RESUMEN

Coastal lagoons are essential nursery habitats of many marine fishes, but they are often sites of intense human activities that impact water quality and potentially the fish using these habitats. We compared the variability in nutrient uptake (using δ15N and δ13C) and total mercury (THg) levels in juveniles and adults of three common species in two lagoons on the central Mexican coast of the Pacific Ocean during the wet and dry seasons. One of three species, Achirus mazatlanus had higher THg, δ15N, and δ13C levels in the lagoon with the greatest wastewater inputs (Barra de Navidad). Delta13C varied seasonally for all three species and THg was higher in the dry season for Lutjanus argentiventris and in males of A. mazatlanus. Our results demonstrate that mercury and stable isotopes can identify impacts of human activities on estuarine ichthyofauna and the importance of understanding seasonal and spatial variability of measures that could impact monitoring and predictions of impacts in these lagoons.

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The main goal of this research was to investigate the differences in diet composition among three species of the genus Lutjanus inhabiting a coastal lagoon as juveniles. The working hypothesis was that these species feed on a common base of food resources and therefore, some niche overlap is present in terms of general diet composition. However, changes in the trophic niche with size and differences in some morphological traits among species explain observed differences in diet. Fish were collected during 42 sampling trips conducted regularly from February 2011 to January 2012 using several types of fishing gear. Total number of analyzed stomachs was 288 for Lutjanus argentiventris from 2.3 to 19.9 cm total length (TL); 178 for Lutjanus colorado ranging from 2.4 to 30.1 cm TL; and 183 for Lutjanus novemfasciatus with 1.2 to 20.0 cm TL. Results indicate that juveniles of all three lutjanid species share a general diet based on decapods and fishes. However, L. novemfasciatus has a more piscivorous habit, which can be explained by a more slender body shape and larger teeth, characteristics, which increase fish catching performance. Larger fish of all three species eat larger prey, which is consistent with the optimum foraging theory.(AU)

Se investigaron las diferencias en la composición de la dieta de juveniles de tres especies del género Lutjanus que habitan una laguna costera. La hipótesis de trabajo fue que estas especies se alimentan de una base común de recursos alimentarios y, por tanto, alguna superposición del nicho está presente en términos de la composición general de la dieta. Sin embargo, los cambios en el nicho trófico con la talla y diferencias entre especies en algunas características morfológicas, explican las diferencias observadas en la dieta. Los peces fueron colectados durante 42 viajes de muestreo realizados de febrero del 2011 a enero del 2012 usando varios tipos de artes de pesca. Se analizaron 288 estómagos de Lutjanus argentiventris de 2.3 a 19.9 cm de largo total (LT); 178 de Lutjanus colorado entre 2.4 y 30.1 cm LT; y 183 de Lutjanus novemfasciatus de 1.2 a 20.0 cm LT. Los resultados indican que los juveniles de las tres especies de lutjánidos comparten una dieta general basada en decápodos y peces. Sin embargo, Lutjanus novemfasciatus tiene un hábito piscívoro mayor, el cual puede ser explicado por la forma del cuerpo más delgada y dientes mayores, características que incrementan la eficiencia para capturar peces. Los peces mayores de las tres especies comieron presas mayores y este cambio ontogénico es consistente con la teoría del forrajeo óptimo.(AU)

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RESUMEN

The main goal of this research was to investigate the differences in diet composition among three species of the genus Lutjanus inhabiting a coastal lagoon as juveniles. The working hypothesis was that these species feed on a common base of food resources and therefore, some niche overlap is present in terms of general diet composition. However, changes in the trophic niche with size and differences in some morphological traits among species explain observed differences in diet. Fish were collected during 42 sampling trips conducted regularly from February 2011 to January 2012 using several types of fishing gear. Total number of analyzed stomachs was 288 for Lutjanus argentiventris from 2.3 to 19.9 cm total length (TL); 178 for Lutjanus colorado ranging from 2.4 to 30.1 cm TL; and 183 for Lutjanus novemfasciatus with 1.2 to 20.0 cm TL. Results indicate that juveniles of all three lutjanid species share a general diet based on decapods and fishes. However, L. novemfasciatus has a more piscivorous habit, which can be explained by a more slender body shape and larger teeth, characteristics, which increase fish catching performance. Larger fish of all three species eat larger prey, which is consistent with the optimum foraging theory.(AU)

Se investigaron las diferencias en la composición de la dieta de juveniles de tres especies del género Lutjanus que habitan una laguna costera. La hipótesis de trabajo fue que estas especies se alimentan de una base común de recursos alimentarios y, por tanto, alguna superposición del nicho está presente en términos de la composición general de la dieta. Sin embargo, los cambios en el nicho trófico con la talla y diferencias entre especies en algunas características morfológicas, explican las diferencias observadas en la dieta. Los peces fueron colectados durante 42 viajes de muestreo realizados de febrero del 2011 a enero del 2012 usando varios tipos de artes de pesca. Se analizaron 288 estómagos de Lutjanus argentiventris de 2.3 a 19.9 cm de largo total (LT); 178 de Lutjanus colorado entre 2.4 y 30.1 cm LT; y 183 de Lutjanus novemfasciatus de 1.2 a 20.0 cm LT. Los resultados indican que los juveniles de las tres especies de lutjánidos comparten una dieta general basada en decápodos y peces. Sin embargo, Lutjanus novemfasciatus tiene un hábito piscívoro mayor, el cual puede ser explicado por la forma del cuerpo más delgada y dientes mayores, características que incrementan la eficiencia para capturar peces. Los peces mayores de las tres especies comieron presas mayores y este cambio ontogénico es consistente con la teoría del forrajeo óptimo.(AU)

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Lagoons are important nursery habitats for fishes but are often sites of intense human activity including wastewater discharges. The goal of this research was to compare stable nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes, total mercury (THg) and other metal levels in four selected fish species among sites with different levels of untreated sewage discharge inside Barra de Navidad coastal lagoon in the Mexican Pacific. Three species from sites heavily impacted by sewage showed higher δ15N and δ13C compared to those from non-impacted sites. In addition, the highest concentrations of THg were present in fish of two species (Sciades guatemalensis and Diapterus brevirostris) collected at the two most impacted sites, and exceeded the 0.2µg/g ww threshold believed to be protective of adult and juvenile fish. No individuals of Achirus mazatlanus and Mugil curema exceeded this threshold, and liver somatic index and condition did not distinguish high from low impacted sites for all species. In general, the metal levels differed among species but not sites, and were lower than what has been measured in fishes elsewhere. The study also provides the first information on several fish species for coastal areas of Mexico, suggests that THg and isotopes can distinguish sewage-impacted sites, and can serve as a baseline for future studies.

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Movement and exchange of individuals among habitats is critical for the dynamics and success of reef fish populations. Size segregation among habitats could be taken as evidence for habitat connectivity, and this would be a first step to formulate hypotheses about ontogenetic inter-habitat migrations. The primary goal of our research was to find evidence of inter-habitat differences in size distributions and density of reef fish species that can be classified a priori as habitat-shifters in an extensive (-600km2) Caribbean shelf area in NW Cuba. We sampled the fish assemblage of selected species using visual census (stationary and transect methods) in 20 stations (sites) located in mangrove roots, patch reefs, inner zone of the crest and fore reef (12-16m depth). In each site, we performed ten censuses for every habitat type in June and September 2009. A total of 11 507 individuals of 34 species were counted in a total of 400 censuses. We found significant differences in densities and size compositions among reef and mangrove habitats, supporting the species-specific use of coastal habitats. Adults were found in all habitats. Reef habitats, mainly patch reefs, seem to be most important for juvenile fish of most species. Mangroves were especially important for two species of snappers (Lutjanus apodus and L. griseus), providing habitat for juveniles. These species also displayed well defined gradients in length composition across the shelf.

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The Almendares River is the largest river draining the area around Havana City, Cuba. The watershed is heavily populated and industrialized, which has had a significant impact on the flow and water quality of the river. The main goal of this study was to analyze the spatial variability in dietary habits, nutrient flow (using stable isotope ratios δ(15)N and δ(13)C), and mercury (Hg) levels along the Almendares River upstream and downstream of point-source discharges using localized fish Gambusia puncticulata. Stomach contents of G. puncticulata were similar among these sites. However, mean δ(15)N values ranged from 6 to 18 ‰ across sites and were lower in fish from downstream than upstream sites, suggesting localized influences of nutrient inputs along the river. δ(13)C values were between -22 and -25 ‰, except at a mid-basin site (-26 to -27‰), indicating that fish relied on similar carbon sources at most sites. Total mercury concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.49 µg/g wet weight whole body and were unrelated to the among-site differences in δ(15)N, but Hg exceeded the threshold considered to be protective of fish health (0.2 µg/g ww whole body) in the majority of fish from all sites but one. Results of this study indicate that although the dietary habits of this species do not vary across sites, tissue differences in δ(15)N, δ(13)C and Hg show little movement of this species among sites. Localized effects of human activities on nutrients and metals may be affecting the health of this species and posing a risk to other consumers in the ecosystem.

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