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Aphasia is a systemic disorder of formed speech that develops as a result of local brain lesions. Most aphasias are characterized by damage to secondary cortical fields, which in turn are responsible for the performance of the functions of gnosis and praxis, which explains the variability in the manifestations of speech disorders in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents. However, it is necessary in each case to diagnose the central pathological mechanism, which underlies the development of the entire syndrome and determines the entire clinical picture. The most important task of a speech therapist-aphasiologist is to qualify the defect, namely to isolate the mechanism and analyze the syndrome in order to select individual methods of corrective restoration. This article presents a case of a patient with an ischemic stroke in the left posterior cerebral artery with the development of amnestic aphasia in combination with alexia without agraphia.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the intravenous form of dimephosphon at the first stage of rehabilitation in patients with ischemic stroke in the carotid system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The article presents the results of examination of 60 patients in the acute period of ischemic stroke in the carotid system (30 patients were treated with dimephosphon and 30 patients were in the comparison group). The dynamics of the clinical picture (according to the NIHSS), functional dependence in self-service (according to the modified Rankin scale), state of autonomic response using spectral analysis of heart rate variability, cerebrovascular reactivity using functional tests were assessed during the treatment. RESULTS: A significant decrease in NIHSS points was recorded (on average by 60% from the initial level) in the main group, relative to the comparison group (on average by 33% from the initial points). On the 10th day of therapy, there was a significantly more improvement in cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnic and hypocapnic loads, the index of vasomotor reactivity, as well as the state of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in the main group compared with the comparison group. In addition, by the 10th day of therapy relative to the initial values in the main group, a statistically significant increase (by 30%) was revealed in the number of patients with adaptive sympathicotonic type of autonomic regulation with a decrease in the number of patients with hypersympathetic and asymptomatic types of autonomic regulation after orthostatic test (by 10% and 20%, respectively). By the 10th day of hospitalization, there were more patients with no or mild signs of disability (0-2 points according to the modified Rankin scale) in the main group (83%) compared with the comparison group (60%). CONCLUSION: The use of the multimodal drug dimephosphon in complex therapy in patients in the acute period of ischemic stroke in the carotid system contributes to the normalization of the regulatory mechanisms of cerebral circulation and autonomic regulation. This helps to improve functional recovery and enhance the rehabilitation potential of patients.

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The objective of the present work was to study the relationship between the dimensions of the ethmoidal labyrinth and the skull in the subjects differing in the nose shape by means of the factorial and correlation analysis with the application of the modern computer-assisted methods for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull. We developed an original method for computed craniometry with the use the original program that made it possible to determine the standard intravital craniometrics characteristics of the human skull with a high degree of accuracy based on the results of analysis of 200 computed tomograms of the head. It was shown that the length of the inferior turbinated bones and the posterior edge of the orbital plate is of special relevance for practically all parameters of the ethmoidal labyrinth. Also, the width of the choanae positively relates to the height of the ethmoidal labyrinth.

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The major problem in prostate cancer treatment is the development of drug resistance and especially important, cross-resistance. The mechanisms of drug resistance, which are divided into ligand-dependent (requiring the presence of androgens in the cell) and independent (not requiring the presence of androgens) are reviewed. The mechanisms are mainly represented with mutations of the androgen receptor and expression of aberrant constitutively active splice variants, as well as up-regulation of genes involved in androgens synthesis.

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Cell metabolic reprogramming is one of the cancer hallmarks. Glycolysis activation, along with suppression of oxidative phosphorylation and, to a lower extent, the TCA cycle, occurs in the majority of malignant tumors. A bioinformatics search for the glucose metabolism genes that are differentially expressed in colorectal cancer (CC) was performed using the data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project. OGDHL for an oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex subunit, which is involved in the TCA cycle and is indirectly responsible for the induction of apoptosis, was identified as one of the most promising candidates. A quantitative PCR analysis showed, on average, an eightfold downregulation of OGDHL in 50% (15/30) of CC samples. Based on the TCGA data, promoter hypermethylation was assumed to be a major mechanism of OGDHL inactivation. Bisulfite sequencing identified the OGDHL promoter region (+327 ... +767 relative to the transcription start site) that is often methylated in CC samples with downregulated ODGHL expression (80%, 8/10) and is possibly crucial for gene inactivation. Thus, frequent and significant OGDHL downregulation due to hypermethylation of a specific promoter region was demonstrated for CC. The OGDHL promoter methylation pattern was assumed to provide a marker for differential diagnosis of CIMP+ (CpG island methylator phenotype) tumors, which display dense hypermethylation of the promoter region in many genes.

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We present the results of the study of 422 patients with acute and chronic brain ischemia and epileptic seizures. The features of seizures in relation to sex of patients, pathogenetic subtypes of stroke, timing of seizures after stroke as well as EEG and MRI characteristics are described.

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The integral medical supervision of 320 patients with epileptic seizures developed in the cases of cerebral ischemic lesion revealed the predominance of focal epileptic seizures and cortical ischemic pathology, and the correlation between the time of the clinical manifestation of seizures and the stroke subtype. The critical significance of stenoses and occlusions and the reduction of cerebrovascular reactivity in the vertebro-basilar basin were observed in patients with epileptic seizures due to the brain ischemic lesion compared with patients of the control group.

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One hundred and seventy-three patients with ischemic brain lesion and steno-occlusive process who have different types of epileptic seizures have been studied. The seizures have developed in 51.5% of patients after ischemic stroke and in 48.5% of patients with chronic brain ischemia. Electroencephalography, magnetic-resonance tomography, transcranial dopplerography, a duplex study of intracranial cerebral vessels with functional tests and extracranial dopplerography have been conducted along with a neurological examination. Focal seizures were the most prevalent in patients with lesions of the right carotid bed. There was the dissociation of localization of ischemic zones with epileptiform foci recorded more often in the left hemisphere. Clinical-functional-neuroimaging patterns depended on the time of the vascular catastrophe. The feature of brain ischemic disease was the change of cerebrovascular reactivity in the vertebrobasilar bed that reflected the insufficiency of perfusion reserve. This fact may suggest the imbalance and insufficiency of antiepileptic system.

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Maize is a highly diverse species on the gene sequence level. With the recent development of methods to distinguish each of the 10 pairs of homologues in somatic root tip spreads, a wide collection of maize lines was subjected to karyotype analysis to serve as a reference for the community and to examine the spectrum of chromosomal features in the species. The core nested association mapping progenitor collection and additional selections of diversity lines were examined. Commonly used inbred lines were included in the analysis. The centromere 4 specific repeat and ribosomal RNA loci were invariant. The CentC centromere repeat exhibited extensive differences in quantity on any particular chromosome across lines. Knob heterochromatin was highly variable with locations at many sites in the genome. Lastly, representative examples from other species in the genus Zea (teosintes) were examined, which provide information on the evolution of chromosomal features.

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AIM: To analyse structure, clinical features, diagnosis of opportunistic and concomitant diseases in patients with HIV infection admitted to infection hospital of Moscow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 4155 patients with HIV infection (1518 of them with AIDS) most of them (89%) at the age of 20-39 years were treated in Moscow AIDS hospital in 2006-2007. The examination included standard blood and urine tests, device diagnosis, immunological, bacteriological and molecular investigations of biological materials for detection of opportunistic infections. Cell-mediated immunity was also studied. HIV infection resulted in a lethal outcome in 255 (6.1%) inpatients. RESULTS: Leading causes of hospitalization of patients at early stages of HIV infection were bacterial bronchitis or pneumonia, hepatic pathology (chronic viral hepatitides, alcohol-associated diseases), sepsis. One-third of the inpatients were at AIDS stage characterized by tuberculosis (66.3%), visceral candidosis (12%), manifest cytomegalovirus infection (10.1%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (9.2%), pneumocystic pneumonia (5.5%). The number of HIV-infected persons with atypical mycobacteriosis, lymphoproliferative diseases, brain tumors increased. Chronic hepatitis C prevailed among liver damage cause in HIV infection, it also often caused hospitalization and death of patients. 60.3% patients having HIV infection who died without AIDS stage had hepatic cirrhosis. Tuberculosis was a leading cause of severe pulmonary pathology, most frequent opportunistic disease, main cause of death in patients with HIV infection. One-third of patients had generalized tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in more than 40% HIV-infected patients with pulmonary lesion, in 65% AIDS patients, 36% dead AIDS patients. CONCLUSION: To render effective anti-HIV treatment, infection hospital must be equipped with facilities providing device tests, molecular diagnosis, modern etiotropic and pathogenetic medication.

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Using a combination of degenerate primers designed from the NBS domains of the resistance genes, amplification and subsequent cloning of the resistance gene fragments from sunflower (Helianthus agrophyllus) was conducted. Sequences of cloned PCR products differed from one another and displayed homology to NBS domain fragments of the already known plant resistance genes, as well as to the analogous genes from different classes. The highest homology was shown to the NBS domain regions of cultivated sunflower and the other members of the family Compositae. Two cloned fragments had open reading frames, while the other sequences carried stop codons and seemed to belong to pseudogenes. Amino acid sequences of Helianthus agrophyllus analyzed contained conservative regions typical of NBS domains of the resistance gene products.

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AIM: To characterize the spectrum, incidence rate and features of pulmonary pathology in HIV-infected inpatients with reference to a fall in the count of CD4-lymphocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 2370 patients with HIV infection admitted to Moscow infectious hospital N 2 were examined. The protocol of examination included: standard diagnostic tests, bronchoscopy with examination of bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies for genetic markers of basic pulmonary disease pathogens, assessment of external respiration function by spirometry. By the count of CD4-lymphocytes in the blood (> 500 cells/mcl; 500-200 cells/mcl and < 200 cells/mcl) the patients with pulmonary pathology were divided into groups 1, 2 and 3. RESULTS: Affection of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) was detected in 1209 (51%) patients. Incidence, etiological spectrum and severity of LRT lesions increased significantly with aggravation of immunological disorders. The patients of group 1 were affected more frequently with bacterial bronchitis, pneumonia (88.2%), group 2 patients - with bacterial pneumonia (67.1%) and pulmonary tuberculosis (28.1%), group 3 - with tuberculosis including generalized forms (53.9%), cytomegalovirus infection (11.2%), pneumocystosis (7.2%). Combined pulmonary pathology was diagnosed in 25% cases. CONCLUSION: Changes in external respiration function were most evident in pneumocystosis and tuberculosis, but they were most persistent in cytomegaloviral lesion of the lungs. Some tuberculosis and CMV infection patients exhibited ventilatory disorders prior to clinical and x-ray symptoms, this suggests prognostic significance of spirometry.

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AIM: To study clinical and morphological characteristics of gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in HIV-infected subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examination of 70 HIV-infected subjects (all of them had secondary diseases, AIDS, CMV infection in the gastrointestinal tract; mean age 31.2 +/- 1.4 years) observed from 1993-2005 included conduction of flow cytofluorimetry (to assess immunity), esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, PCR (to assay CMV DNA in blood leukocytes), examination of biopsy and autopsy samples for CMV DNA and other pathogens of opportunistic diseases). There were 55 lethal outcomes. In autopsy, a total macroscopic and microscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract was made. Serial histotopographic sections were studied with a wide spectrum of histological stains. RESULTS: CMV gastrointestinal lesion was diagnosed in 38.9% of 180 HIV-infected subjects who had stomatitis, pharyngitis, esophagitis, gastritis, enteritis, enterocolitis or colitis. Diagnostic criteria of viral lesion were high blood concentrations of CMV DNA, the presence of cytomegalocells, CMV DNA in biopsy or autopsy material. CONCLUSION: CMV infection manifested with severe pain, loss of weight, weakness, remitting fever. Gastrointestinal lesions were erosive-ulcerous or ulceronecrotic. The following pathogenetic chain of CMV infection course in the gastrointestinal tract was established: vasculitis--microcirculatory disorders--segmental ischemia--necrosis with inflammatory infiltration and CMV transformation of the cells--fibrosing--cicatricial transformation of the organ wall. Developing sclerosis due to CMV involvement of the intestine may promote cancer, but this should be proved in further studies. CMV gastrointestinal infection was successfully treated by cimeven (ganciclovir) and valcit (valganciclovir). The effect was achieved in 91% cases.

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Neovir, an inductor of interferon-alpha, was injected intramuscularly to 15 male patients aged 16-44 years with diagnosed acute viral hepatitis in a dose of 250 mg a day, 2-3 times a week, for 3 months. By the end of the therapy hepatitis C virus RNA could still be isolated in 84.6% of the patients; the values of AlaT, AsaT and alkaline phosphatase exceeded the normal levels twofold. The result of the therapy is regarded as ineffective.

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Genetic diversity among 26 Russian and European cultivars of the common hop (Humulus lupulus L.) was studied using the ISSR-PCR technique. Twenty-one primers used provided amplification of 183 DNA fragments, 106 of which (57.9%) were found to be polymorphic. The ISSR markers, specific for certain cultivars were revealed. Based on the coefficient of dissimilarity values, cluster analysis was performed and a dendrogram was constructed, on which most of the hop cultivars formed two clusters according to their origin. Advantages of the ISSR-PCR analysis in selective studies aimed at the classification and identification of common hop cultivars are discussed.

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Fifteen male patients with acute hepatitis C aged 16-44 years were treated with neovir, an interferon inducer, administered intramuscularly in a daily dose of 250 mg 2-3 times a week for 3 months. By the end of this therapy the RNA of hepatitis C virus could still be detected in 84.6% of the patients, the characteristics of ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase exceeded the norm more than twofold. The results of neovir therapy are regarded as ineffective.

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In the Department of Surgery of Lungs and Mediastinum, National Research Centre of Surgery, USSR AMS, 88 patients underwent operation for lung carcinoma extending into the thoracic wall (which accounted for 2.6% of all patients who were operated on for carcinoma of the lungs) from 1963 to December 1990. Surgical treatment of such patients is the method of choice. The performance of both radical and palliative operations is expedient. The survival of patients after operation is determined by the depth of invasion of the thoracic wall by lung carcinoma and the condition of intrathoracic lymph nodes.

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