by optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The obtained properties have been Young's modulus, 17.7 +/- 0.6 GPa; Weibull modulus, m = 14 (upper and lower limits for 90% confidence: 17 and 10); characteristic strength 51 MPa (upper and lower limits for 90% confidence: 53 and 49 MPa); critical stress intensity factor in mode I, K(IC) = 1.3 +/- 0.1 and work of fracture, gamma(wof) = 8-9 J/m(2). Pores and bubbles formed during the packing of the composite were identified as critical defects in the tested specimens. Crack deflection and branching have been identified as toughening mechanisms. Classical mechanical parameters (Young's modulus, hardness...) are not able to efficiently predict the major clinical failure mode of composite resins by fatigue. Work of fracture analysis, which is dependant on microstructural parameters such as particle size and shape, have to be included when testing mechanical properties of dental composite resins in future research studies.
Asunto(s)
Resinas Compuestas/química , Ensayo de Materiales , Módulo de Elasticidad , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Resistencia a la TracciónRESUMEN
The manufacturing of a composite made of a synthetic bioactive ceramic, pseudowollastonite (psW), and a bioresorbable copolymer ethylmethacrylate-vinylpyrrolidone (EMA/VP) is presented in this article. psW porous blocks were produced by dipping an open porous polyurethane foam in a psW containing slurry. A 40/60 wt % EMA/VP monomers mixture was poured on the blocks, and free radical polymerization initiated by azobis(isobutyronitrile) at 50 degrees C. Disks of 1 mm height were obtained by cutting the composite with a diamond saw, and bioresorption and bioactivity of the specimens were tested by immersion of the disks into SBF. A ceramic/polymer weight ratio of 72/28, greater than the usually achievable ratio by polymeric solidification of slurries of monomers charged with a powdered solid component, has been obtained. The system is bioactive and does not change the pH of the medium during the degradation test.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Compuestos de Calcio/química , Equipos y Suministros , Metilmetacrilatos/química , Silicatos/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Peso Molecular , Soluciones , Termogravimetría , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
Pseudowollastonite ceramic (psW) is a bioactive ceramic that binds to bone when implanted in vivo and may be useful for the treatment of skeletal defects. However, there have been no studies that examined the interaction between psW and osteoblastic cells in vitro. This study investigated the suitability of psW as a substratum for cell attachment and the ability of the material to effect osteoblasts at a distance from the material surface. Fetal rat calvarial cells were plated onto the ceramic and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The findings reported show that cells attached and proliferated on the surface to the ceramic. Attachment by cells to the material can be enhanced by preincubation of psW in serum or media containing fibronectin. The adhesion of cells can be inhibited by addition of GRGDS peptides suggesting that adhesion to psW is mediated by integrin binding to adsorbed proteins. To study the effects of psW at a distance, cells were cultured in the presence but not in direct contact with the material. Subsequent changes in proliferation, alkaline phosphatase expression, and bone nodule formation were assessed. Cells grown in wells containing psW demonstrated an increase in both the rate and total numbers of bone nodules formed, although there were no differences in proliferation or alkaline phosphatase expression. Overall, these results suggest that psW is biocompatible and osteoconductive.