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INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with inflammatory and imaging alterations that vary depending on the disease severity. OBJECTIVE: Monitoring changes in inflammatory biomarkers may offer insights into the extent of pulmonary alterations observed in chest-CT. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of different inflammatory biomarkers, widely available and routinely measured in COVID-19 patients, and to determine whether alterations in their activity at admission and discharge correlate with lung involvement assessed through CT scans. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study, wherein chest-CT scans were performed upon admission, and blood tests were conducted at admission and discharge. Treatment and monitoring adhered to national and international guidelines. RESULTS: The profile of serum inflammatory markers (including values at admission and discharge, as well as their evolution during hospitalization) demonstrated a correlation with lung involvement as assessed by the total severity score. The high activity of serum inflammatory markers upon admission, accompanied by minimal changes during hospitalization, indicated a severe form of COVID-19 with notable lung involvement. While statistically significant differences were observed in C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lactate dehydrogenase, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein emerged as the most reliable marker for assessing pulmonary involvement. CONCLUSION: Changes in serum inflammatory markers during hospitalization exhibited a weak to moderate negative correlation with the severity of lung involvement. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(41): 1607-1615.

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Inflammation has an important role in the progression of various viral pneumonia, including COVID-19. Circulating biomarkers that can evaluate inflammation and immune status are potentially useful in diagnosing and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Even more so when they are a part of the routine evaluation, chest CT could have even higher diagnostic accuracy than RT-PCT alone in a suggestive clinical context. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between inflammatory markers such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelets-to-lymphocytes ratio (PLR), and eosinophils with the severity of CT lesions in patients with COVID-19. The second objective was to seek a statically significant cut-off value for NLR and PLR that could suggest COVID-19. Correlation of both NLR and PLR with already established inflammatory markers such as CRP, ESR, and those specific for COVID-19 (ferritin, D-dimers, and eosinophils) were also evaluated. One hundred forty-nine patients with confirmed COVID-19 disease and 149 age-matched control were evaluated through blood tests, and COVID-19 patients had thorax CT performed. Both NLR and PLR correlated positive chest CT scan severity. Both NLR and PLR correlated positive chest CT scan severity. When NLR value is below 5.04, CT score is lower than 3 with a probability of 94%, while when NLR is higher than 5.04, the probability of severe CT changes is only 50%. For eosinophils, a value of 0.35% corresponds to chest CT severity of 2 (Se = 0.88, Sp = 0.43, AUC = 0.661, 95% CI (0.544; 0.779), p = 0.021. NLR and PLR had significantly higher values in COVID-19 patients. In our study a NLR = 2.90 and PLR = 186 have a good specificity (0.89, p = 0.001, respectively 0.92, p<0.001). Higher levels in NLR, PLR should prompt the clinician to prescribe a thorax CT as it could reveal important lesions that could influence the patient's future management.

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The novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, is a highly contagious infectious disease declared by the World Health Organization to be a pandemic and a global public health emergency. During outbreaks, health care workers are submitted to an enormous emotional burden as they must balance the fundamental "duty to treat" with their parallel duties to family and loved ones. The aims of our study were to evaluate disease perceptions, levels of stress, emotional distress, and coping strategies among medical staff (COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 departments) in a tertiary pulmonology teaching hospital in the first month after the outbreak of COVID-19. One hundred and fifteen health care workers completed four validated questionnaires (the brief illness perception questionnaire, perceived stress scale, the profile of emotional distress emotional, and the cognitive coping evaluation questionnaire) that were afterwards interpreted by one psychologist. There was a high level of stress and psychological distress among health care workers in the first month after the pandemic outbreak. Interestingly, there were no differences between persons that worked in COVID-19 departments versus those working in non-COVID-19 departments. Disease perceptions and coping mechanisms were similar in the two groups. As coping mechanisms, refocusing on planning and positive reappraisal were used more than in the general population. There is no difference in disease perceptions, levels of stress, emotional distress, and coping strategies in medical staff handling COVID-19 patients versus those staff who were not handling COVID-19 patients in the first month after the pandemic outbreak.

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In this paper, we reported on four cases of severe pulmonary active tuberculosis in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) undergoing interferon beta-1b (IFNß-1b) therapy. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in MS may increase the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) due to their impact on cellular immunity. Screening for latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LTBI) should be performed, not only for the newer DMTs (alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab) but also for IFNß-1b, alongside better supervision of these patients.

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Chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is considered the "gold" standard radiological method in interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the correlation between two transthoracic lung ultrasound (LUS) scores (total number of B-lines score = the total sum of B-lines in 10 predefined scanning sites and total number of positive chest areas score = intercostal spaces with ≥3 B-lines) and the features in HRCT simplified scores, in different interstitial disorders, between LUS scores and symptoms, as well as between LUS scores and pulmonary function impairment. We have evaluated 58 consecutive patients diagnosed with ILD. We demonstrated that there was a good correlation between the total number of B-lines score and the HRCT simplified score (r = 0.784, p < 0.001), and also a good correlation between the total number of positive chest areas score and the HRCT score (r = 0.805, p < 0.005). The results confirmed the value of using LUS as a diagnostic tool for the assessment of ILD compared to HRCT. The use of LUS in ILD patients can be a useful, cheap, accessible and radiation-free investigation and can play a complementary role in the diagnosis and monitoring of these patients.

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Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors are highly used in Romania for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and ankylosing spondylitis. Biological therapy using TNF-α inhibitors is very effective but is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections, including active tuberculosis. Here, two cases are presented of patients with RA and psoriasis under biological therapy who developed very aggressive forms of disseminated tuberculosis, with a rapid progression to death. The authors conclude that patients undergoing biological therapy require thorough evaluation prior to initiating treatment, followed by continuous and rigorous monitoring by a multidisciplinary team during biological treatment, particularly in countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis.

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INTRODUCTION: People with COPD have a decline in functional status, but little is known about the rate of decline and factors that contribute. Of particular concern is the decline in cognitive and functional performance. Decrease in cognitive and functional performance will finally lead to decreased health status, sedentary life style and premature frailty. AIM: The aim of this study is to compare functional performance and cognitive status in patients with COPD of different ages and to examine the changes in extrapulmonary effects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 62 patients with COPD risk class D who were divided into two groups (<70 years, N=30 and >70 years, N=32). Patients first completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), which is a 30-point test that assesses different cognitive domains, while isometric knee extension (IKE) was measured using a digital handheld dynamometer, and functional exercise level was assessed using the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) test. RESULTS: The patients' older age (age higher than 70 years) was associated with a significantly lower body mass index (BMI, 27.50 vs 24.24 kg/m2; P=0.020), higher vital capacity parameters, forced vital capacity (FVC, 2.74 vs 2.82 L; P=0.799), FVC (%) (73.00 vs 66.50, P=132), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1, 0.93 vs 1.13 L; P=0.001) and FEV1 (%) (28.50 vs 30.50, P=0.605). In addition, patients at older age presented a significantly reduced physical activity capacity, 6MWD (385.93 vs 320.84 m, P<0.001) and IKE (24.75 vs 22.55 kgf, P=0.005), as well as higher values for inflammatory biomarkers, C-reactive protein (8.77 vs 3.34 mg/L, P=0.022). Moreover, patients at older age presented significantly lower score at the cognitive assessment, MoCA (23.50 vs 20.00, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Elderly COPD patients have reduced exercise capacity and muscle strength, deteriorated cognitive function and increased inflammatory markers. Furthermore, inflammation markers were significantly correlated with muscle strength, walking distance and cognitive impairment.

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Cigarette smoking is the most frequently encountered risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. The latest American Thoracic Society÷European Respiratory Society classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia includes two entities related to smoking habits: respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. The new approach to diagnosis is to combine pathological pattern with clinical and radiological data. Lung biopsy is no longer considered the "gold standard" for diagnosis, but as a part of the diagnosis, which shall be set only after the pulmonologist, radiologist and pathologist reviewed all clinical, imaging and pathological aspects. We report a case of a young male, who complained of respiratory symptoms, had normal volumes and flows on lung function tests, moderately reduced transfer factor for carbon monoxide and "ground glass" attenuation on high-resolution computed tomography. Because the patient had exposure to contact with parrots, hypersensitivity pneumonitis was considered, but the broncho-alveolar lavage was without lymphocytosis. Open lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, a rarely described entity in the medical literature. The patient had a good clinical outcome after smoking cessation.

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Lung cancer is responsible for over 1 million deaths annually, worldwide. The disease becomes symptomatic in advanced stages, so the diagnosis is delayed and 90% of cases cannot benefit from a curative treatment. In NSCLC surgical resection represents the best option for long term survival in resectable stage III and in clinical stage I/II. Patients with stage IIIB or IV usually receive chemotherapy or palliative treatment. For patients with no driver mutation detected platinum based combination chemotherapy is the first choice. Definitive radiotherapy is considered an lternative for patients who are not candidates for combined modality treatment. When a stage IV cancer is diagnosed based on an isolated metastasis, the patient's benefit from the removal of the etastasis and of the primary tumor if it is resectable. The prognosis in NSLC is mainly influenced by the TNM stage at diagnosis. The rate of survival decreases in opposing correlation with the stage of the cancer. Poor performance status, reduced lung capacity, weight loss, vascular invasion are indicators for a poor prognosis

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We present a case of a previously health middleage male patient, without personal history of other condition, who was admitted in our hospital presenting fever, weight loss, and signs and symptoms of acute respiratory distress. The chest computed tomography showed numerous cystic lesions, diffuse ground-glass opacities, honeycombing, and consolidation areas. An HIV infection was confirmed, and the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia was made on induced sputum smear stain. After the initiation of oral treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the clinical course was rapidly improved. It is important to consider that opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia can occur not only in patients previously diagnosed with HIV-infection, but also in patients without a medical history of immunosuppressing disorders.

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INTRODUCTION: The inhaling tobacco smoke to which a child is exposed, in a home environmental area, could affect respiratory system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of the study consists in detecting the prevalence of respiratory diseases in home exposure to secondhand smoke among primary school children. A 6-month prospective case-control study based on questionnaire survey was carried out among school children of "Spiru Haret" Primary School, Medgidia, Romania, with absences for respiratory diseases, related to exposure to parental passive smoking, in their home environmental. 136 school children and their families informed, consented to complete the questionnaire and were surveyed for respiratory diseases and domestic environmental tobacco smoking, from the 1st of October, 2011 to the 31st March, 2012. The method consists in collecting data about any respiratory illness events, correlating them with the questionnaire --reports of parental smoking in home environmental. RESULTS: Participants were divided in 88 cases exposed to SHS (E) and 48 controls without exposure (NE). The most sick children with more than one episode of respiratory illness were among cases (n = 61/88; 69.31% vs 19/48; 39.58%; OR = 3.45; RR = 1.62; chi2 = 12.25; p < 0.0008). The most important source of parental passive smoking is the father (n = 67/88; 76.13%), being a single parent in most of the cases (n = 46/88; 57.95%). The prevalence of bronchial asthma was 0.34% in cases, being related with prenatal maternal smoking exposure (1.11%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of respiratory diseases is higher among children with environmental parental tobacco exposure, in particular, smoking father.

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Mediastinal cysts (MC) mainly have an embryonic origin, are benign and frequently discovered thanks to tomodensitometry, sometimes by magnetic resonance imaging. Rarely symptomatic, excepted in cases of very large cysts, they are mainly pleuropericardic cysts (PPC) that represent 30% of MC Surgery is commonly performed by videothoracoscopy or by video-assisted mini-thoracotomy, mainly for PPC We report the case of a 62-year-old woman, smoker (30 packs years), who is hospitalized in Constanta Pneumology Hospital in June 2011 for slight shortness of breath, sweating, pain in the left hemi thorax, minor hemoptysis, recurrent. In her medical history, there are to be noticed a blood transfusion after hysterectomy for uterine fibroma (1995), arterial hypertension (2006). After admission, X-ray exam of the chest shows cardiomegaly and a few lung nodular lesions in the right upper lobe. An initial differential diagnosis includes congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, left pleurisy, pericarditis, paracardiac tumor mass, tuberculosis +/- HIV. Following laboratory tests imaging (chest CT and ultrasound performed in June 26th 2011 and 27h) a possible pleuropericardic cyst was suspected. Exploratory thoracentesis was not performed and, a month later, in the Institute of Pulmonology "Marius Nasta" Bucharest, a left open thoracotomy revealed a cystic formation about 10 cm in diameter. Histopathologic exam confirmed the diagnosis of cyst pleuropericardic. The prognosis after surgery was favorable. As a feature of the case are worth mentioning: the large size of pericardial cyst at the upper limit of the data reported in the literature, which mimics cardiomegaly, the hemoptoic onset in a hypertensive patient, heavy smoker; the late suspicion of pleuropericardic cyst through pleural echographic exam; the atypical localization; the facilitated certain diagnosis by surgery and hystological exam; the favorable postoperative prognosis; and all morbidities cofound (Pulmonary Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, COPD).

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