RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The role of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) on antiviral response in Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) remains unclear. Previous studies mainly focus on the impact of the Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL) on antiviral efficacy, whereas the role of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been highlighted. The authors aimed to investigate the association of NAFLD (NAFL and NASH), viral and histological characteristics with antiviral response. METHODS: The authors collected data of treatment-naïve CHB patients who underwent liver biopsy. All these patients received antiviral monotherapy and 48-week follow-up. The antiviral response was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression analysis identified the variables associated with antiviral response. RESULTS: Overall, 120 treatment-naïve CHB patients were enrolled, with 49.2 % (59/120) of them were complicated by NAFLD. Male (Odd Ratio [OR = 4.222], 95 % Confidence Interval [95 % CI 1.620-11.003]) and overweight (OR = 8.709, 95 % CI 3.355-22.606) were independent predictors for concurrent NAFLD. After 48-week follow-up, the authors found that the overall antiviral response did not differ between CHB patients with and without concomitant NAFL/NASH (p > 0.05). High viral load (Hazard Ratio [HR = 0.522], 95 % CI 0.286-0.952), advanced fibrosis (HR = 2.426, 95 % CI 1.256-4.686), and moderate-to-severe interface hepatitis (HR = 2.541, 95 % CI 1.406-4.592) were significantly correlated with antiviral response after 8-week follow-up. CONCLUSION: Neither NAFL nor NASH had an impact on antiviral therapy for CHB. It was low hepatitis B load, advanced fibrosis, and moderate-to-severe interface hepatitis that contributed to the virological response.

Asunto(s)

Antivirales , Hepatitis B Crónica , Hígado , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Humanos , Masculino , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Hepatitis B Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis B Crónica/complicaciones , Hepatitis B Crónica/patología , Femenino , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Biopsia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hígado/patología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Carga Viral , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Estudios Retrospectivos

RESUMEN

Abstract Rabbit with hypercholesterolaemia is an important model for studying cholesterol metabolism disease. This study aimed to evaluate the expression stability of nine reference genes for quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis in adrenal gland, liver, spleen, and kidney tissue from rabbits with hypercholesterolaemia. In total, 30 male Harbin Large White (HLW) rabbits were fed a normal feed (n = 15) or a high cholesterol feed (n = 15) for 8 weeks to induce hypercholesterolaemia. Nine reference genes were verified by qPCR using cDNA extracted from rabbit tissue samples. For qPCR analysis, reference genes were evaluated using the RefFinder and GeNorm algorithms. Overall, seven rabbits with hypercholesterolaemia were identified based on body weight and total cholesterol measurements. Combining the results of the RefFinder and GeNorm algorithms, the most stable reference genes were hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (Hprt1) and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (Eef1a1) in the adrenal gland, β-2-microglobulin (B2m) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) in the liver, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (Ywhaz) and Gapdh in the spleen, and peptidylprolyl isomerase (Ppia), β-actin (Actb), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A flavoprotein (Sdha), and B2m in the kidney. Taken together, our results confirmed that Hprt1 and Eef1a1, B2m and Gapdh, Ywhaz and Gapdh, and Ppia, Actb, Sdha, and B2m were the best reference genes for qPCR analyses in adrenal gland, liver, spleen, and kidney tissue, respectively, of rabbits with hypercholesterolaemia.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Conejos , Factor 1 Eucariótico de Iniciación , Glándulas Suprarrenales , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/instrumentación , Hipercolesterolemia/inducido químicamente , Hipoxantina Fosforribosiltransferasa/análisis

RESUMEN

Abstract Red swamp crayfish is an important model organism for research of the invertebrate innate immunity mechanism. Its excellent disease resistance against bacteria, fungi, and viruses is well-known. However, the antiviral mechanisms of crayfish remain unclear. In this study, we obtained high-quality sequence reads from normal and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-challenged crayfish gills. For group normal (GN), 39,390,280 high-quality clean reads were randomly assembled to produce 172,591 contigs; whereas, 34,011,488 high-quality clean reads were randomly assembled to produce 182,176 contigs for group WSSV-challenged (GW). After GO annotations analysis, a total of 35,539 (90.01%), 14,931 (37.82%), 28,221 (71.48%), 25,290 (64.05%), 15,595 (39.50%), and 13,848 (35.07%) unigenes had significant matches with sequences in the Nr, Nt, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG and GO databases, respectively. Through the comparative analysis between GN and GW, 12,868 genes were identified as differentially up-regulated DEGs, and 9,194 genes were identified as differentially down-regulated DEGs. Ultimately, these DEGs were mapped into different signaling pathways, including three important signaling pathways related to innate immunity responses. These results could provide new insights into crayfish antiviral immunity mechanism.

RESUMEN

Red swamp crayfish is an important model organism for research of the invertebrate innate immunity mechanism. Its excellent disease resistance against bacteria, fungi, and viruses is well-known. However, the antiviral mechanisms of crayfish remain unclear. In this study, we obtained high-quality sequence reads from normal and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-challenged crayfish gills. For group normal (GN), 39,390,280 high-quality clean reads were randomly assembled to produce 172,591 contigs; whereas, 34,011,488 high-quality clean reads were randomly assembled to produce 182,176 contigs for group WSSV-challenged (GW). After GO annotations analysis, a total of 35,539 (90.01%), 14,931 (37.82%), 28,221 (71.48%), 25,290 (64.05%), 15,595 (39.50%), and 13,848 (35.07%) unigenes had significant matches with sequences in the Nr, Nt, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG and GO databases, respectively. Through the comparative analysis between GN and GW, 12,868 genes were identified as differentially up-regulated DEGs, and 9,194 genes were identified as differentially down-regulated DEGs. Ultimately, these DEGs were mapped into different signaling pathways, including three important signaling pathways related to innate immunity responses. These results could provide new insights into crayfish antiviral immunity mechanism.