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BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) poses a serious health problem worldwide and several inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Honey composed of various constituents which have been proven to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of Ziziphus honey and its isolated crude proteins in modulation of immune system and inflammation involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. METHODOLOGY: The proteins from Ziziphus honey were isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and estimated by Bradford method. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from phagocytes via chemiluminescence immunoassay and nitric oxide (NO) by Griess method. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT Assay. The comparative effect of oral and IP routes of honey and isolated proteins was observed in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male Wistar rats. qRT-PCR technique was utilized for gene expression studies. RESULTS: The honey proteins suppressed phagocyte oxidative burst and nitric oxide (NO) at significantly lower concentrations as compared to crude honey. The isolated proteins showed promising anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects along with maintenance of body weight of rodents via both oral and IP routes, with significant down-regulation of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1ß, IFN-γ, iNOS, caspase 1, Calgranulin A (S100A8) and NF-κB expression in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: The isolated honey proteins showed better immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential at significantly lower doses as compared to crude honey.

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BACKGROUND: Inflammation is defined as the response of immune system cells to damaged or injured tissues. The major symptoms of inflammation include increased blood flow, cellular influx, edema, elevated cellular metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) nitric oxide (NO) and vasodilation. This normally protective mechanism against harmful agents when this normal mechanism becomes dysregulated that can cause serious illnesses including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sepsis, and chronic pulmonary inflammation. METHOD: In this study synthetic transformations on diclofenac were carried out in search of better non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), non-acidic, antiinflammatory agents. For this purpose diclofenac derivatives (2-20) were synthesized from diclofenac (1). All derivatives (2-20) and parent diclofenac (1) were evaluated for their antiinflammatory effect using different parameters including suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by whole blood phagocytes, produced by neutrophils, and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production from J774.2 macrophages. The most active compound also evaluated for cytotoxicity activity. RESULTS: Diclofenac (1) inhibited the ROS with an IC50 of 3.9 ± 2.8, 1.2 ± 0.0 µg/mL respectively and inhibited NO with an IC50 of 30.01 ± 0.01 µg/mL. Among its derivatives 4, 5, 11, 16, and 20, showed better antiinflammatory potential. The compound 5 was found to be the most potent inhibitor of intracellular ROS as well as NO with IC50 values of 1.9 ± 0.9, 1.7 ± 0.4 µg/mL respectively and 7.13 ± 1.0 µg/mL, respectively, and showed good inhibitory activity than parent diclofenac. The most active compounds were tested for their toxic effect on NIH-3T3 cells where all compounds were found to be non-toxic compared to the standard cytotoxic drug cyclohexamide. CONCLUSION: Five derivatives were found to be active. Compound 5 was found to be the most potent inhibitor of ROS and NO compared to parent diclofenac 1 and standard drugs ibuprofen and L-NMMA, respectively. The most active compounds 1, 4, 5, 11 and 20 were found to be non-toxic on NIH-3T3 cells. Compound 4, 5, and 20 also showed good antiinflammatory potential, compound 11 and 16 showed moderate and low level of inhibition, respectively.

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Objective:To explore anti-hyperalgesic properties of methanol extract of Piptadeniastrum africanum stem bark (PAME) and it possible action mechanism.Methods:PAME was tested on carrageenan induced hyperalgesia using plantar test (thermal) and analgesymeter (mechanical) in rats,on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced mechanical hyperalgesia and vincristine induced neuropathic pain in rat,both with analgesymeter.Modulators of NO/cGMP/K+ channel pathway and endogenous opioids receptor antagonists and/or agonists were used to determine the possible action mechanism of PAME.Results:PAME significantly decreased carrageenan induced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia,as well as PGE2 induced mechanical hyperalgesia.PAME significantly protected the animals against the installation of neuropathic pain.Anti-nociception activity produced by PAME was significantly blocked in animals pre treated with all the antagonists (naloxone,NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME),methylene blue and glibenclamide).Conclusions:Results of this study reveal that,PAME administrate orally,can induce anti-hyperalgesic action against installation of inflammatory pain as well as neuropathic pain.The mechanism underlying PAME antihyperalgesic effect could probably be associated with an activation of opioid receptors and NO/cGMP/K+ channel pathway.

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The natural product cyclic peptide stylissatin A (1a) was reported to inhibit nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. In the current study, solid-phase total synthesis of stylissatin A was performed by using a safety-catch linker and yielded the peptide with a trans-Phe(7) -Pro(6) linkage, whereas the natural product is the cis rotamer at this position as evidenced by a marked difference in NMR chemical shifts. In order to preclude the possibility of 1b being an epimer of the natural product, we repeated the synthesis using d-allo-Ile in place of l-Ile and a different site for macrocyclization. The resulting product (d-allo-Ile(2) )-stylissatin A (1c) was also found to have the trans-Phe(7) -Pro(6) peptide conformations like rotamer 1b. Applying the second route to the synthesis of stylissatin A itself, we obtained stylissatin A natural rotamer 1a accompanied by rotamer 1b as the major product. Rotamers 1a, 1b, and the epimer 1c were separable by HPLC, and 1a was found to match the natural product in structure and biological activity. Six related analogs 2-7 of stylissatin A were synthesized on Wang resin and characterized by spectral analysis. The natural product (1a), the rotamer (1b), and (d-allo-Ile(2) )-stylissatin A (1c) exhibited significant inhibition of NO(.) . Further investigations were focused on 1b, which also inhibited proliferation of T-cells and inflammatory cytokine IL-2 production. The analogs 2-7 weakly inhibited NO(.) production, but strongly inhibited IL-2 cytokine production compared with synthetic peptide 1b. All analogs inhibited the proliferation of T-cells, with analog 7 having the strongest effect. In the analogs, the Pro(6) residue was replaced by Glu/Ala, and the SAR indicates that the nature of this residue plays a role in the biological function of these peptides. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Two fungal cultures Aspergillus niger and Cunninghamella blakesleeana were used for the biotransformation of methenolone enanthate (1). Biotransformation with A. niger led to the synthesis of three new (2-4), and three known (5-7) metabolites, while fermentation with C. blakesleeana yielded metabolite 6. Substrate 1 and the resulting metabolites were evaluated for their immunomodulatory activities. Substrate 1 was found to be inactive, while metabolites 2 and 3 showed a potent inhibition of ROS generation by whole blood (IC50=8.60 and 7.05µg/mL), as well as from isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) (IC50=14.0 and 4.70µg/mL), respectively. Moreover, compound 3 (34.21%) moderately inhibited the production of TNF-α, whereas 2 (88.63%) showed a potent inhibition of TNF-α produced by the THP-1 cells. These activities indicated immunomodulatory potential of compounds 2 and 3. All products were found to be non-toxic to 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells.

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Bio-assay guided isolation from the plant Sarcococca wallichii Staph. yielded two new steroidal alkaloids: wallichimine A (1) and wallichimine B (2), and five known ones: sarcodinine (3), N-methylpachysamine A (4), alkaloid C (5), dictyophlebine (6), and sarcorine (7). The structures of the compounds were determined using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy techniques. The immunomodulatory potential of compounds was evaluated on different parameters including production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and on proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. All compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of intracellular ROS produced from isolated neutrophils, except compound 5, which showed a moderate level of inhibition. Compounds 2 and 4 potently inhibited the production of NO (67.9% and 62.5% respectively). Compound 2 showed potent suppression on production of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α (76.7%). Among all the tested compounds the new compound 2 was found to be the most potent immunosuppressive agent. This study shows that steroidal alkaloids could be lead compounds for anti-inflammatory drug discovery.

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Recent evidence suggests an important role for natural honey in modulating immune response. To identify active components responsible, this study investigated the immunomodulatory properties of glycoproteins and glycopeptides fractionated from Ziziphus honey. Honey proteins/peptides were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography into five peaks with molecular masses in the range of 2-450 kDa. The fractionated proteins exhibited potent, concentration-dependent inhibition of reactive oxygen species production in zymosan-activated human neutrophils (IC50 = 6-14 ng/mL) and murine macrophages (IC50 = 2-9 ng/mL). Honey proteins significantly suppressed the nitric oxide production by LPS-activated murine macrophages (IC50 = 96-450 ng/mL). Moreover, honey proteins inhibited the phagocytosis latex bead macrophages. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and TNF-α by human monocytic cell line in the presence of honey proteins was analyzed. Honey proteins did not affect the production of IL-1ß; however, TNF-α production was significantly suppressed. These findings indicated that honey glycoproteins and glycopeptides significantly interfere with molecules of the innate immune system.

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