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La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una de las afecciones más prevalentes, y que provoca mayor morbimortalidad en nuestro país. En la actualidad la EPOC se considera una afección tratable, de origen inflamatorio y frecuentemente asociada a otras enfermedades, cuya prevalencia está claramente aumentada en los pacientes con EPOC, independientemente de otras variables de confusión como el tabaquismo. Los tratamientos actuales han demostrado frenar la pérdida de función pulmonar, disminuir el número de exacerbaciones, mejorar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y prolongar la supervivencia. La recuperación de los fenotipos clásicos y de otros nuevos como el de los pacientes con exacerbaciones frecuentes o el de EPOC con comorbilidad asociada, deberían permitirnos individualizar los tratamientos, al mismo tiempo que los avances en investigación genética y de los mecanismos inflamatorios nos permitirán conocer mejor la enfermedad y añadir nuevas terapias a las ya existentes(AU)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent diseases and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Spain. Currently, COPD is considered a treatable disease with an inflammatory origin that is frequently associated with other diseases. The prevalence of comorbidity is clearly increased in patients with COPD, irrespective of other confounding variables such as smoking. Current treatments have been proven to slow the loss of lung function, decrease the number of exacerbations and improve health-related quality of life and survival. New advances regarding the classics and more recent phenotypes such as patients with frequent exacerbations or COPD with associated comorbidity should allow for more individualized treatment while advances in genetic research and inflammatory mechanisms of the disease will help us to increase our knowledge of the disease and the development of new treatments(AU)

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent diseases and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Spain. Currently, COPD is considered a treatable disease with an inflammatory origin that is frequently associated with other diseases. The prevalence of comorbidity is clearly increased in patients with COPD, irrespective of other confounding variables such as smoking. Current treatments have been proven to slow the loss of lung function, decrease the number of exacerbations and improve health-related quality of life and survival. New advances regarding the classics and more recent phenotypes such as patients with frequent exacerbations or COPD with associated comorbidity should allow for more individualized treatment while advances in genetic research and inflammatory mechanisms of the disease will help us to increase our knowledge of the disease and the development of new treatments.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify the variables influencing waiting time for specialized care (waiting lists) through multiple regression analysis and to analyze the health districts with long waiting times according to these variables. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross sectional and retrospective study of waiting times for access to specialized care between 1997 and 1998. SETTING: Area 20 of the Health Department of the Autonomous Community of Valencia (Spain) consisting of 12 health districts with 204,424 inhabitants. INTERVENTIONS: The following variables were gathered: variables influencing demand: type of municipality, aging and indexes of dependent population, and percentage of pensioners; variables influencing supply: age, sex, training and professional stability of the doctor, and size of the patient list; variables influencing resource consumption: percentage of referrals to specialized care per thousand inhabitants, mean WT for access to specialized care (in natural days) by district and year, number of consultations, and workload. A multiple regression model was constructed through (backward) elimination, taking the mean WT as the dependent variable and the remaining variables as independent variables. The resulting equation enabled calculation of the expected WT per health district and the deviation of the real WT from the expected WT. A district was considered to have a high WT when its deviation was above the mean plus one standard deviation of the distribution. RESULTS: The mean WT for access to specialized care was 37 days in 1997 and 34 days in 1998. A significant correlation (p < 0.005) was found between WT and the percentage of the population aged less than 14 years (r = 0.693), the percentage of the population aged between 14-65 years (r = 0.517), the number of consultations (r = 0.689), and coastal population (r = 0.470). Our final model included: percentage of the population aged less than 14 years, number of consultations, and coastal population (F = 41.803; p < 0.000; r = 0.945; r2 = 0.893). Three districts (37.5%) with high WTs were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The number of consultations, the percentage of the pediatric population, and proximity to the coast were closely correlated with WT for specialized care, with a consequent influence on waiting lists.

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Twenty-eight (11.6%) out of 241 Spanish patients enrolled in an international phase III clinical trial of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) comparing gemifloxacin vs. trovafloxacin were diagnosed of Legionnaires' disease. A definite diagnosis was established by seroconversion in 13 patients of whom only 2 had a positive Legionella urinary antigen. The remaining 15 patients were possible Legionella infections based on a single elevated IgG titer (> or = 1:512). All patients had a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of pneumonia, 5 (19%) patients were older than 65, comorbidity was present in 9 (33%), and 10 (36%) had to be hospitalized. Fifteen patients were treated with oral gemifloxacin (320 mg/day) and 13 with oral trovafloxacin (200 mg/day). Overall, clinical success occurred in 25 (89.3%) patients after 7 days of treatment and only 1 patient needed a 14-day treatment. There were only one adverse event withdrawal and one clinical failure, and no patients died. In light of the favorable clinical outcome, the use of newer fluoroquinolones seems adequate for the treatment of suspected or proven Legionella pneumonia.

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Objetivo: Identificar, mediante análisis de regresión múltiple, las variables de influencia en el tiempo de acceso a atención especializada (listas de espera), y analizar las zonas de salud con tiempo de acceso elevado, en función de las mencionadas variables. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal, retrospectivo, del tiempo de acceso a atención especializada, durante los años 1997 y 1998.Emplazamiento: Área 20 de la Conselleria de Sanitat de la Comunidad Valenciana; 12 zonas de salud; 204.424 habitantes. Intervenciones: Se recogen variables de demanda (tipo de municipio, envejecimiento e índices de dependencia poblacional, porcentaje de pensionistas), de oferta (edad, sexo, formación y situación laboral del médico, tamaño del cupo) y de consumo (porcentaje de derivación a especializada por mil habitantes, tiempo medio de acceso a especializada (en días naturales) por zona y año, frecuentación y presión asistencial. Se construye un modelo de regresión múltiple por eliminación (hacia atrás), tomando como variable dependiente el tiempo medio de espera (TE) y como independiente el resto. La ecuación resultante permitió calcular el TE esperado por zona de salud y la desviación de su TE real sobre el esperado. Se consideró zona con TE elevado cuando su desviación superaba la media más una desviación estándar de dicha distribución. Resultados: El tiempo de espera medio para acceder a especializada fue de 37 días en 1997 y 34 días en 1998. Existe una correlación significativa (p < 0,005) entre el TE y el porcentaje de población menor de 14 años (r = -0,693), el porcentaje de población entre 14 y 65 años (r = 0,517), la frecuentación (r = 0,689) y la población de costa (r = 0,470). Nuestro modelo final incluyó: el porcentaje de población menor de 14 años, la frecuentación y la población de costa (F = 41,803; p < 0,000; r = 0,945; r2 = 0,893). Se identificaron tres zonas (37,5 por ciento) con TE elevado. Conclusiones: La frecuentación, el porcentaje de población pediátrica y la proximidad a la costa guardan una estrecha correlación con el tiempo de acceso a atención especializada, lo cual condiciona las listas de espera (AU)

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AIMS: The aim of our work is to analyse ambulatory neurological care in the area of Vega Baja, which is located in the province of Alicante (Spain), in order to find out: a) the demographic characteristics of the population that visits the neurologist; b) the motives that led to the visit; c) the diagnoses carried out. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective two year study of patients over the age of 14 sent to the Neurology department. The reasons for the visit were classified into 15 categories and the diagnoses were given a code according to the criteria set out in the International Classification of Diseases 9th edition. RESULTS: A total of 2,227 patients were included in the study. The annual incidence of first visits was 10.6 per 1,000 people. 60% of the patients were women. The average age was 51.6 years old. Headache was the most frequent reason for the visiting the doctor. One out of every three patients visited because of headache and/or facial pain. The five most frequent diagnoses in the under 65 group were, in descending order of frequency: migraine, tension type headache, epilepsy, syncope and anxiety. The five most common diagnoses in the over 65 group were, in descending order of frequency: Alzheimer, Parkinson, transitory cerebral ischemia, cerebral thrombosis and epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: The type of ambulatory neurological pathology depends on the age of the patients, and thus we find that headache is prevalent in the younger patients whereas neurodegenerative and vascular pathological conditions are more common in those over the age of 65.

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Objetivos. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es analizar la asistencia neurológica ambulatoria en la comarca de la Vega Baja, situada al sur de la provincia de Alicante, para conocer: a) las características demográficas de la población que consulta al neurólogo; b) los motivos de consulta; c) los diagnósticos realizados. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de dos años de duración de los pacientes mayores de 14 años remitidos a la consulta de Neurología. Los motivos de consulta se clasificaron en 15 categorías y los diagnósticos se codificaron según los criterios de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades-9.ª edición. Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 2.227 pacientes. La incidencia anual de primeras visitas fue de 10,6 por 1.000 personas. El 60 por ciento de los pacientes eran mujeres. La edad media fue de 51,6 años. La cefalea fue el motivo de consulta más frecuente. Uno de cada tres pacientes consultó por cefalea y/o algia facial. Los cinco diagnósticos más frecuentes en el grupo de menores de 65 años, por orden descendente de frecuencia, fueron: migraña, cefalea tensional, epilepsia, síncope y ansiedad. Los cinco diagnósticos más frecuentes en el grupo de mayores de 65 años, por orden descendente de frecuencia, fueron: Alzheimer, Parkinson, isquemia cerebral transitoria, trombosis cerebral y epilepsia. Conclusiones. El tipo de patología neurológica ambulatoria depende de la edad de los pacientes, de modo que predomina la cefalea en los más jóvenes, y la patología neurodegenerativa y vascular en los mayores de 65 años (AU)

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To assess whether pleural pressure (PP) measurement is helpful in evaluating the evolution of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP). To measure the inspiratory and expiratory PP at tidal volume in the SP in 85 cases. Ninety-one percent were cured with medical treatment, whereas the remaining 9% required surgery. In the cases medically resolved, the inspiratory pleural pressure (IPP) was -9 +/- 5 mbar, and the expiratory pleural pressure (EPP) was -3 +/- 6 mbar, whereas in the surgical cases, IPP was -7 +/- 2 mbar (p = not significant), and EPP was 1 +/- 3 mbar (p < 0.01). In the SP cases, which resolved in less than 7 days of drainage, IPP was -10 +/- 5 mbar, and EPP was -3 +/- 5 mbar, whereas IPP was -8 +/- 3 mbar (p < 0.01), and EPP was 0 +/- 4 mbar (p < 0.001) in those cases in which SP resolution required more than 7 days. The sensitivity to predict the need for surgery with an EPP > or = 2 mbar was 100%, with a specificity of 49%. The cutoff of the curve was > or = 1 mbar, with a sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 70%. The values of PP at the end of an expiration to tidal volume were negative in the SP cases, which were resolved by medical treatment, whereas they were atmospheric in those cases that required surgery. The static inspiratory and expiratory PP in the SP cases requiring thoracic drainage during < 7 days showed more negative PP than those that resolved in a period longer than 7 days.

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of two new parameters for separating pleural transudates and exudates: pleural fluid cholinesterase level and pleural fluid to serum cholinesterase ratio, and to compare the results with the other well-established criteria. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of the patients referred for diagnostic thoracentesis. SETTING: Pulmonary sections of a community hospital and a university hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred ninety-three consecutive patients. Forty were excluded for different reasons. MEASUREMENTS: The following criteria for separating the pleural effusions in transudates and exudates were analyzed: Light's criteria, the pleural fluid cholesterol level, the pleural fluid to serum cholesterol ratio, the pleural fluid cholinesterase level, and the pleural fluid to serum cholinesterase ratio. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-three patients had conditions diagnosed. Thirty-five were classified as having transudates and 118 as exudates. The percentage of effusions misclassified by each parameter was as follows: Light's criteria, 7.8%; pleural fluid cholesterol, 7.8%; pleural fluid to serum cholesterol ratio, 6.5%; pleural fluid cholinesterase, 8.5%; and pleural fluid to serum cholinesterase ratio, 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The pleural fluid to serum cholinesterase ratio is the most accurate criterion for separating pleural transudates and exudates. If further studies confirm our results, the cholinesterase ratio could be used as the first step in the diagnosis of pleural effusions.

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Sixty patients diagnosed as having chronic respiratory diseases were surveyed in order to establish how many knew the name of their disease, the medications they were taking, the name of the medical specialty dedicated to treating their condition and the nature of spirometry. Only 23 patients (38%) knew the name of their disease; among them were all those suffering asthma or silicosis, but only 24% of those with other diseases. Thirty-three (55%) were unable to name their medications. Only 22% knew what a pneumologist does or could define spirometry, although at least 45% of these patients had undergone the procedure. The majority, on the other hand, knew what a cardiologist (70%) does and what an electrocardiogram (80%) is. A large number of patients with chronic respiratory diseases know very little about basic aspects of their conditions. Use of correct terminology appears to be necessary if patient knowledge is to increase.

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Primary microcytic tumors of the trachea are very rare. Among them, primary microcytic carcinoma of the trachea has been described very few times. We present the case of a 44-year-old man with hemoptysis and asthenia, in which the thoracic radiography was normal. However, the bronchofibroscopy detected a microcytic carcinoma localized at the distal third of the trachea with adenopathies and hepatic metastasis. Complete remission was achieved with chemotherapy, remaining the patient free from the disease 10 months after the diagnosis.

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We present a case of empyema by Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in a patient affected by a bronchogenic epidermoid carcinoma. We describe the basic clinical characteristics of the infection by Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and we confirm the low incidence of empyema by such germ.

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34 tuberculosis with pleural affectation were diagnosed after examining 292 pleural effusions. 19 cases studied were diagnosed by pleuroscopy. The mean age of patients was 38 years old. The cytology, being mainly limphocytes, cultures and bacyloscopy, were all negative. The cultures of the biopsies was positive in 36.7% of the cases. The pathology report was positive in 88% of them. There was macroscopic suspicion of the disease in 73.6% with good macro-microscopic correlation this being the reason of the early treatment applied. We concluded that pleuroscopy is a good technique to diagnose pleural tuberculosis, reducing the hospital admission time.

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