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In beef cattle, the selection for higher weights at young ages has been questioned with the argument that this criterion may increase the adult weight of cows, resulting in higher costs. Therefore, selection criteria should be employed to increase weights at young ages with minimal impact on the adult weight of cows. Additionally, the relationship between measures of cow production efficiency and other well-established selection criteria in breeding programs remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to longitudinally evaluate the relationship between the weaning index (WIndex) as a measure of efficiency and growth traits of the cows. Possible changes over time in WIndex due to selection applied for yearling weight (YW) were also investigated. The WIndex was proposed to maximize genetic response in the weaning weight of the calf while maintaining genetic gain in BW of the cow at zero. A random regression model was adopted to estimate correlations between WIndex, BW, hip height (HH), and body condition score (BCS) using records of Nelore cows from three lines. Genetic trends were calculated for the control line (NeC) and lines selected for greater YW (NeS and NeT). The age of 3 years was the most critical for the weaning efficiency of the cows. At this stage, young cows are still growing and wean lighter calves than their adult counterparts. The genetic correlation estimates between WIndex and BW (-0.58 to 0.04), HH (-0.05 to -0.34), and BCS (-0.51 to -0.17) were close to zero or negative. BW and HH were strongly correlated genetically across all ages (0.73-0.76). In general, HH exhibited a weak and negative genetic relationship with BCS. The genetic correlation between BW and BCS was stronger for advanced ages (0.45-0.68). In lines selected for YW, important increases in WIndex were observed. However, NeS has been selected since the 1980s until the present for YW, and thus, it showed a more pronounced trend of increasing BW and, consequently, a more modest trend of increasing WIndex compared to NeT. In contrast, WIndex exhibited a trend close to zero for NeC. In this context, monitoring HH and BCS can be useful to avoid losses in the weaning efficiency of cows. Furthermore, we suggest that one way to mitigate efficiency losses in calf production could involve stabilizing the BW of cows and increasing the weaning weight of calves using the WIndex.

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O objetivo desse trabalho foi comparar o intervalo de tempo de registro de cinco minutos com quatro intervalos de tempo (10, 15, 20 e 30 minutos), para avaliação dos comportamentos comendo, ruminando, em ócio, em pé, apresentados por bovinos confinados individualmente. Foram utilizados 62 machos Nelore desmamados, confinados durante 112 dias. O comportamento foi registrado a cada 28 dias, durante 24h, por observações diretas com rota de amostragem scan e intervalos de registro de 5 minutos, para o cálculo das seguintes características: tempo de alimentação, tempo de ruminação, tempo em ócio, tempo em pé e frequência de alimentação. Foram comparados os intervalos de registro por meio de variâncias, correlações e médias das características. Observou-se para as características, tendência de aumento da variância residual à medida que o intervalo de tempo entre dois registros aumentou, com exceção da frequência alimentar, em que foi observada tendência de diminuição da variância residual com o aumento do intervalo de registro. As médias ajustadas para as medidas de comportamento ingestivo obtidas nos intervalos de registro de 5, 10, 15, 20 e 30 minutos não diferiram significativamente (P>0,05) entre si, com exceção de tempo de alimentação, que apresentou menor valor (P<0,05) no intervalo de registro de 30 minutos em comparação ao intervalo de 5 minutos. Observou-se que até o intervalo de registro de 15 minutos, as correlações com o intervalo de registro de 5 minutos podem ser consideradas altas. Entretanto, acima de 15 minutos de intervalo de registro, a correlação com o intervalo de registro de 5 minutos cai abruptamente, deixando claro que intervalos de registros superiores a 15 minutos são inadequados para estimar as características de comportamento ingestivo de bovinos avaliadas.

: The objective of this study was to compare five-minute recording intervals with four time intervals (10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes) for estimation of eating, ruminating, idling and standing time, as well as meal frequency, of cattle housed in individual pens. Sixty-two weaned Nellore males housed in individual pens for 112 days were used. Ingestive behavior was evaluated every 28 days for 24 h. Direct observations were made using scan sampling and instantaneous sampling at intervals of 5 minutes. The recording intervals were evaluated using error variance, correlations, and adjusted means. For all traits, the residual variance tended to increase with increasing recording interval, except for meal frequency whose residual variance decreased with increasing recording interva. The adjusted means for the ingestive behavior measurements obtained at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes did not differ significantly (P>0.05), except for meal frequency which was lower (P<0.05) in the 30-minute recording interval. The correlations with the 5-minute recording interval were considered high up to the 15-minute interval. However, for longer recording intervals, the correlation with the 5-minute recording interval decreased abruptly, showing that recording intervals longer than 15 minutes are inadequate to estimate ingestive behavior traits of cattle.

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O objetivo desse trabalho foi comparar o intervalo de tempo de registro de cinco minutos com quatro intervalos de tempo (10, 15, 20 e 30 minutos), para avaliação dos comportamentos comendo, ruminando, em ócio, em pé, apresentados por bovinos confinados individualmente. Foram utilizados 62 machos Nelore desmamados, confinados durante 112 dias. O comportamento foi registrado a cada 28 dias, durante 24h, por observações diretas com rota de amostragem scan e intervalos de registro de 5 minutos, para o cálculo das seguintes características: tempo de alimentação, tempo de ruminação, tempo em ócio, tempo em pé e frequência de alimentação. Foram comparados os intervalos de registro por meio de variâncias, correlações e médias das características. Observou-se para as características, tendência de aumento da variância residual à medida que o intervalo de tempo entre dois registros aumentou, com exceção da frequência alimentar, em que foi observada tendência de diminuição da variância residual com o aumento do intervalo de registro. As médias ajustadas para as medidas de comportamento ingestivo obtidas nos intervalos de registro de 5, 10, 15, 20 e 30 minutos não diferiram significativamente (P>0,05) entre si, com exceção de tempo de alimentação, que apresentou menor valor (P<0,05) no intervalo de registro de 30 minutos em comparação ao intervalo de 5 minutos. Observou-se que até o intervalo de registro de 15 minutos, as correlações com o intervalo de registro de 5 minutos podem ser consideradas altas. Entretanto, acima de 15 minutos de intervalo de registro, a correlação com o intervalo de registro de 5 minutos cai abruptamente, deixando claro que intervalos de registros superiores a 15 minutos são inadequados para estimar as características de comportamento ingestivo de bovinos avaliadas. (AU)

: The objective of this study was to compare five-minute recording intervals with four time intervals (10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes) for estimation of eating, ruminating, idling and standing time, as well as meal frequency, of cattle housed in individual pens. Sixty-two weaned Nellore males housed in individual pens for 112 days were used. Ingestive behavior was evaluated every 28 days for 24 h. Direct observations were made using scan sampling and instantaneous sampling at intervals of 5 minutes. The recording intervals were evaluated using error variance, correlations, and adjusted means. For all traits, the residual variance tended to increase with increasing recording interval, except for meal frequency whose residual variance decreased with increasing recording interva. The adjusted means for the ingestive behavior measurements obtained at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes did not differ significantly (P>0.05), except for meal frequency which was lower (P<0.05) in the 30-minute recording interval. The correlations with the 5-minute recording interval were considered high up to the 15-minute interval. However, for longer recording intervals, the correlation with the 5-minute recording interval decreased abruptly, showing that recording intervals longer than 15 minutes are inadequate to estimate ingestive behavior traits of cattle.(AU)

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A total of 127 Nellore bulls classified as low and high residual feed intake (RFI), from three selection lines, were evaluated in five experiments aiming to identify associations between RFI, carcass, and meat quality traits. Feedlot performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of Longissimus muscle were evaluated. A mixed model including the fixed effects of RFI class, selection line, interaction between RFI class and selection line, and age at slaughter as a covariate, and the random effects of diet within experiment and experiment was used, with means compared by the t-test. Feed intake average difference was 0.962kg/day; low RFI animals consumed 0.479kg/day less feed and high RFI animals consumed 0.483kg/day more feed than expected. No differences between RFI classes were detected for most of studied variables, demonstrating the absence of unfavorable associations between RFI and carcass and meat quality traits. Low RFI Nellore animals use feed efficiently and produce good quality carcasses and meat.

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The objective of the present study was to estimate genetic parameters for skin thickness (ST) and postweaning weight gain (PWG550) in Nellore cattle. Records were obtained from 152,392 Nellore animals born between 2001 and 2011. ST was measured in the posterior region of the animal's scapula with a millimeter caliper. The animals were assigned to different contemporary groups, formed on the basis of farm, year, sex, feeding regimen at weaning, date of weaning, feeding regimen at 450 days of age, and date of weighing at 450 days of age. The genetic parameters were estimated by Bayesian analysis using the GIBBS1F90 program. The mean ST and PWG550 observed were 7.71 ± 2.04 mm and 115.95 ± 36.17 kg, respectively. The posterior mean estimates of heritability (h2) were 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.29 ± 0.02 for ST and PWG550, respectively. The posterior mean estimates of the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between the traits were 0.16 ± 0.0, 0.17 ± 0.02, and 0.17 ± 0.09, respectively. The traits ST and PWG550 showed sufficient additive genetic variance to be used as selection criteria in breeding programs. The low genetic correlation obtained indicates that genes favoring the expression of one trait may not influence the other. Consequently, a selection favoring ST would be less efficient in increasing PWG550.

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The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of predicted daily enteric methane emissions (PME) from growing Nellore cattle. Dry matter intake (DMI) records of 955 Nellore animals that were born between 2004 and 2013, which were obtained in a postweaning performance test lasting 83 ± 15 days, were used. The PME of each animal, obtained as MJ/day and converted to g/day, was estimated using three equations: PME1 (MJ/day) = 2.29 + 0.647 x DMI (kg/day), PME2 (MJ/day) = 3.96 + 0.561 x DMI (kg/day), and PME3 (MJ/day) = 4.41 + 0.50 x DMI (kg/day). The heritability (h2) of PME obtained using the three equations was identical to the h2 of DMI, regardless of whether the model included the effect of mid-test weight (h2 = 0.32 ± 0.069) or not (h2 = 0.48 ± 0.069). The equations were based exclusively on variations in DMI, and detected variations in this trait without taking into consideration individual differences in enteric methane emission caused by differences in fermentation and digestion capacity. Therefore, prediction equations of enteric methane emission from DMI are not adequate to estimate differences between animals.

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The hormone ghrelin is produced in the stomach wall, has an orexigenic function, stimulates growth hormone secretion, and affects the energy balance of the animal. Therefore, the ghrelin gene (GHRL) is considered to be a good candidate marker for the identification of traits of great economic importance in cattle, such as those associated with feed intake, growth, and carcass quality. The use of molecular genetic markers associated with such traits permits the earlier and more accurate identification of superior animals, thus reducing the interval between generations, and increasing the genetic gain. Six SNPs were found in the GHRL gene, located in intron 3, intron 4, and exon 5. The positions of the SNPs on the gene and the substitutions were: g.2184A>G, g.2347T>C, g.4469T>C, g.4548A>G, g.4663T>C, and g.4729T>C (GenBank accession No. JX565585). After analysis of linkage disequilibrium, association tests were performed between four SNPs with the traits year weight for males, yearling weight for females, dry matter intake, loin eye area, and rump fat thickness (P ≤ 0.05). Therefore, GHRL is an important candidate gene that may be used to identify genetic variations that influence traits of economic importance in beef cattle.

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Real-time ultrasound is currently used for in vivo carcass evaluation of beef cattle. We estimated heritability and repeatability coefficients for ultrasound-measured carcass traits in Nelore cattle. We measured longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness, and rump fat thickness in male and female animals ranging in age from 10 to 26 months. The variance components were estimated by single-trait analysis using the derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood method, under an animal model. The complete data file included 3077 records of 1172 animals born between 2003 and 2008. Two analyses were performed using a repeatability model: a) all records of longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness, and rump fat thickness of animals aged 10 to 26 months, and b) considering two age periods (11 to 17 and 18 to 24 months). The heritability estimates ranged from 0.33 to 0.46 for longissimus muscle area, from 0.20 to 0.26 for backfat, and from 0.26 to 0.29 for rump fat, demonstrating that direct selection for these traits can provide genetic gain. The repeatability estimates were moderate, ranging from 0.42 to 0.73. The highest repeatability estimates were obtained for longissimus muscle area in both the first (0.70) and second (0.73) analyses. The repeatability estimates suggest that ultrasound measures are precise; higher precision was obtained for longissimus muscle area than for subcutaneous fat thickness. The latter could be obtained during periods of greater feed availability to increase precision.

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We analyzed the polymorphisms TFAM HaeIII, TFAM MboI and FABP4 MspA1I in three Nellore lines selected for growth in order to evaluate how selection affects the frequencies of these polymorphisms and evaluate their association with growth and carcass traits in Zebu cattle. Birth, weaning and yearling weights, rump height, longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness, and rump fat thickness were analyzed. The sample was constituted of animals from two lines selected for yearling weight (NeS and NeT), and a control line (NeC), established in 1980, at the São Paulo Instituto de Zootecnia. Two hundred and seventy-two heifers were genotyped for TFAM gene SNPs, and 325 heifers were genotyped for the FABP4 SNP. High frequencies were observed for the alleles A (TFAM HaeIII), C (TFAM MboI) and C (FABP4 MspA1I). Significant differences in allele frequencies between NeS and NeT were observed for the TFAM HaeIII, and between the line NeT and lines NeC and NeS for the FABP4 MspA1I SNP. Five haplotypes were observed for the two polymorphisms in the TFAM gene, haplotype AACC being the most frequent. None of the markers separately or according to haplotype was significantly associated with the growth and carcass traits. The low frequencies of alleles that are associated with high marbling scores and thick subcutaneous fat in taurine breeds might explain the low means for these traits in Nellore cattle.

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Data from a selection experiment for growth carried out in Brazil were analyzed in order to evaluate the direct responses on yearling weight (YW) and the correlated responses on the size and reproduction traits of cows. The experiment was started in 1976, and in 1980 three lines of Nelore cattle were established: selection (NeS), traditional (NeT), both selected for higher YW, and control (NeC), selected for mean YW. The NeT was an open line that eventually received bulls from other herds. Yearling weight records for animals born from 1978 to 1998 and yearling hip height (H550) offemales born from 1985 to 1998 were analyzed by fitting an animal model in order to obtain the genetic trends. The means for weight, height, and body condition score at the start of the breeding season, days to calving, and calving success of cows born from 1993 to 1996 (pertaining to the third to fourth generations of selection) were compared between the selected (NeS and NeT) and control lines. The genetic trends obtained after 16 yr for YW were 1.7 +/- 0.2, 2.3 +/- 0.2, and -0.1 +/- 0.1 kg/yr for males and 1.9 +/- 0.2, 2.4 +/- 0.2, and -0.1 +/- 0.1 kg/yr for females, for the NeS, NeT, and NeC lines, respectively. Corresponding values for H550 were 0.25 +/- 0.03, 0.24 +/- 0.04 and -0.04 +/- 0.03 cm/yr for females. Heifers and cows from NeS and NeT were 19% and 15% heavier and 4% taller at the start of the breeding season than those from NeC. No significant differences between selected (NeS and NeT) and control females were detected for body condition scores and for reproductive performance. The results indicate that selection for body weight promoted high and consistent weight and height responses both at the yearling and later ages, without compromising the reproductive performance of the cows with respect to days to calving and calving success.

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