RESUMEN
In a study of children's patterns of coping with daily stressors, boys and girls 9-17 years old were asked to complete a coping checklist in response to one of four types of stressors--school, parents/family, siblings, or peer/interpersonal. Patterns of coping-strategy use were found to be similar across the various stressors, with wishful thinking, problem-solving, and emotional regulation being among those most frequently used. Older adolescents, compared to younger children, tended to use a broader range of coping strategies, regardless of stressor. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Mecanismos de Defensa , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Inventario de PersonalidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To review literature relevant to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated risk behaviors among adolescents with psychiatric disorders and psychological influences on risk behaviors. METHOD: This report is based on review of 66 articles, which comprise all of the relevant literature in the English language. RESULTS: Although the seroprevalence of HIV in adolescents with psychiatric disorders is unknown, studies indicate that adolescents with psychiatric disorders are at greater risk than their peers because of increased rates of unsafe sexual practices, impulsivity, self-destructive attitudes, cognitive immaturity, high rates of substance use, self-cutting behavior, and the sequelae of sexual abuse. CONCLUSION: Directions are proposed for the design of developmentally appropriate, clinically oriented HIV prevention interventions based on the relationships between psychological dysfunction, social stressors, and HIV risk behaviors.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Asunción de Riesgos , Adolescente , Psiquiatría del Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta Sexual/psicologíaRESUMEN
Assuming that children are goal-oriented, it is suggested that their thoughts are related to two components--agency and pathways. Agency thoughts reflect the perception that children can initiate and sustain action toward a desired goal; pathways thoughts reflect the children's perceived capability to produce routes to those goals. Hope reflects the combination of agentic and pathways thinking toward goals. A six-item dispositional self-report index called the Children's Hope Scale is introduced and validated for use with children ages 8-16. Results suggest that the scale evidence internal consistency, and is relatively stable over retesting. Additionally, the scale exhibits convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Limitations and uses of the scale are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Aspiraciones Psicológicas , Depresión/diagnóstico , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/normas , Psicología Infantil , Psicometría/métodos , Autoevaluación (Psicología) , Pensamiento , Adolescente , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Psicometría/normas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , MuestreoRESUMEN
Replicated the efficacy of a short-term, combined medical and behavioral intervention protocol for retentive encopresis. Fifty-nine children who had failed standard medical management for retentive encopresis and their parents participated in six 1-hour group treatment sessions. Treatment protocol combined the medical management strategies of enema clean out, increasing dietary fiber, and daily toilet sitting with the child behavior management strategies of differential attention, contingency management, and contracting. For the overall sample, the number of soiling incidents decreased 85%, the weekly frequency of independent bowel movements increased 15%, the weekly frequency of parent-prompted bowel movements increased 9%, and daily dietary fiber intake increased 121% pre- to posttreatment. The majority of the sample (86%) stopped soiling by the end of treatment and did not require further treatment. Results are discussed in terms of the comparability with previous findings and the utility of combined medical and psychological treatments for children with encopresis who have failed standard medical approaches.
Asunto(s)
Terapia Conductista , Encopresis/rehabilitación , Control de Esfínteres , Niño , Preescolar , Terapia Combinada , Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Encopresis/psicología , Enema , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Grupo de Atención al Paciente , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Evaluated the validity, stability, and clinical utility of the Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ), a comprehensive, multidimensional instrument for assessing childhood pain. Previous studies demonstrated adequate psychometric properties of the PPQ using small samples. Results of the current study, using a large sample (N = 100) of children and adolescents with chronic pain associated with rheumatic disease, were consistent with initial validation studies. High correlations were found among visual analog scale (VAS) pain intensity ratings obtained from parents, physicians, and patients. Significant correlations also were found between pain ratings and measures of disease activity and functional status. VAS ratings evidenced moderate stability over a 6-month period in this sample of youth with relatively stable disease activity. Other components of the PPQ provide comprehensive information that is clinically useful for treatment planning and evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Psicometría , Enfermedades Reumáticas/fisiopatología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Actividades Cotidianas , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Enfermedades Reumáticas/psicologíaRESUMEN
This study examined the psychosocial adjustment of children with asthma compared to children with diabetes, with cancer, and healthy children and the role of functional status in psychosocial adjustment. The total sample included 100 children, aged 8-16 years, (mean = 11.5 years), consisting of 48 boys and 52 girls. Children with asthma scored significantly higher on measures of affective adjustment (depression and internalizing behavior), significantly lower on self-esteem, and evidenced significantly greater functional impairment. Children with cancer missed significantly more school days. After controlling for functional status, no significant differences remained in affective adjustment but absences remained significantly higher for the children with cancer.