RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) expression in anal biopsies from HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals, and compare that to anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) diagnoses and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study of a cohort of 54 HIV+ (31 males and 23 females) from an AIDS clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: The study material consisted of anorectal tissue biopsies obtained from HIV+ subjects, which were used to construct tissue microarray paraffin blocks for immunohistochemical analysis of SLPI expression. Biopsies were evaluated by an expert pathologist and classified as low-grade AIN1, high-grade AIN2/3, or normal squamous epithelium. In addition, DNA from the biopsies was extracted and analyzed for the presence of low- or high-risk HPV DNA. RESULTS: Histologically, normal squamous epithelium from the anorectal region showed strong positive SLPI staining in 17/20 (85%) samples. In comparison, 9/17 (53%) dysplastic squamous epithelial samples from AIN1 patients showed strong SLPI staining, and only 5/17 (29%) samples from AIN2/3 patients exhibited strong SPLI staining, which both were significantly fewer than those from normal tissue (P = 0.005). Furthermore, there was a significantly higher proportion of samples in which oncogenic high-risk HPV genotypes were detected in low SLPI-expressing tissues than that in tissues with high SLPI expression (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together these results suggest that low SLPI expression is associated with high-risk HPV infections in the development of AIN.
Asunto(s)
Alphapapillomavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades del Ano/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Inhibidor Secretorio de Peptidasas Leucocitarias/metabolismo , Adulto , Enfermedades del Ano/metabolismo , Enfermedades del Ano/patología , Enfermedades del Ano/virología , Biopsia , Brasil , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are frequently asymptomatic and increase the likelihood of transmitting and acquiring HIV. In Brazil, the guidelines for STDs diagnosis and treatment are based on the syndromic approach. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) has been recommended as routine STDs screening in some countries, especially for men who have sex with men (MSM). Limited data are available about how to best define target groups for routine screening by NAATs within this population. We aimed to assess the prevalence of rectal and urethral Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections and syphilis, and the factors associated with having at least one STD among HIV-infected and uninfected MSM in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: From August 2010 to June 2012, 391 MSM were enrolled into the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-INI-Fiocruz cohort, and 292 MSM (HIV-infected:211 and HIV-uninfected:81) were included in this study. NAATs were performed on the rectal swabs and urine for CT and NG. The rapid plasma reagin test and microhemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum were performed for syphilis diagnosis. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of STD was 20.0% (95%CI:15.7-25.1): 10% anorectal chlamydia; syphilis 9.9%; anorectal gonorrheae 2.5%; and urethral chlamydia 2.2%; no case of urethral gonorrheae was detected. The proportion of HIV-positive MSM who had at least one STD was nearly two times that of HIV-negative MSM (22.6% vs 13.2%; P = 0.09). The frequency of each STD, except for anorectal NG (1.5% vs.5.2%), was higher among HIV-positive than HIV-negative individuals. Among the 211 asymptomatic participants, 17.5% (n = 37) were identified as having at least one STD; 10.4% (n = 22/211) tested positive for anorectal chlamydia. Sixty five percent of HIV-positive MSM were asymptomatic at the time of the STD diagnosis, while 100.0% of the HIV-negative MSM. Age (APR = 0.78; 95%CI:0.60-1.00 for each additional ten years) and a positive-HIV serostatus (APR = 2.05; 95%CI:1.03-4.08) were significantly associated with STD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: An overall high STD-prevalence rate was observed, especially among HIV-infected and in younger individuals, and the majority of STDs were asymptomatic. STD screening using NAATs among asymptomatic MSM is a potentially cost-effective intervention for the prevention of HIV infection among MSM.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Homosexualidad Masculina/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Adulto , Brasil , Infecciones por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Chlamydia/epidemiología , Chlamydia trachomatis , Estudios Transversales , Gonorrea/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico , Prevalencia , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Sífilis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Combined antiretroviral therapy is now acknowledged for preventing new HIV infections, besides decreasing mortality and morbidity. However, in many Latin America countries the epidemic is still driven by unprotected sexual intercourse. This study aims to describe sexual practices related to HIV/STD and to evaluate factors associated to unprotected sex among men who have sex with women (MSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM) under care at a reference center for HIV in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A cross-sectional study, nested in a Brazilian clinical cohort, evaluated the sexual practices of 404 sexually active HIV-positive MSW and men who have MSM. Approximately 30 % of them reported unprotected sexual practices during the 6 months prior to the interview. Most frequent risky practices reported were unprotected vaginal sex among MSW and unprotected receptive anal sex among MSM. Factors increasing the chance of unprotected sexual practices among MSW were the partner's desire of becoming pregnant (OR 2.81; CI 95 %: 1.36-5.95). To have received comments about excessive consumption of alcohol (OR 2.43; CI 95 %: 1.01-5.83), illicit drug use (OR 4.41; CI 95 %: 1.75-11.60) and lived in marital situation (OR 2.10; CI 95 %: 1.09-4.08) were significantly associated with unsafe sexual practices among MSM. The results highlight that health care of men living with HIV, as well as the prevention strategies, must consider the particularities of sexual behavior practiced by people who differ in sexual orientation.
Asunto(s)
Seropositividad para VIH , Heterosexualidad , Homosexualidad Masculina , Sexo Inseguro , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/prevención & control , Adulto , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Conducta Sexual , Parejas Sexuales , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Cell cycle protein expression plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cervical cancer. However, few studies have attempted to correlate the use of these biomarkers with the clinical progression of the tumor. OBJECTIVES: 1) To analyze the expression of Ki-67, p53 and p16(INK4a) in cervical cancer, 2) to correlate the relative expression of these proteins as well as clinical parameters with the stage of disease, and 3) to determine the HPV DNA prevalence and subtype distribution. METHODS: Tissue Micro-Arrays (TMA) from patients with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and controls were analyzed. HPV DNA detection was done by PCR and in situ hybridization. Ki-67, p53 and p16(INK4a) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry; clinical data was derived from the chart review. RESULTS: Advanced tumor stage (III and IV) was strongly associated (p<0.005) with advanced age (>55 years old), with more than four pregnancies and with the lack of formal education. HPV DNA was found in 94.3% of cases with the most prevalent types being HPV16 (67.5%), followed by HPV33 (12.0%) and HPV35 (3.6%). High expression of Ki-67 and p16 was more common in the advanced FIGO stages (pâ=â0.023). Women with HPV16 tended to be younger (50.9 years; SE 1.9) compared to women with other types (59.9 years; SE 2.8). CONCLUSION: We found that Ki-67 and p16 expression were independently associated with the tumor stage. We also noted that about 1/3 of the cervical cancers in this Brazilian cohort were not associated with HPV types directly targeted by the current HPV vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Estudios de Cohortes , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/genética , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Prevalencia , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/genética , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Although several studies have evaluated the role of p16(INK4a) as a diagnostic marker of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and its association with disease progression, studies regarding the role of p16(INK4a) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients remain scarce. The present study was designed to determine the potential utility of p16(INK4a) as a diagnostic marker for CIN and invasive cervical cancer in HIV-positive and negative cervical specimens. An immunohistochemical analysis of p16(INK4a) was performed in 326 cervical tissue microarray specimens. Performance indicators were calculated and compared using receiving operating characteristics curve (ROC)/area under the curve. In HIV-1-negative women, the percentage of cells that was positive for p16(INK4a) expression was significantly correlated with the severity of CIN (p < 0.0001). A ROC curve with a cut-off value of 55.28% resulted in a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 81%, a positive predictive value of 91% and a negative predictive value of 78%. HIV-seropositive women exhibited decreased expression of p16(INK4a) in CIN2-3 specimens compared with HIV-negative specimens (p = 0.031). The ROC data underscore the potential utility of p16(INK4a) under defined conditions as a diagnostic marker for CIN 2-3 staging and invasive cervical cancer. HIV-1 infection, however, is associated with relatively reduced p16(INK4a) expression in CIN 2-3.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , VIH-1 , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Curva ROC , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/metabolismo , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/complicaciones , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/metabolismoRESUMEN
Although several studies have evaluated the role of p16INK4a as a diagnostic marker of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and its association with disease progression, studies regarding the role of p16INK4a in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients remain scarce. The present study was designed to determine the potential utility of p16INK4a as a diagnostic marker for CIN and invasive cervical cancer in HIV-positive and negative cervical specimens. An immunohistochemical analysis of p16INK4a was performed in 326 cervical tissue microarray specimens. Performance indicators were calculated and compared using receiving operating characteristics curve (ROC)/area under the curve. In HIV-1-negative women, the percentage of cells that was positive for p16INK4a expression was significantly correlated with the severity of CIN (p < 0.0001). A ROC curve with a cut-off value of 55.28% resulted in a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 81%, a positive predictive value of 91% and a negative predictive value of 78%. HIV-seropositive women exhibited decreased expression of p16INK4a in CIN2-3 specimens compared with HIV-negative specimens (p = 0.031). The ROC data underscore the potential utility of p16INK4a under defined conditions as a diagnostic marker for CIN 2-3 staging and invasive cervical cancer. HIV-1 infection, however, is associated with relatively reduced p16INK4a expression in CIN 2-3.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/diagnóstico , /metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/complicaciones , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , VIH-1 , Inmunohistoquímica , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Curva ROC , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) are highly expressed in actively replicating cells. The need for biological markers for cervical carcinoma and its precursor lesions is emerging. Our main aim was to determine the immunohistochemical expression of MCM-2 in HIV-positive and -negative dysplastic cervical specimens. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis of MCM-2 was performed in a total of 352 cervical TMA specimens of normal control, low-grade CIN, high-grade CIN and invasive tumor. 38 specimens were from HIV-positive women. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the best cutoff to diagnose high-grade CIN and invasive cervical cancer. RESULTS: In the progression from normal epithelium to high-grade CIN and invasive tumor we found significant differences in the MCM-2 expression (p<0.05). Based on the ROC curve of 80% with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78, expression of MCM-2 to diagnose high-grade CIN and invasive tumor resulted in sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 66%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 86% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 57%. HIV-positive cervices revealed a decreasing expression of MCM-2 in both LGCIN and HGCIN compared with HIV-negative specimens (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that immunohistochemical MCM-2 may not be a promising biomarker for diagnosing high-grade CIN and invasive cancer.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/biosíntesis , Proteínas Nucleares/biosíntesis , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Adulto , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Cuello del Útero/patología , Cuello del Útero/virología , Coinfección , Epitelio/metabolismo , Epitelio/patología , Epitelio/virología , Femenino , Expresión Génica , VIH/fisiología , Infecciones por VIH/metabolismo , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Componente 2 del Complejo de Mantenimiento de Minicromosoma , Clasificación del Tumor , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Papillomaviridae/fisiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/metabolismo , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Curva ROC , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/virologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of HIV rapid testing for pregnant women at maternity hospital admission and of subsequent interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. METHODS: Study based on a convenience sample of women unaware of their HIV serostatus when they were admitted to delivery in public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, Brazil, between March 2000 and April 2002. Women were counseled and tested using the Determine HIV1/2 Rapid Test. HIV infection was confirmed using the Brazilian algorithm for HIV infection diagnosis. In utero transmission of HIV was determined using HIV-DNA-PCR. There were performed descriptive analyses of sociodemographic data, number of previous pregnancies and abortions, number of prenatal care visits, timing of HIV testing, HIV rapid test result, neonatal and mother-to-child transmission interventions, by city studied. RESULTS: HIV prevalence in women was 6.5 percent (N=1,439) in Porto Alegre and 1.3 percent (N=3.778) in Rio de Janeiro. In Porto Alegre most of women were tested during labor (88.7 percent), while in Rio de Janeiro most were tested in the postpartum (67.5 percent). One hundred and forty-four infants were born to 143 HIV-infected women. All newborns but one in each city received at least prophylaxis with oral zidovudine. It was possible to completely avoid newborn exposure to breast milk in 96.8 percent and 51.1 percent of the cases in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Injectable intravenous zidovudine was administered during labor to 68.8 percent and 27.7 percent newborns in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Among those from whom blood samples were collected within 48 hours of birth, in utero transmission of HIV was confirmed in 4 cases in Rio de Janeiro (4/47) and 6 cases in Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSIONS: The strategy proved feasible in maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre. Efforts must be taken to maximize HIV testing during labor. There is a need of strong social support to provide this population access to health care services after hospital discharge.
OBJETIVO: Analisar a viabilidade da testagem rápida para o HIV entre gestantes na admissão à maternidade e de intervenções para reduzir a transmissão perinatal do HIV. MÉTODOS: Amostra de conveniência de mulheres que desconheciam sua situação sorológica para o HIV quando admitidas para o parto em maternidades públicas do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, e de Porto Alegre, RS, entre março de 2000 e abril de 2002. As mulheres foram aconselhadas e testadas com teste rápido Determine HIV1/2 na maternidade. Infecção pelo HIV foi confirmada pelo algoritmo brasileiro para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV. A transmissão intra-útero foi determinada pelo PCR-DNA-HIV. Foram realizadas análises descritivas dos dados sociodemográficos, número de gestações e de abortos prévios, número de visitas de pré-natal, momento da testagem para o HIV, resultado do teste rápido para o HIV, intervenções recebidas pelos recém-natos e de transmissão vertical do HIV, de acordo com cada cidade. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de HIV entre as mulheres foi 6,5 por cento (N=1.439) em Porto Alegre e 1,3 por cento (N=3.778) no Rio de Janeiro. A maioria foi testada durante o trabalho de parto em Porto Alegre e no pós-parto, no Rio de Janeiro. Cento e quarenta e quatro crianças nasceram de 143 mulheres infectadas pelo HIV. Todos os recém-natos receberam ao menos a profilaxia com zidovudina oral, exceto um em cada cidade. Foi possível evitar qualquer exposição ao leite materno em 96,8 por cento e 51,1 por cento dos recém-natos em Porto Alegre e no Rio de Janeiro, respectivamente. A zidovudina injetável foi administrada durante o trabalho de parto para 68,8 por cento dos recém-natos em Porto Alegre e 27,7 por cento no Rio de Janeiro. Entre aqueles com amostras de sangue coletadas até 48 horas do nascimento, a transmissão intra-útero foi confirmada em quatro casos no Rio de Janeiro (4/47) e em seis casos em Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSÕES: A estratégia mostrou-se factível nas maternidades do Rio de Janeiro e de Porto Alegre. Esforços devem ser empreendidos para maximizar a testagem durante o trabalho de parto. Forte suporte social precisa ser acoplado a essa estratégia para garantir o acesso dessa população ao sistema de saúde após a alta da maternidade.
OBJETIVO: Analizar la viabilidad de evaluación rápida del HIV entre gestantes en la admisión en la maternidad y de intervenciones para reducir la transmisión perinatal del HIV. MÉTODOS: Muestra de conveniencia de mujeres que desconocían su situación serológica para el HIV al ser admitidas para el parto en maternidades públicas de Rio de Janeiro (Sureste) y de Porto alegre (Sur de Brasil), entre marzo de 2000 y abril de 2002. Las mujeres fueron aconsejadas y evaluadas con prueba rápida Determine HIV1/2 en la maternidad. Infección por el HIV fue confirmada por el algoritmo brasilero para el diagnóstico de la infección por el HIV. La transmisión intra- útero fue determinada por el PCR-DNA-HIV. Fueron realizados análisis descriptivos de los datos sociodemográficos, número de gestaciones y de abortos previos, número de visitas de prenatal, momento de la evaluación para el HIV, resultado de la prueba rápida para el HIV, intervenciones recibidas por los recién nacidos y de transmisión vertical del HIV, de acuerdo con cada ciudad. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de HIV entre las mujeres fue de 6,5 por ciento (N=1.439) en Porto Alegre y 1,3 por ciento (N=3,778) en Rio de Janeiro. La mayoría fue evaluada durante el trabajo de parto en Porto Alegre y en el postparto, en Rio de Janeiro. Ciento y cuarenta y cuatro niños nacieron de 143 mujeres infectadas por el HIV. Todos los recién nacidos recibieron al menos la profilaxia con zidovudina oral, excepto uno en cada ciudad. Fue posible evitar cualquier exposición a la leche materna en 96,8 por ciento y 51,1 por ciento de los recién nacidos en Porto Alegre y en Rio de Janeiro, respectivamente. La zidovudina inyectable fue administrada durante el trabajo de parto a 68,8 por ciento de los recién nacidos en Porto Alegre y 27,7 por ciento en Rio de Janeiro. Entre aquellos con muestras de sangre colectadas hasta 48 horas de nacimiento, la transmisión intra-útero fue confirmada en cuatro casos en Rio de Janeiro (4/47) y en seis casos en Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSIONES: La estrategia se mostró factible en las maternidades de Rio de Janeiro y de Porto Alegre. Esfuerzos deben ser emprendidos para maximizar la evaluación durante el trabajo de parto. Fuerte soporte social precisa ser acoplado a esa estrategia para garantizar el acceso de dicha población al sistema de salud posterior a ser dado de alta de la maternidad.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Adulto Joven , Serodiagnóstico del SIDA , Infecciones por VIH , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Fármacos Anti-VIH , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Estudios de Factibilidad , Infecciones por VIH , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/estadística & datos numéricos , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Prevalencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , ZidovudinaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of HIV rapid testing for pregnant women at maternity hospital admission and of subsequent interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. METHODS: Study based on a convenience sample of women unaware of their HIV serostatus when they were admitted to delivery in public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, Brazil, between March 2000 and April 2002. Women were counseled and tested using the Determine HIV1/2 Rapid Test. HIV infection was confirmed using the Brazilian algorithm for HIV infection diagnosis. In utero transmission of HIV was determined using HIV-DNA-PCR. There were performed descriptive analyses of sociodemographic data, number of previous pregnancies and abortions, number of prenatal care visits, timing of HIV testing, HIV rapid test result, neonatal and mother-to-child transmission interventions, by city studied. RESULTS: HIV prevalence in women was 6.5% (N=1,439) in Porto Alegre and 1.3% (N=3.778) in Rio de Janeiro. In Porto Alegre most of women were tested during labor (88.7%), while in Rio de Janeiro most were tested in the postpartum (67.5%). One hundred and forty-four infants were born to 143 HIV-infected women. All newborns but one in each city received at least prophylaxis with oral zidovudine. It was possible to completely avoid newborn exposure to breast milk in 96.8% and 51.1% of the cases in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Injectable intravenous zidovudine was administered during labor to 68.8% and 27.7% newborns in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Among those from whom blood samples were collected within 48 hours of birth, in utero transmission of HIV was confirmed in 4 cases in Rio de Janeiro (4/47) and 6 cases in Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSIONS: The strategy proved feasible in maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre. Efforts must be taken to maximize HIV testing during labor. There is a need of strong social support to provide this population access to health care services after hospital discharge.
Asunto(s)
Serodiagnóstico del SIDA , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-VIH/administración & dosificación , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/estadística & datos numéricos , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto Joven , Zidovudina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Quality of labor care has been recognized as a major factor for prevention of obstetric complications which can lead to maternal, perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study was to assess quality of labor care by gestational risk and type of health provider. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study of labor care provided to 574 pregnant women. Stratified sampling in 20 Unified Health System maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out between 1999 and 2001. Quality of labor care was assessed by gestational risk and type of health provider. Statistical analyses consisted of variance analysis and the analysis of difference between proportions. RESULTS: Of all women studied, 29.6% were classified at obstetric risk. Although hypertension is the main cause of maternal death in Brazil, 71.6% did not have their prelabor blood pressure measured. Five measures were taken on average per parturient and the lowest rate was found in privately insured hospitals (average of 2.9). As to humanized health care, only 21.4% of the parturients had an accompanying person on their side during labor, 75.7% were submitted to intravenous hydration and 24.3% to amniotomy. The single care-related factor that varied by obstetric risk was frequency of blood pressure measures: high-risk parturients had their blood pressure measured twice as much as those low-risk women (mean 0.36 vs. 0.18 measures/h, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: In general, low-risk parturients were submitted to unnecessary interventions while high-risk women did not receive adequate care. As a result, there are poor perinatal outcomes, high cesarean rates and high maternal mortality rates, which do not reflect health care investments and technology available.
Asunto(s)
Parto Obstétrico/normas , Mortalidad Materna , Atención Perinatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Brasil/epidemiología , Cesárea/normas , Cesárea/estadística & datos numéricos , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Femenino , Maternidades/normas , Maternidades/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Servicios de Salud Materna , Centros de Salud Materno-Infantil , Atención Perinatal/normas , Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo , Sector Privado , Sector Público , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: A qualidade da assistência ao trabalho de parto tem sido reconhecida na prevenção de complicações obstétricas que podem levar à morbi-mortalidade materna, perinatal e neonatal. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a qualidade da assistência ao trabalho de parto segundo o risco gestacional e tipo de prestador. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de observação da assistência ao trabalho de parto de 574 mulheres, selecionadas por amostra estratificada em 20 maternidades do Sistema Único de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), entre 1999 e 2001. A qualidade da assistência foi analisada segundo o risco gestacional e o tipo de prestador. Utilizaram-se procedimentos estatísticos de análise de variância e de diferença de proporções. RESULTADOS: Do total da amostra, 29,6 por cento das gestantes foram classificadas como de risco. Apesar da hipertensão ser a causa mais importante de morte materna no Brasil, a pressão arterial não foi aferida em 71,6 por cento das gestantes durante a observação no pré-parto. Em média foram feitas cinco aferições por parturiente, sendo o menor número nos hospitais conveniados privados (média de 2,9). Quanto à humanização da assistência, observou-se que apenas 21,4 por cento das parturientes tiveram a presença de acompanhante no pré-parto, 75,7 por cento foram submetidas à hidratação venosa e 24,3 por cento à amniotomia. O único tipo de cuidado que variou segundo o risco obstétrico foi a freqüência da aferição da pressão arterial, em que as gestantes de risco foram monitoradas o dobro de vezes em relação às demais (média de 0,36 x 0,18 aferições/h respectivamente, p=0,006). CONCLUSÕES: De modo geral, as gestantes de baixo risco são submetidas a intervenções desnecessárias e as de alto risco não recebem cuidado adequado. Como conseqüência, os resultados perinatais são desfavoráveis e as taxas de cesariana e de mortalidade materna são incompatíveis com os investimentos e a tecnologia disponível.
OBJECTIVE: Quality of labor care has been recognized as a major factor for prevention of obstetric complications which can lead to maternal, perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study was to assess quality of labor care by gestational risk and type of health provider. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study of labor care provided to 574 pregnant women. Stratified sampling in 20 Unified Health System maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out between 1999 and 2001. Quality of labor care was assessed by gestational risk and type of health provider. Statistical analyses consisted of variance analysis and the analysis of difference between proportions. RESULTS: Of all women studied, 29.6 percent were classified at obstetric risk. Although hypertension is the main cause of maternal death in Brazil, 71.6 percent did not have their prelabor blood pressure measured. Five measures were taken on average per parturient and the lowest rate was found in privately insured hospitals (average of 2.9). As to humanized health care, only 21.4 percent of the parturients had an accompanying person on their side during labor, 75.7 percent were submitted to intravenous hydration and 24.3 percent to amniotomy. The single care-related factor that varied by obstetric risk was frequency of blood pressure measures: high-risk parturients had their blood pressure measured twice as much as those low-risk women (mean 0.36 vs. 0.18 measures/h, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: In general, low-risk parturients were submitted to unnecessary interventions while high-risk women did not receive adequate care. As a result, there are poor perinatal outcomes, high cesarean rates and high maternal mortality rates, which do not reflect health care investments and technology available.
OBJETIVO: La calidad de asistencia en el trabajo de parto ha sido reconocida en la prevención de complicaciones obstétricas que pueden llevar a la morbi-mortalidad maternal, perinatal y neonatal. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la calidad de la asistencia en el trabajo de parto de acuerdo con el riesgo gestacional y tipo de asistencia médica. MÉTODOS: Se realizó estudio transversal de observación de la asistencia en el trabajo de parto de 574 mujeres, seleccionadas por muestra estratificada en 20 maternidades del Sistema Único de Salud de Rio de Janerio (Sureste de Brasil), entre 1999 y 2001. La calidad de asistencia fue analizada de acuerdo con el riesgo gestacional y tipo de asistencia médica. Se utilizaron procedimientos estadísticos de análisis de varianza y de diferencia de proporciones. RESULTADOS: Del total de la muestra, 29,6 por ciento de las gestantes fueron clasificadas como de riesgo. A pesar de la hipertensión ser una de las causas más importantes de la muerte materna en Brasil, la presión arterial no fue evaluada en 71,6 por ciento de las gestantes durante la observación en pre-parto. En promedio se realizaron cinco estimaciones por parturienta, siendo el menor número en los hospitales con convenios privados (promedio 2,9). Con relación a la humanización de la asistencia, se observó que apenas 21,4 por ciento de las parturientas tuvieron la presencia de acompañante en el pre-parto, 75,7 por ciento fueron sometidas a hidratación venosa y 24,3 por ciento a amniotomía. El único tipo de cuidado que varió según el riesgo obstétrico fue la frecuencia de estimación de la presión arterial, en el que las gestantes de riesgo fueron monitoreadas doblemente con relación a las demás (promedio de 0,36 x 0,18 estimaciones/h respectivamente, p=0,006). CONCLUSIONES: De modo general, las gestantes de bajo riesgo son sometidas a intervenciones innecesarias y las de alto riesgo no reciben el cuidado adecuado. En consecuencia, los resultados ...
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Parto Obstétrico/normas , Mortalidad Materna , Atención Perinatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Brasil/epidemiología , Cesárea/normas , Cesárea/estadística & datos numéricos , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Maternidades/normas , Maternidades/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios de Salud Materna , Centros de Salud Materno-Infantil , Atención Perinatal/normas , Resultado del Embarazo , Sector Privado , Sector Público , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major determinant of population disease burden worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess self-reported morbidity associated to STIs according to gender. METHODS: The study data were obtained from a 2005 study consisting of a multistage probabilistic sample of 5,040 respondents, aged 16-65 years, living in urban areas in Brazil. These data were compared with those from a previous 1998 study. Bivariate analyses were carried out using Pearson's chi-square test and simple linear regression followed by logistic regression. RESULTS: In both men and women, the variables: previous HIV testing, personal belief in unfaithful love, and number of sexual partners in a lifetime were significantly associated to STIs. In women only, the covariates: low family income, living in the Center-West, Southeast and South regions, and reporting of physical violence were independently associated to STIs. In men, the variables associated were: age group (35 years or more), living in the South region and in the state of São Paulo, and self-perceived HIV infection risk. CONCLUSIONS: Signs and symptoms associated to STIs have strong gender differences in the general population and education interventions should be specifically targeted to either men or women.
Asunto(s)
Identidad de Género , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Brasil/epidemiología , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Asunción de Riesgos , Distribución por Sexo , Factores Sexuales , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Parejas Sexuales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between utilization patterns for condoms and other contraceptive methods and the consumption of alcohol and drugs. METHODS: Exploratory study based on data from a probabilistic sample of 5,040 interviewees aged 16 to 65 years living in large urban regions of Brazil in 2005. The data were collected by means of questionnaires. The chi-square automatic interaction classification tree technique was used to study the use of condoms among interviewees of both sexes and other contraceptive methods among women, at the time of the last vaginal sexual intercourse. RESULTS: Among young and middle-aged adults of both sexes and young men in stable relationships, condom use was less frequent among those who said they used psychoactive substances (alcohol and/or illegal drugs). The possible modulating effect of psychoactive substances on contraceptive practices among mature women seems to be more straightforward, compared to the more subtle effects observed among younger women, for whom the different social classes they belonged to seemed to play a more important role. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations resulting from an exploratory study, the fact that this was a representative sample of the urban population of Brazil and not from vulnerable populations, reinforces the need to implement integrated public policies directed towards the general population, with regard to preventing drug consumption, alcohol abuse, sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancy and promoting sexual and reproductive health.
Asunto(s)
Anticoncepción/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicotrópicos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/transmisión , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Brasil/epidemiología , Condones/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Anticonceptiva , Femenino , Fertilidad/fisiología , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vigilancia de la Población , Reproducción/fisiología , Asunción de Riesgos , Distribución por Sexo , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: O uso contínuo da terapêutica anti-retroviral (TARV) está associado à ocorrência de diversos distúrbios metabólicos. OBJETIVO: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de dislipidemia em pacientes com vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV/AIDS) atendidos no ambulatório de doenças infecciosas do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HUPE/UERJ). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: No período de 1/10/2004 a 30/5/2005, os participantes do estudo responderam a uma entrevista sobre dados demográficos e relativos à saúde. Após a entrevista foram verificadas as seguintes medidas: peso, altura, cintura e quadril. Foi coletado sangue para realização de dosagem plasmática de colesterol total (CT), colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C) e triglicerídeos (TG). Dos 268 pacientes que compareceram à consulta no período de estudo, 23 não se apresentaram para a coleta de sangue e 10 não quiseram participar. O modelo de regressão de Poisson foi empregado para encontrar variáveis associadas à dislipidemia. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 235 pacientes, dos quais 182 (77,5 por cento) tinham dislipidemia; houve prevalência maior no sexo masculino (69,8 por cento) do que no feminino (30,2 por cento); e 26,9 por cento tinham antecedentes familiares de dislipidemia contra 15,1 por cento sem este antecedente. Para o tempo de uso de TARV, tanto a média quanto a mediana foram maiores no grupo de pacientes com dislipidemia. CONCLUSÃO: Em nosso estudo, a prevalência de dislipidemia em portadores de HIV/AIDS foi alta (77,5 por cento) e foram identificados sexo masculino, história familiar de dislipidemia e tempo de uso de TARV como fatores associados.
BACKGROUND: The continuous use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with several metabolic disturbances. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunological deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients followed in the infectious diseases outpatient clinic of Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, of Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HUPE/UERJ). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 10/1/2004 to 5/30/2005, the participants of this study answered a survey about demographic and health data. Afterwards, the following measurements were checked: weight, height, waist and hips. Blood samples were collected for total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides tests. Out of 268 patients who came to the appointment during the study period, 23 did not attend the blood collection, and 10 did not want to participate. Poisson regression model was used to find the variables associated with dyslipidemia. RESULTS: Out of the 235 patients included in the study 182 (77.5 percent) had dyslipidemia, with prevalence of male (69.8 percent) over female ones (30.2 percent). Among the patients with dyslipidemia, 26.9 percent had family history of dyslipidemia against 15.1 percent who did not. Regarding ART duration, both mean and media were higher in the group of patients with dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: In our study the prevalence of dyslipidemia in HIV/AIDS patients was high (77.5 percent), and the associated factors were male sex, family history of dyslipidemia and ART duration.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Antirretrovirales , Dislipidemias/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Transversales , Razón de PrevalenciasRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre os padrões de utilização de preservativos e outros métodos contraceptivos e o consumo de álcool e drogas. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório com base em dados de amostra probabilística com 5.040 entrevistados residentes em grandes regiões urbanas do Brasil, com idades entre 16 e 65 anos, em 2005. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários. Empregou-se a técnica de árvores de classificação Chi-square Automatic Interaction para estudar o uso de preservativos por parte de entrevistados de ambos os sexos e de outros métodos contraceptivos entre as mulheres na última relação sexual vaginal. RESULTADOS: Entre adultos jovens e de meia idade, de ambos os sexos, e jovens do sexo masculino vivendo relacionamentos estáveis, o uso de preservativos foi menos freqüente entre os que disseram utilizar substâncias psicoativas (álcool e/ou drogas ilícitas). O possível efeito modulador das substâncias psicoativas parece incidir de forma mais clara sobre as práticas anticoncepcionais de mulheres maduras, com inter-relações mais complexas, entre as mulheres mais jovens, onde a inserção em diferentes classes sociais parece desempenhar papel mais relevante. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das limitações decorrentes de um estudo exploratório, o fato de se tratar de amostra representativa da população urbana brasileira, e não de populações vulneráveis, reforça a necessidade de implementar políticas públicas integradas dirigidas à população geral, referentes à prevenção do consumo de drogas, álcool, infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e HIV/Aids e da gravidez indesejada nos marcos de promoção da saúde sexual e reprodutiva.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between utilization patterns for condoms and other contraceptive methods and the consumption of alcohol and drugs. METHODS: Exploratory study based on data from a probabilistic sample of 5,040 interviewees aged 16 to 65 years living in large urban regions of Brazil in 2005. The data were collected by means of questionnaires. The chi-square automatic interaction classification tree technique was used to study the use of condoms among interviewees of both sexes and other contraceptive methods among women, at the time of the last vaginal sexual intercourse. RESULTS: Among young and middle-aged adults of both sexes and young men in stable relationships, condom use was less frequent among those who said they used psychoactive substances (alcohol and/or illegal drugs). The possible modulating effect of psychoactive substances on contraceptive practices among mature women seems to be more straightforward, compared to the more subtle effects observed among younger women, for whom the different social classes they belonged to seemed to play a more important role. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations resulting from an exploratory study, the fact that this was a representative sample of the urban population of Brazil and not from vulnerable populations, reinforces the need to implement integrated public policies directed towards the general population, with regard to preventing drug consumption, alcohol abuse, sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancy and promoting sexual and reproductive health.