RESUMEN

Cancer is a diverse disease caused by transcriptional changes involving genetic and epigenetic features that influence a huge variety of genes and proteins. Skin cancer is a potentially fatal disease that affects equally men and women globally and is characterized by many molecular changes. Despite the availability of various improved approaches for detecting and treating skin cancer, it continues to be the leading cause of death throughout society. This review highlights a general overview of skin cancer, with an emphasis on epidemiology, types, risk factors, pathological and targeted facets, biomarkers and molecular markers, immunotherapy, and clinical updates of investigational drugs associated with skin cancer. The skin cancer challenges are acknowledged throughout this study, and the potential application of novel biomarkers of skin cancer formation, progression, metastasis, and prognosis is explored. Although the mechanism of skin carcinogenesis is currently poorly understood, multiple articles have shown that genetic and molecular changes are involved. Furthermore, several skin cancer risk factors are now recognized, allowing for efficient skin cancer prevention. There have been considerable improvements in the field of targeted treatment, and future research into additional targets will expand patients' therapeutic choices. In comparison to earlier articles on the same issue, this review focused on molecular and genetic factors and examined various skin cancer-related factors in depth.

RESUMEN

Diacerein (DCN) is a chondroprotective agent which shows inadequate oral bioavailability along with gastrointestinal side effects. This study is intended to develop a topical novel DCN delivery system. DCN nanogel was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion technique. The formulation was optimized by response surface methodology by taking two independent variables, concentration of carbopol 940 and eudragit RSPO and three dependent variables, particle size, % entrapment efficiency (EE) and % drug release at 24 h. The optimized formulation had adequat% EE, % drug release at 24 h and particle size. The particle size for optimized nanogel was 190.3 nm with % EE of 83.51% whereas % drug release at 24 h was found 90.13%. The optimized DCN nanogel was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (DTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The drug release kinetic study has shown that the gel followed Higuchi's model and the diffusion was anomalous in nature. The nanogel was characterized for physical examination, viscosity, homogeneity and stability parameters and the results obtained were found upto the mark. The ex-vivo permeation study data was in correlation with results of in-vitro study. In-vivo anti-arthritic study proved the efficacy of developed formulation for arthritis in Freund's Adjuvant Arthritic model. This research work has proved the significant potential of innovated product for arthritis by topical route, as it overcomes the drawbacks of oral route, highly efficient, sustained and targeted the release of drug without any accumulation and toxicity.

Asunto(s)

Portadores de Fármacos , Polietilenglicoles , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Nanogeles , Polietilenglicoles/química , Administración Tópica , Tamaño de la Partícula

RESUMEN

Rheumatoid arthritis is a severe autoimmune disorder, related to joints. It is associated with serious cartilage destruction. This causes disability and reduces the excellence of life. Numerous treatments are existed to combat this disease, however, they are not very efficient and possess severe side effects, higher doses, and frequent administration. Therefore, newer therapies are developed to overcome all these limitations. These include different monoclonal antibodies, immunoglobulins, small molecules used for immunotherapy and transgenes for gene therapy. One of the main goals of these new generation therapeutics is to address the underlying distressing biological processes by specifically targeting the causative agents with fewer systemic side effects and greater patient console. It is very fortuitous that loads of progressive investigations are going on in this field and many of them have entered into the successful clinical trial. But till date, a limited molecule has got FDA clearance and entered the market for treating this devastating disease. This review highlights the overview of conventional therapy and advancements in newer therapeutics including immunotherapy and gene therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Further, different novel techniques for the delivery of these therapeutics of active and passive targeting are also described.