RESUMEN
Two regions of cauliflower mosaic virus DNA were designed as markers to study pathogen transmission in a child care home (CCH) and child care center (CCC) and in homes of CCC children. The DNA markers were stable for 1 month in the environment. The DNA markers were introduced into the environment through sensitized objects, and spread in the environment was traced by detection of the markers with polymerase chain reaction. The DNA markers spread rapidly in both the CCH and CCC after introduction and spread more rapidly in the toddler room than in the infant room of the CCC. Hand touching of contaminated areas was the major factor leading to spread of the markers. Hand washing and surface wiping decreased spread of the markers. The markers spread minimally from room to room in the CCC but were detected in the children's homes after introduction of markers in the CCC.
Asunto(s)
Caulimovirus/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Gastroenteritis/virología , Virosis/transmisión , Adulto , Biomarcadores , Caulimovirus/genética , Cuidado del Niño , Guarderías Infantiles , Preescolar , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Microbiología Ambiental , Mano/virología , Desinfección de las Manos , Humanos , Lactante , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to design and implement a comprehensive infection control program and measure its effects on the number and types of infectious illnesses experienced by children attending a specialized preschool program. METHODS: Participants in the study were children with Down syndrome enrolled in a school-based early intervention program. The ages of the children ranged from 6 weeks to 5 years. Through a series of parental questionnaires, the number and types of infections in the children were chronicled for a year before and a year after the implementation of an infection control intervention program. Interventions included infection control lectures, handouts, posters, and attention to environmental cleaning and disinfection, with an emphasis on toys. Compliance with these measures was monitored and recorded. RESULTS: During the interventional year the median number of total illnesses/child/month decreased significantly from the baseline year (0.70 vs 0.53, p < 0.05), with a trend toward a decrease in the number of respiratory illnesses (0.67 vs 0.42, p < 0.07). Significant decreases were also seen for the median number of physician visits (0.50 vs 0.33, p < 0.05), courses of antibiotics administered (0.33 vs 0.28, p < 0.05), and days of school missed as a result of respiratory illness (0.75 vs 0.40, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a decrease in infection rates with the implementation of a comprehensive educational and environmental infection control program in a day care setting.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Down/rehabilitación , Educación Especial , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Preescolar , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/virología , Humanos , Higiene/educación , Lactante , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Instituciones Académicas , Materiales de Enseñanza , Virus/aislamiento & purificación , Recursos HumanosRESUMEN
Rotaviruses have been linked to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis of children in day-care centres and hospital paediatric wards. There is, therefore, the need for monitoring effective decontamination of such environments. We have evaluated the effects of seven different methods of disinfection/inactivation (four chemical and three physical) on rotavirus using the PCR and cell-culture methods. We observed that 6% H2O2, 2500 ppm chlorine, an ethano-phenolic disinfectant, u.v. irradiation and heat completely destroyed the infectivity of rotavirus as well as RNA amplifiable by PCR. On the other hand, treatment with 80% ethanol resulted in the loss of infectivity despite the fact that RNA was still amplifiable. Rotavirus subjected to drying over a 24 h period still retained amplifiable RNA but infectivity was reduced by 100-fold when compared to the control. This study demonstrated an agreement between PCR and cell-culture monitoring systems, however, PCR is a more rapid and sensitive assay.
Asunto(s)
Desinfectantes/farmacología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Viral/genética , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/patogenicidad , Rayos Ultravioleta , Niño , Guarderías Infantiles , Brotes de Enfermedades , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Calor , Humanos , ARN Viral/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Viral/efectos de la radiación , Rotavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Ensayo de Placa ViralRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Rotaviruses, which are among the most important infectious causes of acute diarrhea, frequently cause outbreaks in hospitals, daycare centers, schools, and nursing homes. These viruses can remain viable on inanimate surfaces for many days and infectious rotavirus particles have been recovered from hands and a variety of surfaces and objects. Casual contact can lead to the transfer of these viruses from contaminated to clean surfaces. Therefore, animate and inanimate surfaces may play a complementary role in the spread of these viruses. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compared the capacity of a disinfectant spray (0.1% o-phenylphenol and 79% ethanol), a domestic bleach (6% sodium hypochlorite diluted to give 800 ppm free chlorine), a quarternary ammonium (quat)-based product (7.05% quat diluted 1:128 in tap water), and a phenol-based product (14.7% phenol diluted 1:256 in tap water) to interrupt the transfer of a human rotavirus (DS-1) from stainless steel disks to fingerpads of volunteers with a 10-second contact at a pressure of 1 kg/cm2. DESIGN: Each disk received a 10 microL inoculum containing 1.0 x 10(4) to 7.0 x 10(4) plaque-forming units (PFU) of the virus suspended in 10% feces. The inoculum was dried for 1 hour and overlaid with 20 microL of either tap water or the test product. RESULTS: A 10-minute exposure to tap water reduced the virus titer by 52.3% +/- 11.7%. The disinfectant spray was able to reduce virus infectivity by > 99.99% after a contact of 3 to 10 minutes. The loss in virus infectivity after a 10-minute treatment with the quat was almost the same (54.7% +/- 17.8%) as seen with tap water. The activities of the bleach and the phenolic were very similar with losses in PFU of 97.9% +/- 0.4% and 95% +/- 5.36%, respectively. No detectable virus was transferred to fingerpads from disks treated with disinfectant spray, the bleach, and the phenolic. Contact of the fingerpads with tap water- or quat-treated disks resulted in the transfer of 5.6% +/- 1.1% and 7.6% +/- 2.5% of the remaining infectious virus, respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the care needed in the selection of environmental surface disinfectants in preventing the spread of rotaviral infections.
Asunto(s)
Desinfectantes/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & control , Adulto , Compuestos de Bifenilo/farmacología , Mano/virología , Humanos , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/farmacología , Rotavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Rotavirus/transmisión , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Virología/métodosRESUMEN
Rhinoviruses can survive on environmental surfaces for several hours under ambient conditions. Hands can readily become contaminated after contact with such surfaces, and self-inoculation may lead to infection. Whereas hand washing is crucial in preventing the spread of rhinovirus colds, proper disinfection of environmental surfaces may further reduce rhinovirus transmission. In this study, the capacities of Lysol Disinfectant Spray (0.1% o-phenylphenol and 79% ethanol), a domestic bleach (6% sodium hypochlorite diluted to give 800 ppm of free chlorine), a quaternary ammonium-based product (7.05% quaternary ammonium diluted 1:128 in tap water), and a phenol-based product (14.7% phenol diluted 1:256 in tap water) were compared in interrupting the transfer of rhinovirus type 14 from stainless steel disks to fingerpads of human volunteers upon a 10-s contact at a pressure of 1 kg/cm2. Ten microliters of the virus, suspended in bovine mucin (5 mg/ml), was placed on each disk, and the inoculum was dried under ambient conditions; the input number on each disk ranged from 0.5 x 10(5) to 2.1 x 10(6) PFU. The dried virus was exposed to 20 microliters of the test disinfectant. The Lysol spray was able to reduce virus infectivity by > 99.99% after a contact of either 1 or 10 min, and no detectable virus was transferred to fingerpads from Lysol-treated disks. The bleach (800 ppm of free chlorine) reduced the virus titer by 99.7% after a contact time of 10 min, and again no virus was transferred from the disks treated with it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Desinfectantes/farmacología , Rhinovirus/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Antivirales/farmacología , Resfriado Común/prevención & control , Resfriado Común/transmisión , Cresoles/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , Microbiología Ambiental , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Mano/microbiología , Desinfección de las Manos , Humanos , Fenol , Fenoles/farmacología , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/farmacología , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Ensayo de Placa ViralRESUMEN
A model was developed to examine the effects of disinfectants on the transmission of infectious rotavirus from a dried surface to humans. The initial experiments were designed to find a method of preserving rotavirus infectivity during drying. Culture-adapted human rotavirus (CJN strain) was dried at room temperature in different organic suspensions, including fecal matter, several laboratory media, and nonfat dry milk (NDM). Recoveries of infectious virus were then compared. Fecal matter provided little protection in this study relative to distilled water, but the other suspensions were quite protective, especially NDM, which consistently allowed recoveries of greater than 50%. When 10(3) focus-forming units of unpassaged CJN virus were dried in NDM and administered to subjects who licked the dried material, 100% (8 of 8) became infected. The effect of Lysol brand disinfectant spray (LDS) was next examined. Although NDM provided some protection against inactivation by LDS, spraying under conditions recommended by the manufacturer consistently caused the CJN virus titer to decrease greater than 5 log10. Consumption of CJN virus (10(3) focus-forming units) sprayed with LDS caused no infection in 14 subjects, whereas 13 of 14 subjects who consumed the unsprayed virus became infected (P less than 0.00001). The methods developed in this study could be used to test the effects of other disinfectants on the spread of infectious rotavirus from inanimate surfaces to humans.