RESUMEN

RESUMEN Fundamento: la aterosclerosis es una enfermedad de origen multifactorial. El estudio y abordaje de sus factores de riesgo modificables y la actuación sobre estos factores puede cambiar positivamente la situación de salud. Objetivo identificar algunas señales aterogénicas tempranas en estudiantes de medicina del segundo año de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Dr. Enrique Cabrera de la Habana. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo para identificar algunos factores de riesgo aterogénicos entre el 2018 y el 2019, que incluyó 170 estudiantes de nacionalidad cubana que cursaban el segundo año de la carrera de medicina de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Dr. Enrique Cabrera con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 24 años, de ambos sexos y que no referían algún síntoma o enfermedad. Se aplicó encuesta confeccionada al efecto validada por el Centro de Investigación y Referencias de Aterosclerosis de La Habana modificada. Las variables consideradas fueron: sexo, índice de masa corporal, hábito de fumar, hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia, hábitos nutricionales, consumo de alcohol y los antecedentes patológicos familiares. Resultados: los factores de riesgo aterogénicos más frecuentes detectados fueron: obesidad (17,65 %), dislipidemia (16,7 %), hábito de fumar (33,5 %), hipertensión arterial (9,4 %), consumo frecuente de bebidas alcohólicas (28,2 %), antecedentes patológicos familiares relacionados (22,9 %) y dietas inadecuadas (62,2 %), cuyos valores en el análisis estadístico fueron significativos. Más del 40 % de los pacientes presentaron dos o más factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: los resultados mostraron cifras elevadas de factores de riesgo, solos o combinados. Los factores de riesgo que predominaron fueron el tabaquismo, malos hábitos nutricionales, dislipidemias y la ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas.

ABSTRACT Background: atherosclerosis is a multifactorial origin disease. The study and approach of its modifiable risk factors and action on these factors can positively change the health situation. Objective: to identify some early atherogenic signs in second-year medical students at the Dr. Enrique Cabrera Medical Sciences Faculty in Havana. Method: a descriptive study was carried out to identify some atherogenic risk factors between 2018 and 2019, which included 170 students of cuban nationality who were studying the second year of medicine at the Dr. Enrique Cabrera Faculty of Medical Sciences, with ages between 19 and 24 years old, of both sexes and did not report any symptoms or disease. Survey was applied, made for this purpose and validated by the Atherosclerosis Center for Research and References of Havana modified. The variables considered were: sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, nutritional habits, alcohol consumption and family pathological history. Results: the most frequent atherogenic risk factors detected were: obesity (17.65 %), dyslipidemia (16.7 %), smoking (33.5 %), arterial hypertension (9.4 %), frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages (28.2 %), related family pathological history (22.9 %) and inadequate diets (62.2 %), whose values ​​in the statistical analysis were significant. More than the 40 % of the patients had two or more risk factors. Conclusions the results showed high numbers of risk factors, alone or in combination. The risk factors that predominated were smoking, poor nutritional habits, dyslipidemia and the ingestion of alcoholic beverages.

RESUMEN

At risk of committing entomological heresy, we question the identity of a dung-burying beetle species that originates from Africa and has been introduced first into Hawaii and subsequently to Australasia, North America, and South America (Fincher 1986; Edwards 2007; Noriega et al. 2010) for pasture improvement and biological control of dung-breeding flies (Waterhouse 1974; Bornemissza 1979).  Under the name Onthophagus gazella (Fabricius 1787), it was the first species selected for introduction into Australia by the CSIRO Dung Beetle Project (Bornemissza 1976; Edwards 2007). Firstly, in 1968, a "tropical strain" was introduced from Hawaii where it had become established after introduction from Zimbabwe in 1957 (Markin & Yoshioka 1998). Later, after establishment of the CSIRO Dung Beetle Research Unit in Pretoria in 1970, a "cold" or "even rainfall strain" was introduced into Australia directly from South Africa (Bornemissza 1976) (even rainfall region = south coast of Eastern Cape). The species was subsequently introduced into the southern continental United States of America (Victoria County, Texas) from Hawaii (Montes de Oca & Halffter 1998) then elsewhere into southeastern and southwestern states from Hawaii and breeding colonies from Australia (Anderson & Loomis 1978). It has since expanded its range through Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean to coastal Colombia (Kohlmann 1994; Noriega 2002; Noriega et al. 2006, 2011). Expansion of its range within central southern South America (Noriega et al. 2010) has been assisted by introductions into Brazil from the United States of America since the 1980s (Bianchin et al. 1998), and others into Venezuela and Chile (Vidaurre et al. 2008). More recently, it has been introduced into quarantine and field trials in New Zealand (Forgie et al. 2013) using individuals originating from the south coast of the Eastern Cape and Northwest Province of South Africa (S. Forgie, personal communication).

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Measurement of the global burden of disease with disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) requires disability weights that quantify health losses for all non-fatal consequences of disease and injury. There has been extensive debate about a range of conceptual and methodological issues concerning the definition and measurement of these weights. Our primary objective was a comprehensive re-estimation of disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 through a large-scale empirical investigation in which judgments about health losses associated with many causes of disease and injury were elicited from the general public in diverse communities through a new, standardised approach. METHODS: We surveyed respondents in two ways: household surveys of adults aged 18 years or older (face-to-face interviews in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Peru, and Tanzania; telephone interviews in the USA) between Oct 28, 2009, and June 23, 2010; and an open-access web-based survey between July 26, 2010, and May 16, 2011. The surveys used paired comparison questions, in which respondents considered two hypothetical individuals with different, randomly selected health states and indicated which person they regarded as healthier. The web survey added questions about population health equivalence, which compared the overall health benefits of different life-saving or disease-prevention programmes. We analysed paired comparison responses with probit regression analysis on all 220 unique states in the study. We used results from the population health equivalence responses to anchor the results from the paired comparisons on the disability weight scale from 0 (implying no loss of health) to 1 (implying a health loss equivalent to death). Additionally, we compared new disability weights with those used in WHO's most recent update of the Global Burden of Disease Study for 2004. FINDINGS: 13,902 individuals participated in household surveys and 16,328 in the web survey. Analysis of paired comparison responses indicated a high degree of consistency across surveys: correlations between individual survey results and results from analysis of the pooled dataset were 0·9 or higher in all surveys except in Bangladesh (r=0·75). Most of the 220 disability weights were located on the mild end of the severity scale, with 58 (26%) having weights below 0·05. Five (11%) states had weights below 0·01, such as mild anaemia, mild hearing or vision loss, and secondary infertility. The health states with the highest disability weights were acute schizophrenia (0·76) and severe multiple sclerosis (0·71). We identified a broad pattern of agreement between the old and new weights (r=0·70), particularly in the moderate-to-severe range. However, in the mild range below 0·2, many states had significantly lower weights in our study than previously. INTERPRETATION: This study represents the most extensive empirical effort as yet to measure disability weights. By contrast with the popular hypothesis that disability assessments vary widely across samples with different cultural environments, we have reported strong evidence of highly consistent results. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Asunto(s)