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The authors bring into light several aspects of nuclear radiation risks, i.e. physical safety of nuclear technologies and ecology, place of operator within the nuclear radiation safety system (proficiency, protective culture, safety guides) and consider approaches to the human factor quantification within the system of mitigation of risks from nuclear technologies, and IAEA recommendations on probable risk estimation. Future investigations should be aimed at extension of the radiation sensitivity threshold, personnel selection as by psychological so genetic testing for immunity to ionizing radiation, development of pharmachemical and physical protectors and methods of enhancing nonspecific resistance to extreme, including radiation, environments, and building of radiation event simulators for training.

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The literature on epidemiological studies of impacts of humans of electromagnetic fields (EMF) including weak ones has been reviewed. The risk of cancer to people in EMF appears to be a complicated problem. Consideration is given to the phenomenon of radiophobia associated with exposure in EMF.

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There was conducted the analysis of investigations and works performed by radiobiologists of our country with the purpose to provide the safety of piloted space flights. It was shown that by their efforts the system of radiation safety for the crews of space flying machines was created. Leading role of the Institute dealing with the problems of aviation and cosmic medicine, RF MD is emphasized.

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In addition to the somatic effects, physical and chemical factors may also have sociopsychological impacts and distort perception of technogenic risks. Risk management is an important component in the analysis of human-environment interaction. Individuum per se with her/his system of values plays a key role in risk perception and transformation of this perception. Reviewed are the sociopsychological constituents of risk perception that often give birth to phobias, as well as national-ethnic peculiarities and the role of mass media in provoking phobias. Emphasized is the necessity to continue studies of phobias evoked by technogenic risks in the next areas: somatic and mental health and risk perception, genetic mechanisms of resistance to physical and toxic factors, ethnic and national factors in risk perception, sociopsychological aspects of interaction of novel technologies, society, public health and ecological movements; ideology, religion, mysticism, mass-media: formation of distorted perception of risk; risk management.

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Negatively influencing environment, electric network objects are simultaneously subjected to antropogenous (ecologic) pressure from other industrial objects. Ecologic and geographic mapping (ecologic maps formation) enables the most complete (rational) analysis of ecologic situation in electric network objects and locate them with economical and ecologic reasons. This method is highly informational and demonstrative.

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In the article the information concerning epidemiological aspects of radiation (Study the further consequences of low doses of irradiation) at the human population. Here was demonstrated that the difficulty of interpretation of resultates is conditioned by outside and inside causes in answer to the influence of radiation. Also was shown that the human biology, condition of environmental, unhealthy habites, etc. have got the great importance.

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The authors make analysis of the socio-economic collision between power generation and ecology. Russia enters the world market in the period of global and local ecological ill-being. The following eight dimensions of the problem have been reviewed: uncontrolled growth of population, limited earth resources, life standards and ecological crisis, national/ecological interests and power safety, eco- and power regionalism, religion and ethnoses (demography and energy reserves), eco-sitting of power installations, sanitary guidelines and standards and the reality.

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The article deals with methodic approaches to health state evaluation of pilots who participated in liquidation of events following accidents at nuclear power objects. The main approaches are indeterminancy principle for late radiation effects, economic approach to evaluation of radiation risk, principle of risks comparison, consideration of summarized effect of environmental factors, etc. Some authors' viewpoints are presented.

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The paper gives a brief history of the birth and development of aerospace radiobiology at the Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine. It covers from the first radiobiological investigations in space to the insurance of radiation safety for helicopter air crews who took part in cleaning-up operations of consequences of the Chernobyl accident. The workers of the Radiobiological Laboratory have performed some research theoretical and practical tasks in the interests of aviation and space, civil and military medicine: the impact of gravitation and radiation on genetic structures has been studied, a radiation safety system for vehicles of different use has been developed, new principles in the standardization of EMF for radiofrequency and microwave bands have been proposed, the new radioprotective agent indralin (B, B-190) has been discovered, which is accepted for supply and used in rotary wing aircraft pilots during liquidation works at the Chernobyl atomic power station. New experimental data on the combined effects of radiation and non-radiation flight factors have been obtained. Basically new data on the mechanism of action of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on the brain have been also gained, a system for assessing the health and rehabilitation of pilots that cleaned-up the Chernobyl accident has been developed. Professor Pavel Petrovich Saksonov, RF Honoured Scientist, has the honour to create a school of aerospace radiobiology.

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An effort has been made to evaluate the environmental and social contradictions as applied to radiation health. Consideration was given to the following issues: the principle of stochasticity and uncertainty of delayed radiation effects of low doses in evaluation of liquidators' health; economic approach to determination of radiation risk and radiation protection programme; risks (natural, domestic, technogenic) comparability principle; simulation of the "man-factor-population-external environment" system; regional and ethnic principles in evaluation of radiation risk; gnosiological approach to formation of a positive image of radiation factor, the principle of economic and social protection; evaluation of radiation health with allowance for specificity of pilot work in highly risky conditions.

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Protective properties of radioprotectors from indolyl alkylamine group (mexamine and indralin) in rats exposed to powerful electromagnetic irradiation (2.4 GHz, specific absorption rate 90-100 W/kg) was studied. The survival index of tested animals reached the maximum in condition of prophylactic administration of drugs in intervals 20-60 minutes before irradiation. Protective effect of mexamine and indralin connected with hypothermia and desensitization conditioned by the drugs use.

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Complexity and contradictoriness of the triplet life quality-health-risk gain particular acuity owing to the extensive and intensive nature of radiation and non-radiation risks in the modern technological society. Improvement of life standards issue new risks. Unavoidability of existing risks, emergence of new ones, and necessity of qualitative, first of all energetic, life maintenance come into conflict with the principles of ecological stability. The concept of life quality is in many respects irrational and in the future will largely hinge on traditions, ideological and religious maxims.

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Qualitative analysis did not reveal changes in the blood forming system in pilots subjected to admissible doses of ionizing radiation. Quantitative evaluation of hemogram using the integral coefficient of deterioration of blood indices and differential blood count entropy index allowed to establish correlation between shifts in blood and dose rate. Hematologic changes, particularly in oxidative enzymes of platelets, to a large extent depend on the whole complex of factors characteristic of the Chernobyl accident. After 5 years since that tragedy the number of formed elements of pilots blood did not exceed their specific limits.

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Widespread application of video terminals (VT) has led to accumulating some unambiguous data on harmful effect of electromagnetic and electrical fields on the health. An analysis indicates that the level of electromagnetic and electrical fields is below permissible limits. IRPA/INIC concludes that the electromagnetic effects on VT users health are unharmful. However, the problem of VT use is an integrated one and involves not only radiation but ergonomic aspects and in this context requires further studies.

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