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Objective We aimed to assess the usefulness of using the right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT) velocity-time integral (VTI) for echocardiographic monitoring of cardiac output compared to the gold standard, the VTI along the left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT). Design Prospective observational study. Setting A tertiary intensive care unit. Patients 100 consecutive patients. Interventions: echocardiographic monitoring in critically ill patients. Main variables of interest We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to compare echocardiographic measurements of LVOT VTI through apical window with RVOT VTI through the parasternal and modified subcostal windows and to assess interobserver reproducibility. Preplanned post hoc analyses compared the ICC between ventilated and nonventilated patients. Results At the time of echocardiography, 44 (44%) patients were mechanically ventilated and 28 (28%) were receiving vasoactive drugs. Good-quality measurements were obtained through the parasternal short-axis and/or apical views in 81 (81%) patients and in 100 (100%) patients through the subcostal window. Consistency with LVOT VTI was moderate for RVOT VTI measured from the modified subcostal view (ICC 0.727; 95%CI: 0.62–0.808) and for RVOT VTI measured from the transthoracic view (0.715; 95%CI: 0.59–0.807). Conclusions Measurements of RVOT VTI are moderately consistent with measurements of LVOT VTI. Adding the modified subcostal window allows monitoring RVOT VTI in all the patients of this selected cohort, even those under mechanical ventilation (AU)

Objetivo Valorar la utilidad de la integral velocidad-tiempo (IVT) del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho (TSVD) para la monitorización del gasto cardíaco comparado con el gold standard, el IVT del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo (TSVI). Diseño Estudio prospectivo observacional. Ámbito UCI de un hospital terciario. Paciente Cien pacientes consecutivos. Intervenciones Ecocardiografías realizadas para monitorización hemodinámica. Variables de interés principales Usamos el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) para comparar las mediciones de IVT TSVI a través de la ventana apical con el IVT TSVD a través de la ventana paraesternal y subcostal modificada y la reproducibilidad interobservador. Se planeó un análisis post hoc para comparar los resultados en pacientes ventilados con no ventilados. Resultados En el momento de la ecografía, 44 (44%) pacientes estaban en ventilación mecánica y 28 (28%) recibían fármacos vasoactivos. Mediciones de buena calidad se obtuvieron a través de la ventana paraesternal o apical en 81 (81%) pacientes, y en 100 (100%) con la ventana subcostal modificada. La consistencia del IVT TSVI fue moderada con el IVT TSVD medido con la ventana subcostal modificada (CCI 0,727; IC 95%: 0,62-0,808) y la transtorácica (0,715; IC 95%: 0,59-0,807). Conclusiones El IVT TSVD presenta una consistencia moderada cuando se compara con el IVT TSVI. Añadir la ventana subcostal modificada permite monitorizar el IVT TSVD en todos los pacientes de esta cohorte, incluso aquellos con ventilación mecánica (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the usefulness of using the right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT) velocity-time integral (VTI) for echocardiographic monitoring of cardiac output compared to the gold standard, the VTI along the left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: A tertiary intensive care unit. PATIENTS: 100 consecutive patients. INTERVENTIONS: echocardiographic monitoring in critically ill patients. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to compare echocardiographic measurements of LVOT VTI through apical window with RVOT VTI through the parasternal and modified subcostal windows and to assess interobserver reproducibility. Preplanned post hoc analyses compared the ICC between ventilated and nonventilated patients. RESULTS: At the time of echocardiography, 44 (44%) patients were mechanically ventilated and 28 (28%) were receiving vasoactive drugs. Good-quality measurements were obtained through the parasternal short-axis and/or apical views in 81 (81%) patients and in 100 (100%) patients through the subcostal window. Consistency with LVOT VTI was moderate for RVOT VTI measured from the modified subcostal view (ICC 0.727; 95%CI: 0.62-0.808) and for RVOT VTI measured from the transthoracic view (0.715; 95%CI: 0.59-0.807). CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of RVOT VTI are moderately consistent with measurements of LVOT VTI. Adding the modified subcostal window allows monitoring RVOT VTI in all the patients of this selected cohort, even those under mechanical ventilation.

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Patients with spinal cord injuries above the C5 vertebrae have a high risk of respiratory complications, and complete spinal cord injures can require support with mechanical ventilation. In selected patients, implantation of a diaphragmatic pacemaker offers the possibility of breathing without mechanical support and reduces respiratory complications, increasing the patient's independence. Ultrasonography is a simple and non-invasive technique that may be useful in the differential diagnosis of thoracic diseases. We present the case of a patient with a traumatic cervical spinal cord injury, who underwent diaphragmatic pacemaker implantation. The use of ultrasound allowed rapid and reliable diagnosis of device malfunction. M-mode diaphragmatic ultrasonography is a simple and non-invasive technique that can be incorporated into routine clinical practice to diagnose diaphragm movement disorders.

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Los pacientes con lesiones medulares por encima de C5 presentan un alto riesgo de complicaciones respiratorias y en el caso de las lesiones medulares completas la mayoría requerirán soporte con ventilación mecánica de forma permanente. En pacientes seleccionados el implante de un marcapasos diafragmático ofrece la posibilidad de respirar sin soporte mecánico y representa una reducción de complicaciones respiratorias proporcionando al paciente mayor independencia. La ecografía supone una técnica sencilla y no invasiva que puede ser útil para el diagnóstico diferencial de patología torácica. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con lesión medular cervical traumática, al que le fue implantado un marcapasos diafragmático y en el que el uso de la ecografía permitió un diagnóstico rápido y fiable de una disfunción del dispositivo. La ecografía diafragmática en modo M es una técnica sencilla y no invasiva que se puede incorporar en la práctica clínica habitual para diagnosticar trastornos del movimiento del diafragma

Patients with spinal cord injuries above the C5 vertebrae have a high risk of respiratory complications, and complete spinal cord injures can require support with mechanical ventilation. In selected patients, implantation of a diaphragmatic pacemaker offers the possibility of breathing without mechanical support and reduces respiratory complications, increasing the patient's independence. Ultrasonography is a simple and non-invasive technique that may be useful in the differential diagnosis of thoracic diseases. We present the case of a patient with a traumatic cervical spinal cord injury, who underwent diaphragmatic pacemaker implantation. The use of ultrasound allowed rapid and reliable diagnosis of device malfunction. M-mode diaphragmatic ultrasonography is a simple and non-invasive technique that can be incorporated into routine clinical practice to diagnose diaphragm movement disorders

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TITLE: Encefalopatia hiperamonemica inducida por acido valproico.

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La ceftazidima es un antibiótico perteneciente al grupo de las cefalosporinas de tercera generación, de uso frecuente en la práctica clínica por su amplio espectro antibacteriano. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 78 años que ingresó en la unidad de cuidados intensivos por una insuficiencia respiratoria secundaria a una neumonía nosocomial en el postoperatorio de una bisegmentectomía hepática laparoscópica por un hepatocarcinoma. Precisó ventilación mecánica invasiva, y se trató con ceftazidima, desarrollando un descenso progresivo en la cifra de plaquetas tras el comienzo de este fármaco y tras la reexposición al mismo, no coincidiendo temporalmente con la introducción de otros fármacos. La reacción adversa fue comunicada al Sistema Español de Farmacovigilancia y según el algoritmo de Naranjo la relación de causalidad fue probable. Puesto que no se ha encontrado descrito en la literatura ningún caso de trombocitopenia inducida por ceftazidima se considera relevante su conocimiento para que sea una reacción adversa a tener en cuenta dada su potencial gravedad, especialmente cuando no sea explicable por otras causas (AU)

Ceftazidime is an antibiotic belonging to the group of third generation cephalosporins, frequently used in clinical practice for its broad antibacterial spectrum. A case report is presented on a 78-year-old man who entered the intensive care unit due to respiratory failure secondary to nosocomial pneumonia in the postoperative period of a laparoscopic hepatic bisegmentectomy for a hepatocarcinoma. It required invasive mechanical ventilation and was treated with ceftazidime, developing a progressive decrease in platelet count after the onset of this drug and after re-exposure to it, not coinciding with the introduction of other drugs. The adverse reaction was reported to the Spanish pharmacosurveillance system and according to the Naranjo algorithm the causal relationship was probable. Since no case of ceftazidime-induced thrombocytopenia was found in the literature, we consider knowledge of it relevant as an adverse effect to be taken into account given its potential severity, especially when it cannot be explained by other causes (AU)

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Ceftazidime is an antibiotic belonging to the group of third generation cephalosporins, frequently used in clinical practice for its broad antibacterial spectrum. A case report is presented on a 78-year-old man who entered the intensive care unit due to respiratory failure secondary to nosocomial pneumonia in the postoperative period of a laparoscopic hepatic bisegmentectomy for a hepatocarcinoma. It required invasive mechanical ventilation and was treated with ceftazidime, developing a progressive decrease in platelet count after the onset of this drug and after re-exposure to it, not coinciding with the introduction of other drugs. The adverse reaction was reported to the Spanish pharmacosurveillance system and according to the Naranjo algorithm the causal relationship was probable. Since no case of ceftazidime-induced thrombocytopenia was found in the literature, we consider knowledge of it relevant as an adverse effect to be taken into account given its potential severity, especially when it cannot be explained by other causes.

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Introducción: Los intentos repetidos de punción son factores de riesgo para la aparición de complicaciones neurológicas secundarias a la práctica de la analgesia espinal y aumentan la ansiedad del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar qué factores son mejores predictores de la colocación dificultosa del catéter epidural en la paciente obstétrica. Material y método: Estudio observacional y prospectivo en 120 gestantes a término que solicitan la analgesia epidural para el trabajo de parto. Se recogen variables demográficas y antecedentes de anestesia espinal previa no exitosa o considerada dificultosa por la paciente. Se identifican variables anatómicas y se clasifica la calidad de los puntos de referencia anatómicos según los criterios publicados por Chien en cuatro grados. Las condiciones de la técnica y la experiencia del anestesiólogo son similares en todos casos. Consideramos punción dificultosa si se necesita más de una punción en la piel o una punción pero más de un cambio de dirección de aguja en el espacio interespinoso. Se recoge el éxito obtenido y las complicaciones de la técnica. Resultados: Fueron calificadas de punción difícil según los criterios del estudio en el 36,67 % de los casos. En la mayoría de los casos la técnica fue efectiva obteniendo una adecuada analgesia. La incidencia de repunción epidural fue de 5 %. En las pacientes clasificadas en el grado 4, la tasa de punción epidural considerada dificultosa supuso un 90 %, necesitando en el 80 % de esos casos 3 o más intentos. En las pacientes con antecedentes personales de técnica neuroaxial dificultosa se encontró dificultad de punción epidural en un 28,57 % de los casos. El hábito corporal no tuvo efecto significativo sobre la tasa de éxito con el primer intento. Discusión: Nuestro estudio representa una buena estimación de la dificultad técnica de un bloqueo neuroaxial. Seria difícil saber si los datos reflejados serían extrapolables a la realización de la técnica en decúbito lateral, donde los puntos de referencia anatómicos son más difíciles de identificar. Conclusiones: Nuestra recogida concluye que el método más fiable para determinar de antemano la posibilidad de una dificultad técnica de colocación del catéter epidural lumbar es un examen de la espalda de la paciente para identificar la calidad de los puntos de referencia anatómicos e identificar la deformidad obvia de la columna vertebral (AU)

Introduction: Repeated attempts punctureare risk factors for the appearance of neurologic complications caused by the practice of spinal analgesia and increase patient anxiety. The purpose of this study is to determine which factor sare better predictors of difficult epidural catheter placement in the obstetric patient. Material and methods: Prospective observational study in 120 pregnant women at term who request edepidural analgesia during labor. Demographic variables and history of difficult or unsuccessful spinal anesthesia were collected. Anatomical variables were identified and the quality of anatomical landmarks was classified according to criteria published by Chien in four grades. The conditions of the technique and the experience of anesthesiologists were similar in all cases. It was considered as difficult puncture that in which was made more than one attempt on skin or more than one change of direction with the epidural needle in interspinous space.We collected the successand complications of the technique. Results: 36.67 % of cases were classified as difficult punctures according to the criteria of the study. In most cases the technique was effective obtaining asuccessful analgesia. The incidence of repeat epidural puncture was 5 %. In patients classified in grade 4, the percentage of difficult epidural puncture was 90 %, requiring in 80 % of the cases 3 or more attempts. In patients with a history of difficult neuraxial technique in 28.57 % of the cases was found difficulty in epidural puncture. Body habitus had no significant effect on the rate success in first attempt. Discussion: Our study represents a good estimationof a difficult neuraxial blockade. It would bedifficult to know if there flected datawould be applicable to the lateral decubitus technique where anatomical landmarksare more difficult to identify. Conclusions: Our study concludes thatt he most reliable method to predict the possibility of a technical difficulty in the placement of lumbar epidural catheter, is the examination of the back of the patient to identify the quality of anatomical landmarks and identify obvious deformities of the spine (AU)

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