RESUMEN
Thyroid hormones are critical for healthy brain functions at every stage of life. Hypothyroidism can cause severe cognitive dysfunction in patients who do not receive adequate treatment. Although thyroid hormone replacement alleviates cognitive decline in hypothyroid patients, there are studies showing that there is no complete recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in hypothyroid rats on spatial and recognition memory, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta load and compare these effects with T3 replacement. Hypothyroidism was induced and maintained by administration of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) with their drinking water to 6-weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 weeks. The animals exercised in the treadmill according to the HIIT protocol for four weeks. T3 was injected intraperitoneally daily during the last two weeks of the study. All animals performed in the elevated plus maze test, Morris water maze test, novel object recognition test, and rotarod motor performance test in the last week of the study and then the animals were sacrificed. Amyloid beta (1-42) and TNFα levels were measured in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus by ELISA. Anxiety-like behaviors did not significantly differ between groups. T3 replacement with or without HIIT increased motor performance in PTU-treated rats. HIIT and/or T3 replacement increased the exercise performance. HIIT and/or T3 replacement alleviated spatial and recognition memory impairments and normalized TNFα and amyloid-beta levels in the hippocampus in hypothyroid rats. In summary, regular physical exercise may have potential benefits in preserving cognitive functions in hypothyroid patients.
Asunto(s)
Entrenamiento de Intervalos de Alta Intensidad , Hipotiroidismo , Humanos , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Péptidos beta-Amiloides , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Hipotiroidismo/inducido químicamente , Hipotiroidismo/complicaciones , Hipotiroidismo/terapia , Hipocampo , Propiltiouracilo/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study is to evaluate the dosedependent effect of bee venom (BV) on behavioral functions in rats and the physiological role of leptin in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala tissues. Adult SpragueDawley male rats were used in the experiments. The rats were divided into three groups of control, 0.1 mg/kg BV, and 0.5 mg/kg BV. The rats were injected with BV subcutaneously for 15 consecutive days. The open field test (OFT), the elevated plus maze test (EPM), and the forced swimming test (FST) were performed as behavioral assessments. Animals were sacrificed, and brain regions were removed. Leptin levels were measured in various brain regions by ELISA. In the OFT, the total distance and speed for the 0.1 mg/kg BV group increased compared to controls and the 0.5 mg/kg BV group. In the EPM, the 0.1 mg/kg BV group remained in the open arm for a significantly longer period of time compared to the other groups. In the FST, the 0.5 mg/kg BV group was more mobile than the other groups. Leptin levels in the prefrontal cortex were significantly higher in the 0.1 mg/kg BV group compared to the control and 0.5 mg/kg groups. There were no significant differences between groups in hippocampus and amygdala leptin levels. The results of the study show that BV has a positive effect on behavioral parameters. BV may have a positive effect on anxiety and depressionlike behaviors by increasing leptin levels in the prefrontal cortex.
Asunto(s)
Venenos de Abeja , Encéfalo , Leptina , Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipocampo , Leptina/fisiología , Corteza Prefrontal , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Venenos de Abeja/farmacologíaRESUMEN
In recent years, childhood overweight and obesity have become a universal public health problem. Obesity may lead to cognitive disorders, depression and anxiety by affecting neuronal processes. Spirulina platensis (SP), a species of microalgae from the Chlorophyceae green algae class, has neuroprotective effects and may reduce body weight. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of SP on behavior alongside the role of leptin and Sirtuin-1 in fed with high-fat diet (HFD) adolescent rats. Four-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups: control, HFD, HFD + SP150 (150 mg/kg/day SP, orally), HFD + SP450 (450 mg/kg/day SP, orally). Rats except for the control group exposed to 60% HFD along 12 weeks. Last 6 weeks SP or vehicle administered. After the behavioral tests, leptin and Sirtuin-1 levels in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus regions were evaluated. SP150 significantly reduced body weight compared with HFD group. The time spent in the center of open field increased significantly in SP150-treated rats compared with HFD. SP150 and SP450 significantly decreased immobility time in forced swim test compared with HFD. Leptin levels in HFD group were significantly lower in prefrontal cortex compared to control group. Leptin levels of the HFD + SP450 group were significantly higher than HFD group in the hippocampus. There was no significant difference between groups in Sirtuin-1 levels. In conclusion, SP supplementation in adolescence period might positively affect chronic high fat-induced anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior by partially affecting brain leptin levels and without affecting Sirtuin-1 levels.
Asunto(s)
Leptina , Sirtuinas , Humanos , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Niño , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Obesidad/etiología , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
Various tests have been developed to evaluate behavior in animal studies where rodents are used as animal models. These tests are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder and examining potential treatments for these disorders. The use of behavioral tests is becoming popular day by day, and studies to improve and develop these tests are still ongoing. It is very important to select the appropriate test, consider the factors that may affect the experimental design, and use different tests that will support each other when necessary. In this review, we aimed to provide researchers an overview of the currency, usefulness, and frequency of use of various behavioral tests used from past to present in the evaluation of anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, and social behavior in rodents.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Animales , Ansiedad , Escala de Evaluación de la Conducta , Depresión , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones , Ratas , Conducta SocialRESUMEN
Oxidative damage and proinflammatory cytokines are involved in exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the effects of bee venom, a natural toxin, on fatigue and tissue damage in rats that underwent forced swimming exercise. Rats were divided into four groups: control, swimming exercise (SE), bee venom (BV) and swimming exercise + bee venom (SE + BV). SE and SE + BV groups were subjected to forced swimming (load of 7% body weight) for 5 days. BV and SE + BV groups were injected with 1 mg/kg BV subcutaneously. Swimming time, blood lactate and TNF-α levels, MDA and GSH levels in liver and gastrocnemius muscle were evaluated. Swimming time was shorter in SE + BV group than SE group. There was no difference in lactate levels between SE and SE + BV groups. MDA and GSH levels were increased in SE, BV and SE + BV groups. TNF-α levels were increased in BV group compared to control and SE groups. Our study demonstrated that BV administration before exhaustive exercise in rats did not provide anti-fatigue effect. Additionally, BV did not show anti-inflammatory activity and had different effects on antioxidant capacity at tissue level. Further research might explore the effects of different doses and durations of BV on exhaustive exercise.