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BACKGROUND: In many low-income countries, iron deficiency (ID) and its anemia (IDA) pose significant health challenges, particularly among females and girls. Finding sustainable and effective solutions to address this issue is critical. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of incorporating iron-fortified lentils (IFLs) into the diets of rural Bangladeshi adolescent girls on their body iron (Fe) status. METHODS: A community-based, double-blind, cluster-randomized controlled trial involved n = 1195 girls aged 10-17 y. A total of 48 adolescent clubs (n = ∼27 girls each) were randomized into 3 groups: 1) 200 g cooked IFLs, 2) 200 g cooked noniron-fortified lentils (NIFLs), and 3) a control group with no lentils (usual dietary intake). The intervention, administered 5 days a week for 85 feeding days, provided ∼8.625 mg Fe from each serving of IFLs and 2.625 mg from NIFLs. Blood samples collected at baseline, midpoint (42 feeding days), and endpoint (85 feeding days) assessed key Fe and inflammation biomarkers. Statistical analyses were filtered for inflammation. RESULTS: Although all groups experienced a decline in Fe status over time, the IFL group exhibited a significantly reduced decline in serum ferritin (sFer -7.2 µg/L), and total body iron (TBI -0.48 mg/kg) level compared with NIFL (sFer -14.3 µg/L and TBI -1.36 mg/kg) and usual intake group (sFer -12.8 µg/L and TBI -1.33 mg/kg). Additionally, those in the IFL group had a 57% reduced risk of developing clinical ID (sFer <15 µg/L) compared with the usual intake group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that incorporating IFLs into the diet can help mitigate a decline in sFer, indicating a positive impact on the body Fe status of adolescent girls. This research underscores the potential role of fortified foods in addressing ID and IDA in vulnerable populations, emphasizing the significance of food-based interventions in public health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This trial was registered at the clinicaltrials.gov on May 24, 2018 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03516734?locStr=Bangladesh&country=Bangladesh&distance=50&cond=Anemia&intr=Iron%20fortified%20lentils&rank=1) as NCT03516734.

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MXene-based nanofluids are novel trends with improved dispersion stability and thermophysical characteristics over previously established nanofluids. In the present work, the thermohydraulic characteristics of a double pipe heat exchanger (DPHEX) with a Therminol55(TH55)/MXene + Al2O3 nanofluid and various geometrically shaped (triangular, rectangular) ribbed twisted tape (TT) inserts are numerically investigated using the ANSYS Fluent interface. A counter flow arrangement with three different types of inserts (RRTT, TRTT, TT) and TH55/MXene + Al2O3 nanofluid at 0.20 wt% are studied inside the heat exchanger. Adding ribbed inserts to the conventional TT insert enhances the turbulence intensity by creating extra vortices. The thermal boundary layer grows thinner due to increased axial and radial velocity. Due to the substantial flow obstruction, adding ribs increases the overall pressure drop between the inlet and outlet. The maximum increase in Nu is 11.04 % using nanofluid instead of water, whereas the combination of insert and nanofluid exhibited up to 105 % enhancement for rectangular-ribbed TT compared to the plain tube. Nevertheless, the pressure decrease is found to be maximum in rectangular-ribbed TT because of significant flow disruption. This was likewise true with triangular-ribbed TT and TT insert. According to the PEC assessment, the RRTT insert had a maximum PEC value of 1.67 greater than TRTT and traditional TT for both TH55 and nanofluid flowing inside the tube. To summarize, the combination of TH55/MXene + Al2O3 RRTT insert may be a promising choice for improving heat exchanger performance in a new generation efficient thermal system.

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ABSTRACTLockdowns and other COVID-19 containment measures enforced to kerb the pandemic have had a massive impact on the overall growth of the world. Income-generating activities have been reduced, but the impact is more consequential among the low- and middle-income countries. The disproportionate access to vaccines between wealthy and poor countries has resulted in 'vaccine apartheid.' An 'every-country-for-itself' approach or 'vaccine nationalism' coupled with 'vaccine hesitancy' has contributed to disproportionate access to and uptake of the COVID-19 vaccines. This paper argues that it is time for the decision-makers to adopt a Universal Vaccine Access Strategy (UVAS). The authors argue that sharing resources by establishing local production of vaccines wherever possible, timely donation of unused COVID-19 vaccines to developing countries and addressing vaccine hesitancy have become imperative to interrupt the emergence of new variants.

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Geriatric care in public health emergencies is a serious concern, while, high case-fatalities among older adults across the globe in COVID-19 pandemic implies lack of preparedness. Most of the countries irrespective of developing and developed one enormously struggling because of an inchoate response system ignorant of geriatric health needs. Therefore, a robust approach is highly essential that requires an integrated emergency preparedness by addressing geriatric care.

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INTRODUCTION: The worldwide prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is increasing day by day. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effect of ethnic and geographical distribution on the risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in women with history of GDM. This review was conducted to find out the role of ethnic and geographical distribution on the risk of developing DM is women with GDM. AREAS COVERED: In this review we conducted a comprehensive search of published studies through different electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, CINAHL plus and EMBASE) published between 1990 and 2017. The studies which were published in English investigated the risk of development of DM in women with previous history of GDM, reported outcome according to ethnicity with specific criteria of reporting DM and GDM, reported development of diabetes after 6 month of delivery in women with GDM during pregnancy were included. Initially, 350 articles were identified, among which 16 articles were included in the final review. EXPERT COMMENTARY: Studies showed the increased risk of developing subsequent DM is associated with precedent GDM. Around 7-84% women developed diabetes after GDM in five years follow up, where some studies reported the risk continues to increase with increasing age. Risk of DM was found higher for some specific ethnicities, irrespective of the location of the study conducted. East Indian women showed the highest risk of postpartum DM after GDM and the crude prevalence remained almost similar in all form of study worldwide. Public health programme should focus more on women belonging to high-risk ethnicity of GDM for the prevention of postpartum DM.

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