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INTRODUCTION: Despite increasing application of molecular diagnostic methods for the detection of sexually transmitted infections, the cytological findings in pap smears of patients with pathogens that can be identified only by PCR are not yet well described. The aim of this study was to describe the most common cytological features in cervical pap smears of patients with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum detected by multiplex PCR. METHODS: Cervical samples for conventional and liquid-based cytology and for multiplex PCR were collected from women ranging from 23 to 54 years old, who underwent routine screening at a gynecological Unit. RESULTS: Multiplex PCR was positive in 36.2% of the samples: Ureaplasma parvum 14.9%, Chlamydia trachomatis 10.6%, Trichomonas vaginalis 10.6%, Mycoplasma hominis 8.5%, Ureaplasma urealyticum 4.2%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2.1%, and Mycoplasma genitalium (0). Multiple pathogens were observed in 12.8% of samples. Microscopic cervicitis (≥10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/epithelial cell) and normal (predominantly lactobacillary) microbiota were the most frequent findings in the samples in which the pathogens were detected alone or in multiple infections, except for samples with Trichomonas vaginalis in which the coccobacillary microbiota was the most common. In samples with microscopic cervicitis and normal microbiota, those with at least one pathogen identified by multiplex PCR were significantly more frequent than those with no pathogen, 66.6% versus 33.3%. CONCLUSION: Failure to identify an inflammatory agent in pap smear with intense neutrophil exudate may suggest the presence of Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis. A remark on the intensity of inflammation should be made in the reports of cervical pap smears so that this cytological finding can be correlated with clinical and PCR results.
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Cuello del Útero/citología , Cuello del Útero/microbiología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/genética , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/patología , Ureaplasma urealyticum/genética , Adulto , Chlamydia trachomatis/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/métodos , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Mycoplasma hominis/genética , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Ureaplasma/genética , Cervicitis Uterina/microbiología , Cervicitis Uterina/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Considering the potential of p16 as a marker for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic response, the aim of this study was to assess its presence, via immunocytochemistry, in metastatic carcinoma of different primary sites and histological types obtained from effusions and peritoneal washings. A total of 118 samples including 85 of metastatic carcinoma and 33 samples of benign effusion/peritoneal washing were prepared by the plasma/thromboplastin method. Immunocytochemistry reactions were performed on cell block sections using antibodies against p16, claudin-4, MOC-31, calretinin, HBME and CD68. RESULTS: P16 overexpression was observed in 88.23% of all carcinoma samples. All cervix adenocarcinoma samples showed p16 overexpression. Overexpression in adenocarcinomas of ovary, lung and breast was observed in 93.75, 93.10 and 75% of the samples, respectively. Overexpression was observed in all different histological types analyzed: small cell carcinoma (lung), squamous cell carcinoma (cervical) and urothelial carcinoma (bladder). The specificity of p16 for carcinoma detection was of 96.96%. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of p16 was observed in most metastatic carcinoma, from different primary sites and histological types, obtained from effusions and peritoneal washings. Due to its high frequency of overexpression in metastatic carcinoma, p16 may play a possible role in tumor progression and it may be considered as a complementary diagnostic marker depending on histological type and primary site of carcinoma.
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Líquido Ascítico/química , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Carcinoma/diagnóstico , Carcinoma/secundario , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/análisis , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/patología , Derrame Pericárdico/química , Derrame Pleural Maligno/química , Antígenos CD/análisis , Antígenos CD/inmunología , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/análisis , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/inmunología , Antígenos de Superficie/análisis , Antígenos de Superficie/inmunología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/inmunología , Calbindina 2/análisis , Calbindina 2/inmunología , Claudina-4/análisis , Claudina-4/inmunología , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/inmunología , Molécula de Adhesión Celular Epitelial , Humanos , PronósticoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Giant cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary are rarely described conditions. CASE PRESENTATION: The authors describe a 57-year-old Brazilian woman who presented with an increase in abdominal girth in February 2003. Imaging studies showed a giant abdominal pelvic mass with probable origin in the right ovary. Cancer antigen-125 was elevated, while carcinoembrionic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein were normal. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingoophorectomy and omentectomy were done. The mass weighed 40Kg, and the histopathology study revealed a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. She underwent chemotherapy with paclitaxel and cisplatin with no side effects. Under follow-up for more than 10 years, she is asymptomatic and with normal imaging and laboratory parameters, including the cancer antigen-125 marker. CONCLUSION: This huge tumor evolved for a long time unsuspected and without metastases in a patient from a developing region. The diagnostic and management challenges posed by this unexpected and unusual presentation of an ovarian cystadenocarcinoma are discussed.
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The frequency of the blood supply of the right ventricle papillary muscles was studied in 41 humans heartsinjected with a vinyl acetate solution. The anterior interventricular branch (AIV), right marginal branch (RM) and posterior interventricular branch (PIV) were injected with different colors and correlated with the arterial segments of the heart (I SV, II DV and III DV) supplied by each one of those arteries. The anterior and posterior papillary muscles received blood from the three arterial segments. The artery of the segment I SV supplied the anterior papillary muscle in 56.09 (per cent) of the cases. The posterior papillary muscle was supplied by the artery of the segment II DV in 34.14 (per cent) of the cases. The anterior group of the septal papillary muscle was supplied by the artery of the segment I SV in all cases. When the posterior group of septal papillary muscle was present (29 cases), the blood supply came from the arteries of the three segments, with major contribution from the arteries of the segments I SV (31.03 per cent) and III DV (51.72 per cent). The most frequent associations observed were the segments I SV and II DV supplying the anterior papillary muscle (24.39 per cent) and segments II DV and III DV supplying the posterior papillary muscle (24.39 per cent).