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AIM: To assess the degree of compliance with the European ESC/EAS 2016 and 2019 dyslipidaemia guidelines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Multicentre retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted in 380 adults with T2DM and dyslipidaemia in 7 Spanish health areas. INCLUSION CRITERIA: minimum follow-up of one year in Endocrinology Units, at least one visit in 2020 and a lipid profile measurement in the last 3 months. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: familial hypercholesterolaemia, recent hospitalisation, active oncological pathology and dialysis. RESULTS: According to the 2016 and 2019 guidelines the majority of patients were classified as being at very high cardiovascular risk (86.8% vs. 72.1%, respectively). LDL-c compliance was adequate in 62.1% of patients according to the 2016 guidelines and 39.7% according to the 2019 guidelines (p<0.001). Clinical conditions such as history of cardiovascular disease and therapy-related aspects (use of statins, especially high-potency statins, combination therapies and good adherence) were significantly associated with greater achievement of lipid targets. CONCLUSION: There is a discrepancy between dyslipidaemia guideline recommendations and the reality of lipid control in patients with T2DM, despite most of these patients being at very high cardiovascular risk. Strategies to optimise lipid-lowering treatments need to be implemented.

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BACKGROUND: Lipodystrophy syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by a loss of adipose tissue once other situations of nutritional deprivation or exacerbated catabolism have been ruled out. With the exception of the HIV-associated lipodystrophy, they have a very low prevalence, which together with their large phenotypic heterogeneity makes their identification difficult, even for endocrinologists and pediatricians. This leads to significant delays in diagnosis or even to misdiagnosis. Our group has developed an algorithm that identifies the more than 40 rare lipodystrophy subtypes described to date. This algorithm has been implemented in a free mobile application, LipoDDx®. Our aim was to establish the effectiveness of LipoDDx®. Forty clinical records of patients with a diagnosis of certainty of most lipodystrophy subtypes were analyzed, including subjects without lipodystrophy. The medical records, blinded for diagnosis, were evaluated by 13 physicians, 1 biochemist and 1 dentist. Each evaluator first gave his/her results based on his/her own criteria. Then, a second diagnosis was given using LipoDDx®. The results were analysed based on a score table according to the complexity of each case and the prevalence of the disease. RESULTS: LipoDDx® provides a user-friendly environment, based on usually dichotomous questions or choice of clinical signs from drop-down menus. The final result provided by this app for a particular case can be a low/high probability of suffering a particular lipodystrophy subtype. Without using LipoDDx® the success rate was 17 ± 20%, while with LipoDDx® the success rate was 79 ± 20% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: LipoDDx® is a free app that enables the identification of subtypes of rare lipodystrophies, which in this small cohort has around 80% effectiveness, which will be of help to doctors who are not experts in this field. However, it will be necessary to analyze more cases in order to obtain a more accurate efficiency value.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Early detection of dysphagia is crucial in stroke patients as a result of increased morbidity and mortality due to malnutrition and respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to identify possible predictors of the onset of dysphagia following stroke in order to be able to act precociously. METHODS: Observational, prospective study in which a Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST) was carried out in the first 72 h following admission to assess dysphagia in acute stroke patients with a previous result of <3 in the Eating Assessment Tool-10. Lesions were analysed by computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance, using the ABC/2 formula to calculate their volume. Likewise, 3-month follow-up was carried out for the evaluation of the occurrence of respiratory tract infections and deaths. RESULTS: Out of 106 patients admitted for acute stroke, 60 (56.60%) presented dysphagia (44.40% showing alterations in the effectiveness of swallowing and 33.30% in its safety). The factors that were related to dysphagia were: older age (76.40 ± 11.50 vs 66.37 ± 13.85 years, p = 0.0001), stroke severity as measured on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (6.81 ± 5.83 vs 3.38 ± 3.46, p = 0.001) and greater volume of the lesion (23.47 ± 47.15 vs 7.50 ± 14.53 ml, p = 0.042). The variables that were influenced by a greater lesion size were the presence of cough, oxygen desaturation and impaired labial seal. Dysphagia was not affected by the lateralization of the lesion or by the type of stroke (ischaemic/haemorrhagic). Despite the fact that 68.80% of the patients with a temporoparietal lesion presented dysphagia, no significant differences were observed regarding the location of the lesion in the regions studied. 27.3% of the patients with frontal lesions presented respiratory infections after discharge (p = 0.018), a condition which was also observed in 20.0% of patients with dysphagia (p = 0.044). Mortality during the 3-month follow-up period was 20.0% for patients with a positive V-VST (p = 0.005), due to respiratory infection in 66.6% of the cases (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Post-stroke dysphagia was associated with the occurrence of respiratory tract infection and mortality. Our study also provides more information about how certain demographic and clinical factors, as well as neuroimaging patterns, influence dysphagia. This fact may help to identify at an early stage those patients with a greater risk of developing swallowing alterations.

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