RESUMEN
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a heterogeneous enzyme abnormality with high frequency in tropical areas. We performed population screening and molecular studies of G6PD variants to clarify their distribution and features in Southeast Asia. A total of 4317 participants (2019 males, 2298 females) from 16 ethnic groups in Myanmar, Lao in Laos, and Amboinese in Indonesia were screened with a single-step screening method. The prevalence of G6PD-deficient males ranged from 0% (the Akha) to 10.8% (the Shan). These G6PD-deficient individuals and 12 G6PD-deficient patients who had been diagnosed at hospitals in Indonesia and Malaysia were subjected to molecular analysis by a combination of polymerase-chain-reaction-based single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Ten different missense mutations were identified in 63 G6PD-deficient individuals (50 hemizygotes, 11 heterozygotes, and 2 homozygotes) from 14 ethnic groups. One missense mutation (1291 G-->A) found in an Indonesian Chinese, viz., G6PD Surabaya, was previously unknown. The 487 G-->A (G6PD Mahidol) mutation was widely seen in Myanmar, 383 T-->C (G6PD Vanua Lava) was specifically found among Amboinese, 871 G-->A (G6PD Viangchan) was observed mainly in Lao, and 592 C-->T (G6PD Coimbra) was found in Malaysian aborigines (Orang Asli). The other five mutations, 95 A-->G (G6PD Gaohe), 1003 G-->A (G6PD Chatham), 1360 C-->T (G6PD Union), 1376 G-->T (G6PD Canton), and 1388 G-->A (G6PD Kaiping) were identified mostly in accordance with distributions reported previously.
Asunto(s)
Deficiencia de Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Asia Sudoriental/epidemiología , ADN/química , ADN/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Femenino , Pruebas Genéticas , Geografía , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/enzimología , Deficiencia de Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación , Mutación PuntualRESUMEN
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii is of medical importance in relation to a recent increase in cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the present study, we surveyed antibody to Toxoplasma among 1,761 people in Surabaya, Indonesia. The overall prevalence was 58% with significant differences between males (63%) and females (52%; P < 0.001). Although antibody prevalences at 0-9 years in both genders were less than 10%, those at ages over 10 years were more than 50% in males or more than 40% in females, suggesting an extremely high transmission rate of the parasite to humans in this area. A bimodal pattern in the frequency distribution of Toxoplasma antibody levels suggested a persistent feature of Toxoplasma infection in humans.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Indonesia/epidemiología , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Factores Sexuales , Toxoplasmosis/inmunología , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Remote Sensing (RS), a Global Positioning System (GPS) and a Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to analyze relationship between Anopheles subpictus larval densities and environmental parameters in the Sekotong district on Lombok Island, Indonesia. Distance from the coast to larval habitats, season and surface water were considered as environmental parameters for determining An. subpictus larval densities. Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) satellite imagery for the area acquired by National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) were used to detect water, which could be used to characterize larval habitats. Data on larval sampling sites obtained from a GPS were entered into a GIS for mapping larval habitats to measure distance between the coast and the larval habitats. A GIS was used for overlaying of data coverages (i.e., water distribution from RS data and larval habitats coupled with data on larval densities) to identify factors that may explain the spatial distribution patterns of larval densities. An. subpictus larval densities were significantly associated with season and distance from the coast to larval habitats. The rainy season and the distance from the coast to larval habitats were critical environmental determinants for presence of An. subpictus larvae in the study. In this paper, we investigated relationship between An. subpictus larval densities and the environmental parameters using RS/GPS/GIS to determine if these tools could be used to predict larval densities.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ambiente , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Geografía , Indonesia , Densidad de Población , Lluvia , Estaciones del Año , Nave Espacial , Topografía Médica , AguaRESUMEN
A rapid single-step screening method for detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6 PD) deficiency was evaluated on Halmahera Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia, and in Shan and Mon States, Myanmar, in combination with a rapid diagnosis of malaria by an acridine orange staining method. Severe deficiency was detected by the rapid test in 45 of 1126 volunteers in Indonesia and 54 of 1079 in Myanmar, but it was difficult to distinguish blood samples with mild deficiency from those with normal activity. 89 of 99 severely deficient cases were later confirmed by formazan ring method in the laboratory, but 5 with mild and 5 with no deficiency were misdiagnosed as severe. Of the samples diagnosed as mild and no deficiency on-site, none was found to be severely deficient by the formazan method. Malaria patients were simultaenously++ detected on-site in 273 samples on Halmahera island and 277 samples from Shan and Mon States. In Mon State, primaquine was prescribed safely to G6 PD-normal malaria patients infected with Plasmodium vivax and/or gametocytes of P. falciparum. The new rapid test for G6 PD deficiency may be useful for detecting severe cases under field conditions, and both rapid tests combined are can be useful in malaria-endemic areas, facilitating early diagnosis, prompt and radical treatment of malaria and suppression of malaria transmission.
Asunto(s)
Deficiencia de Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/complicaciones , Deficiencia de Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/diagnóstico , Malaria/complicaciones , Malaria/diagnóstico , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico/normas , Naranja de Acridina , Antimaláricos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Contraindicaciones , Femenino , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Deficiencia de Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/sangre , Deficiencia de Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/clasificación , Humanos , Indonesia , Malaria/sangre , Malaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria/parasitología , Masculino , Mianmar , Primaquina , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
This study reports the molecular characterization of ovalocytosis in Lombok Island, Indonesia. The analysis of genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction shows that all 21 ovalocytotic individuals have two amplified products of different size from a region encompassing exon 11 of the band 3 gene. The sequence of the larger product matched perfectly with that of normal individuals. In the sequence of the smaller product, 27 nucleotides within exon 11 were deleted. The heterozygous presence of the deletion identified in other parts of Southeast Asia was confirmed in patients with ovalocytosis in an isolated island of eastern Indonesia.
Asunto(s)
Proteína 1 de Intercambio de Anión de Eritrocito/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Eliptocitosis Hereditaria/genética , Nucleótidos/genética , Eliminación de Secuencia/genética , Proteína 1 de Intercambio de Anión de Eritrocito/fisiología , Eliptocitosis Hereditaria/sangre , Eliptocitosis Hereditaria/fisiopatología , Exones/genética , Exones/fisiología , Humanos , Indonesia , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Nucleótidos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Soil was examined for contamination by parasite eggs in Surabaya Indonesia. Surveys were carried out on three occassion; July, 1993 (dry season), March, 1994 (rainy season), and August, 1994 (dry season). Throughout the study, five species of nematode eggs (Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara cati, Trichuris trichiura, Physaloptera sp, Capillaria sp), two species of cestode eggs (Hymenolepis diminuta, Spirometra erinacei), and one species of protozoa oocyst (Isospora felis) were detected. The contamination rate and number of species found from the soil were significantly different in the dry and rainy seasons. In the dry season, the prevalence was 8-20%, with two to four species detected. During the rainy season, this rate was 83% with eight species, suggesting parasite infection to possibly occur mainly in this season. The reason for this seasonal difference may be that, in spite of constant temperature around 27 to 29 degrees C throughout the year, rainfall in the dry season in only a few percent of that of the rainy season. We concluded that parasite eggs die during the dry season owing to dryness of the soil. Contamination of soil with parasite eggs and the number of species found were greater in alley-ways and at communal water supply sites around residential areas than in open-air parks or sandy beaches. The method used in the present study proved extremely effective for ascertaining the actual dynamics of parasite infection in a certain region.
Asunto(s)
Cestodos , Isospora , Nematodos , Suelo/parasitología , Animales , Indonesia , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Estaciones del Año , Salud Urbana , Agua/parasitología , Tiempo (Meteorología)RESUMEN
Seven-week-old female Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) showed different degrees of susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni, as assessed by the percentage of cercariae recovered as adult worms 6 weeks after infection. Plasma of the low (A), medium (B) and high (C) susceptibility groups were tested immunochemically. No differences were observed in the concentrations of albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta- and gamma-globulins as measured by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. However, a significantly higher percentage of animals in groups A and B than in group C had an S. mansoni specific "beforked" IgG precipitin band and specific antibodies against a worm tegumental antigen preparation (AWT). Conversely, more animals in group C made antibodies against a "denuded" worm-body antigen preparation (AWB) than in groups A and B. However, by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, no significant differences in antibody titres against AWT, AWB and a total worm antigen (AVA) were observed in the animals in groups A, B and C. Upon consideration of the immunochemical data in relation to the distribution pattern of susceptibility to infection, we propose that the intensity of S. mansoni infection in the hamster is a polygene-controlled phenomenon and depends upon the presentation of differing parasite antigenic component(s) to the host.