RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of employee alcohol and drug use on crashes in the transit industry from 1995-2000. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of federally mandated post crash and random alcohol and drug testing results. SETTING: The US transit industry. SUBJECTS: Transit industry employees. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risk (RR), population attributable risk (PAR), and population attributable risk percentage (PAR%). RESULTS: For alcohol testing, the estimated PAR% ranged from 0.02% (1999) to 0.03% (1995). For drug testing, the estimated PAR% ranged from 0.38% (1998) to 0.67% (1997). Based on these calculations, the estimated number of crashes per 1000 crashes attributable to alcohol was less than one during 1995-2000, and the number attributable to drugs ranged from about four to about six. The number of crashes attributable to either alcohol or drugs did not vary greatly from 1995-2000. Estimated rates of crashes attributable to alcohol or drugs were substantially lower in 1995, the first year of testing, than had been projected based on previous estimates, and did not show substantial change from 1995-2000. CONCLUSIONS: Approaches to transit safety based on reducing employee use of alcohol and other drugs have modest potential for reducing number of fatalities, injuries, and crashes.
Asunto(s)
Accidentes de Tránsito/estadística & datos numéricos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Transportes , Accidentes de Tránsito/prevención & control , Pruebas Respiratorias , Humanos , Incidencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health problem in the United States. Results from a 1995 national study indicated that 23 percent of the black couples, 11.5 percent of the white couples, and 17 percent of the Hispanic couples surveyed reported an incident of male-to-female partner violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. The rate of female-to-male partner violence was also high: 15 percent among white couples, 30 percent among black couples, and 21 percent among Hispanic couples. The higher prevalence of IPV among ethnic minorities, compared with whites, cannot be explained by any single factor, but seems to be related to risk factors associated with the individual, the type of relationship between partners, and factors in the environment. Alcohol plays an important part in IPV. The study found that 30 to 40 percent of the men and 27 to 34 percent of the women who perpetrated violence against their partners were drinking at the time of the event. Alcohol-related problems were associated with IPV among blacks and whites, but not among Hispanics. Alcohol's role in partner violence may be explained by people's expectations that alcohol will have a disinhibitory effect on behavior or by alcohol's direct physiological disinhibitory effect. It is also possible that people consciously use alcohol as an excuse for their violent behavior or that alcohol appears to be associated with violence because both heavier drinking and violence have common predictors, such as an impulsive personality.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia Doméstica/etnología , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/etnología , Violencia Doméstica/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Características de la Residencia , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Using reports from both partners, this study estimated prevalence rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) among white, black, and Hispanic couples in the U.S., and assessed the contribution of drinking patterns, psychosocial, and other sociodemographic factors to the risk of partner violence. METHODS: A multistage area probability sample consisting of 555 white, 358 black, and 527 Hispanic couples in the U.S. household population was interviewed in 1995. Logistic regression analyses revealed that predictors of IPV vary by ethnicity. RESULTS: Rates of male-to-female (MFPV) and female-to-male partner violence (FMPV) were highest among black couples (23% and 30%), followed by Hispanic (17% and 21%), and white couples (12% and 16%). Between 27 percent and 41 percent of the men, and 4 percent and 24 percent of the women were drinking at the time of the violent incident. IMPLICATIONS: Black and Hispanic couples are at higher risk for IPV than white couples and should be targeted for prevention intervention. The interrelationships among IPV, alcohol consumption, and ethnicity are complex. These findings suggest that future attempts at modeling IPV should be ethnically sensitive and, ideally, include separate analyses of each ethnic group.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Maltrato Conyugal/etnología , Violencia/etnología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Anciano , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/etnología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/prevención & control , Comparación Transcultural , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Maltrato Conyugal/prevención & control , Estados Unidos , Violencia/prevención & control , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
A brief overview of the prevalence of violence in women's lives and psychological and physical consequences of these experiences is presented, with special attention to populations of women with alcohol and other drug problems. Barriers to identification of violent victimization within health care settings are discussed. Finally, potential areas for further consideration regarding policy, practice, and research are identified. The relationships between women's experiences of violent victimization and their use of alcohol and drugs are documented, although prior research has not fully explored or explained the etiologic nature of these relationships. Of additional importance is the recognition that various forms of violence occur throughout a single life span. Women's histories of violent victimization negatively affect their children, and thus, intergenerational issues are of concern. Understanding how the combined problems of alcohol and drugs interconnect with violence is relevant to the delivery of health services for women.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholismo/terapia , Víctimas de Crimen , Violencia Doméstica , Salud de la Mujer , Adolescente , Adulto , Alcoholismo/psicología , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Violencia Doméstica/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Heridas y Lesiones/psicologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study assessed the contribution of neighborhood poverty, measured at the census tract level, to the risk of male-to-female and female-to-male partner violence (MFPV, FMPV) among white, black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. METHODS: As part of the 1995 National Alcohol Survey, a representative sample of married/cohabiting couples was obtained through a multistage, multicluster household probability sampling frame. The outcome variables, MFPV and FMPV, were measured through the Conflict Tactics Scale, Form R. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, and alcohol consumption covariates that were statistically significant through bivariate analysis were retained as individual-level predictors. Neighborhood poverty, indicating residence in a census tract where greater than 20% of the population lived below the Federal poverty line, was assessed by appending 1990 Census data to the primary data set. Multilevel logistic regression models were constructed, with separate analyses performed for each outcome (MFPV, FMPV) among the white, black, and Hispanic couples. RESULTS: Couples residing in impoverished neighborhoods are at increased risk for both MFPV and FMPV. The association between residence in an impoverished neighborhood and MFPV was statistically significant for black couples (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.87; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.36, 6.07). The association between residence in an impoverished neighborhood and FMPV was statistically significant for black couples and white couples. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of the socioenvironment, such as neighborhood poverty, are associated with the risk of partner violence, particularly among black couples. Policies aimed at reducing community poverty may contribute to effective partner violence prevention strategies.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Áreas de Pobreza , Maltrato Conyugal/etnología , Maltrato Conyugal/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Muestreo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study analyzes gender and ethnic/racial differences in the prevalence of alcohol-related problems among white, black and Hispanic couples in the United States, and assesses their contribution to the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV). METHODS: Our study population consisted of 1440 white, black, and Hispanic couples obtained through a multistage area household probability sample from the 1995 National Alcohol Survey. Alcohol-related problems (i.e., drinking consequences and alcohol dependence symptoms in the last 12 months) were assessed among respondents and their partners. Male-to-female and female-to-male partner violence (MFPV, FMPV) were measured separately using the Conflict Tactics Scale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol-related problems were more prevalent among men than women. Our bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between male alcohol-related problems and IPV across racial/ethnic groups, and a similar association between female alcohol-related problems and IPV for white and black couples. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, however, many of these associations were attenuated. After controlling for sociodemographic and psychosocial covariates, male alcohol-related problems were no longer significantly associated with an increased risk of MFPV among white or Hispanic couples. Female alcohol-related problems predicted FMPV, but not MFPV, among white couples. Among black couples, however, male and female alcohol-related problems remained strong predictors of intimate partner violence. SIGNIFICANCE: Alcohol-related problems are important predictors of intimate partner violence, and the exact association between problems and violence seems to be ethnic-specific. Alcohol-related problems, rather than level of alcohol consumption, may be the more relevant factor to consider in the alcohol-partner violence association. Future research is needed to explore the temporal relationships between the development of alcohol-related problems and the occurrence of partner violence.