RESUMEN
This study investigated the effect of calcium (Ca) and phytase interaction on growth performance and bone quality in 1-42-day-old broiler chickens. A total of 624 female one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were allotted to 13 treatments with four replicates and 12 birds per replicate. A 2 × 6 factorial experiment was designed to test the combinations of 0.50% and 1.00% Ca with 0, 500, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000, and 10,000 FTU/kg phytase in the basal diet (0.25% non-phytate phosphorus, NPP). The control diet contained adequate Ca and phosphorus (P). Dietary Ca, phytase, and their interaction affected growth performance and bone mineralization of broilers at 1-42 days of age (p<0.05). The broilers fed with 1.00% Ca had lower body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) compared with the birds fed with 0.50% Ca (p<0.05). The BWG, FI, leg bone weight, and ash weight of the broilers fed with 0.25% NPP were lower than those of birds fed with the control diet (p<0.05). The addition of 500-10,000 FTU/kg phytase improved growth rate and leg bone quality, especially at 1.00% Ca (p<0.05). No differences were observed in growth performance and bone quality of 42-day-old broilers fed with 1.00% Ca + 2,500-10,000 FTU/kg phytase and the control diet (p>0.05). These data indicated that high doses of phytase (2,500-10,000 FTU/kg) alleviate the negative effects of Ca and P imbalance (Ca-to-NPP ratio = 4.0) on growth performance and bone mineralization of broiler chickens.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Calcificación Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Pollos/fisiología , Fósforo/análisis , Calcio de la Dieta/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los AnimalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The effect of postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for esophageal carcinoma (EC) was investigated. Patients who can obtain benefit from this treatment modality have not yet been well identified. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies published from January 1993 to July 2016. Research comparing surgery alone (SA) with postoperative CRT in patients with resectable EC was procured; collected articles were written in English. RESULTS: Nine studies comparing of postoperative CRT versus SA (n = 1650) in patients with resectable EC met the inclusion criteria. No survival benefit was achieved for postoperative CRT compared with SA. Subgroup analysis was conducted for patients under resection with positive lymph node carcinoma; there was a significant survival benefit at 1 year [risk ratio (RR) = 0.55 95% CI: 0.37-0.82; P = 0.003], 3 years (RR = 0.71 95% CI: 0.61-0.83; P<0.0001), as well as 5 years (RR = 0.86 95% CI: 0.78-0.94; P = 0.0007). Subgroup analysis by tumor histology of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was also performed, but there was no significant survival benefit when postoperative CRT was compared with SA. Fail models after surgery were performed; the RR for local control rate and distant metastasis rate were 0.64 (95% CI 0.49-0.85; P = 0.002) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.67-1.15; P = 0.34), which indicates lower local recurrence rates of post-CRT than that of SA. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrated a survival benefit of postoperative CRT over SA in resectable EC patients with positive lymph nodes. Improvements of local control rates with postoperative CRT were also detected.