RESUMEN
As global climate change leads to warmer and dryer conditions in the central Andes, alpine plant communities are forced to upward displacements following their climatic niche. Species range shifts are predicted to have major impacts on alpine communities by reshuffling species composition and abundances. Using a standardized protocol, we surveyed alpine plant communities in permanent plots on four high Andean summits in NW Argentina, which range from 4,040 to 4,740 m a.s.l. After a baseline survey in 2006-2008, we resurvey the same plots in 2012, and again in 2017. We found a significant decrease in plant cover, species richness, and diversity across the elevation gradient in the three censuses and a strong decrease in soil temperature along the elevation gradient. We found a high plant community turnover (37%-49%) among censuses, differentiating according to summits and aspects; major changes of community turnover were observed in the lowest summit (49%) and on the northern (47%) and western (46%) aspects. Temporal patterns in community changes were represented by increases in plant cover in the highest summit, in species richness in the lower summit, and in diversity (Shannon index) in the four summits, over time, together with increase in small herbs and non-tussock grasses. We suggest that the observed trend in plant community dynamics responds to short-term temperature and precipitation variability, which is influenced by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and due to time lags in plant community response, it may take much longer than one decade for the observed trends to become stables and statistically significant. Our study provides an important foundation for documenting more profound changes in these subtropical alpine plant communities as global climate change continues.
RESUMEN
The aim of this work was to assess the nutritional and functional components of powder obtained by lyophilization of whole fruits, seeds, pulp and skin from chilto (Solanum betaceum Cav) cultivated in the ecoregion of Yungas, Argentina. The powders have low carbohydrate and sodium content and are a source of vitamin C, carotenoid, phenolics, potassium and fiber. The HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the fractions enriched in phenolics allowed the identification of 12 caffeic acid derivatives and related phenolics, 10 rosmarinic acid derivatives and 7 flavonoids. The polyphenols enriched extracts before and after simulated gastroduodenal digestion inhibited enzymes associated with metabolic syndrome, including α-glucosidase, amylase and lipase and exhibited antioxidant activity by different mechanisms. None of the analyzed fruit powders showed acute toxicity or genotoxicity. The powders from the three parts of S. betaceum fruit may be a potential functional food and the polyphenol enriched extract of seed and skin may have nutraceutical properties.
Asunto(s)
Frutas/química , Síndrome Metabólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Preparaciones de Plantas/farmacología , Semillas/química , Solanum/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Argentina , Ácido Ascórbico/análisis , Carotenoides/análisis , Cinamatos/análisis , Depsidos/análisis , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Femenino , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/farmacología , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/análisis , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/farmacología , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Lipasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Preparaciones de Plantas/química , Polifenoles/análisis , Potasio en la Dieta/análisis , Polvos/química , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , alfa-Amilasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismo , alfa-Glucosidasas/metabolismo , Ácido RosmarínicoRESUMEN
ResumenLos macroinvertebrados son un componente vital en los ecosistemas acuáticos, procesan materia orgánica y sirven de alimento para otros organismos como los peces o anfibios. En los sistemas altoandinos, y más específicamente en las vegas o bofedales de Argentina, el conocimiento de la diversidad acuática es escaso o nulo, lo que ha dificultado la interpretación de patrones espaciales a escalas regionales. Típicamente estos ecosistemas se sitúan entre los 3 200 y 5 200 m.s.n.m. en zonas con precipitaciones por debajo de los 300 mm anuales. En este trabajo se realizó la primera descripción cuantitativa de los patrones espaciales de diversidad y composición de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en siete vegas de la Puna Argentina, y su relación con las características del ambiente, de la vegetación circundante y las características físico-químicas del agua. Se recolectaron 3 131 individuos de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, los cuales fueron identificados en 25 taxa que pertenecen a 22 familias y 24 géneros. Entre las plantas vasculares se registraron un total de 62 especies, correspondiente a 20 familias, las graminoides cespitosas fueron la forma de vida más abundante seguida por plantas en cojín o tapete. A partir de un análisis estadístico de ordenamiento NMDS (Non-Metrical Multidimensional Scaling) se segregaron los sitios de muestreo de cada vega. Las vegas ubicadas más al oeste y al sur y con mayor temperatura del agua se agruparon sobre el eje 1, mientras que las vegas con mayor conductividad, sólidos totales disueltos, y concentración de sales en el agua lo hicieron sobre el eje 2. La temperatura del agua fue siempre mayor que la del aire, y no mostró un patrón claro de disminución con la altitud. La altitud no se correlacionó con la abundancia de los macroinvertebrados ni con la riqueza de las plantas. Las formas de vida de plantas como gramíneas dispersas, hierbas rastreras y postradas (que en muchos casos ingresan al cauce de agua) y plantas acuáticas fueron más abundantes en las vegas 4, 5 y 7 y estuvieron asociadas con ciertos taxa de macroinvertebrados que pertenecen a distintos grupos funcionales tróficos como colectores- filtradores, colectores- recolectores y raspadores. Finalmente, las variables de conductividad, sólidos totales disueltos y concentración de sales fueron más elevadas en la vega 6, asociadas a Bivalvia (colector-filtrador) y Hyalella (colector-recolector). A partir de estos resultados se evidencia que los macroinvertebrados presentaron patrones espaciales de diversidad y composición, siendo en primer lugar más importante su relación con la vegetación circundante y en segundo término con las características físico-químicas del agua en siete vegas de la Puna argentina.
AbstractThe macroinvertebrates are a vital component of freshwater ecosystems as they contribute to the process of organic matter while serving as food for other organisms such as fish and amphibians. Unfortunately, the knowledge of the aquatic diversity is poor in the high Andean systems (between 3 200 and 5 200 m.a.s.l. and rainfall below 300 mm per year), especially in the Argentinean peatbogs, a fact which has made difficult the interpretation of spatial patterns on a regional scale. The present study aimed to describe the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates in seven peatbogs in the Argentinean Puna, and to analyze for the first time their spatial patterns. For this, we studied the relationship of these organisms with the environment, and obtained information about the surrounding vegetation and water physico-chemical characteristics. A total of 3 131 specimens of aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected, representing 25 taxa belonging to 22 families and 24 genera. In addition, 62 species of vascular plants were recorded, belonging to 20 families. The most abundant life form were the tufted grasses, followed by cushions. By using an NMDS (Non-Metrical Multidimensional Scaling) statistical analysis, the sampling sites were ordered in each peatbog as follows. The peatbogs located furthest West and South with higher water temperature were grouped on axis 1, whereas those with higher conductivity, whole water dissolved solids and salt concentration were grouped on axis 2. The water temperature was higher than air temperature at all times, and we found no association between temperature and altitude. The altitude had no correlation with the abundance of macroinvertebrates or with plant richness. Life forms such as scattered graminoids, trailing and prostrate herbs (in many cases they get into the channel) and aquatic plants were more abundant in peatbogs 4, 5 and 7 and they had a correlation with some macroinvertebrates belonging to functional trophic groups such as filter-collectors, collectors and scrapers. Finally, conductivity, whole dissolved solids and salt concentration had their highest value in peatbog 6, where Bivalvia (filter-collector) and Hyalella (collector) were also found. The results obtained attest that these macroinvertebrates displayed diversity and composition spatial patterns, the most important feature being their relationship with the surrounding vegetation, and to a lesser extent, with the physical and chemical traits of water in seven fertile lowlands in the Argentinean Puna. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 747-762. Epub 2016 June 01.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Biodiversidad , Invertebrados/clasificación , Argentina , Ríos/química , Análisis EspacialRESUMEN
Spatial patterns in communities of aquatic macroinvertebrates of Argentinean Puna. The macroinvertebrates are a vital component of freshwater ecosystems as they contribute to the process of organic matter while serving as food for other organisms such as fish and amphibians. Unfortunately, the knowledge of the aquatic diversity is poor in the high Andean systems (between 3 200 and 5 200 m.a.s.l. and rainfall below 300 mm per year), especially in the Argentinean peatbogs, a fact which has made difficult the interpretation of spatial patterns on a regional scale. The present study aimed to describe the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates in seven peatbogs in the Argentinean Puna, and to analyze for the first time their spatial patterns. For this, we studied the relationship of these organisms with the environment, and obtained information about the surrounding vegetation and water physico-chemical characteristics. A total of 3 131 specimens of aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected, representing 25 taxa belonging to 22 families and 24 genera. In addition, 62 species of vascular plants were recorded, belonging to 20 families. The most abundant life form were the tufted grasses, followed by cushions. By using an NMDS (Non-Metrical Multidimensional Scaling) statistical analysis, the sampling sites were ordered in each peatbog as follows. The peatbogs located furthest West and South with higher water temperature were grouped on axis 1, whereas those with higher conductivity, whole water dissolved solids and salt concentration were grouped on axis 2. The water temperature was higher than air temperature at all times, and we found no association between temperature and altitude. The altitude had no correlation with the abundance of macroinvertebrates or with plant richness. Life forms such as scattered graminoids, trailing and prostrate herbs (in many cases they get into the channel) and aquatic plants were more abundant in peatbogs 4, 5 and 7 and they had a correlation with some macroinvertebrates belonging to functional trophic groups such as filter-collectors, collectors and scrapers. Finally, conductivity, whole dissolved solids and salt concentration had their highest value in peatbog 6, where Bivalvia (filter-collector) and Hyalella (collector) were also found. The results obtained attest that these macroinvertebrates displayed diversity and composition spatial patterns, the most important feature being their relationship with the surrounding vegetation, and to a lesser extent, with the physical and chemical traits of water in seven fertile lowlands in the Argentinean Puna.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Invertebrados/clasificación , Animales , Argentina , Ríos/química , Análisis EspacialRESUMEN
Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (Fabaceae) is an Argentine medicinal aromatic shrub (jarilla pispito, puspus, lata and jarilla macho). The chalcones were identified as pigments responsible for the yellow color of the flowers. Hydroethanolic extracts were obtained both from fresh flowers and from flowers dried by lyophilization. The extracts were standardized by their phenolic and flavonoids content. Their fingerprints by HPLC-DAD indicated the presence of two chalcones as major compounds (2',4'-dihydroxychalcone and 2',4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone). Both extracts showed the same total phenolic, non-flavonoid phenolic and flavonoid phenolic content and their phenolic profiles were similar. The polyphenolic extracts exhibited antioxidant (free radical scavenging and inhibitory activity on lipoperoxidation) and anti-inflammatory (inhibition of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase enzymes) activities. The flower extracts were active against six Candida species with MIC values between 60 and 120 µg GAE x mL(-1) and were also active on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 250 µg GAE x mL(-1)) and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC: 500 µg GAE x mL(-1)). The extracts were neither toxic (Artemia salina test) nor mutagenic (Ames test). Jarilla flowers could be considered as a new dietary supplement that could help to prevent pathologies associated with oxidative stress and the polyphenolic extract obtained from them could be considered as a standardized phytotherapeutic product with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this work was to determine the pigments responsible for the yellow color of the flowers of Z. punctata and to evaluate the functional properties of the polyphenolic extract of the flowers. The toxicity (Artemia salina) and mutagenic activity (Ames test) of the extract were also evaluated.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Fabaceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales/química , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Argentina , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Flores/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Levaduras/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the chemical and biological profile of propolis samples collected in arid environments of north-western Argentina. The samples were from two phytogeographical regions (Prepuna and Monte de Catamarca Province). Propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) and chloroform (CHL), hexane (HEX) and aqueous (AQ) sub-extracts of samples from three regions (CAT-I; CAT-II and CAT-III) were obtained. All PEE exhibited antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay (SC50 values between 28 and 43 microg DW/mL). The CHL extract was the most active (SC50 values between 10 and 37 microg DW/mL). The antioxidant activity in the beta-carotene bleaching assays was more effective for PEE and CHL (IC50 values between 2 and 9 microg DW/mL, respectively). A similar pattern was observed for antibacterial activity. The highest inhibitory effect on the growth of human Gram-positive bacteria was observed for CHL-III and CHL-I (Monte region) with minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIC100) of 50 to 100 microg DW/mL. Nine compounds were identified by HPLC-PAD. Two of them (2', 4'- dihydroxychalcone and 2',4'- dihydroxy 3'-methoxychalcone) were found only in propolis samples from the Monte phytogeographical region. We consider that the Argentine arid region is appropriate to place hives in order to obtain propolis of excellent quality because the dominant life forms in that environment are shrubby species that produce resinous exudates with a high content of chalcones, flavones and flavonols.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Chalconas/química , Própolis/química , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Argentina , Chalconas/farmacología , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Propolis was included in the Argentine Food Code as a functional food. The chemical parameters and antioxidant properties of propolis samples from the same colonies of Apis mellifera in San Juan (Cuyo region, Western Argentine) were compared every month for 1 year using two collection methods. Chemical parameters were analyzed by the spectrophotometric method and fingerprinting using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The antioxidant activities of propolis samples were measured using model systems including the analysis of the scavenging activities for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and the beta-carotene bleaching assay. The results showed that propolis had a higher free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory capacity than butylated hydroxytoluene and quercetin, antioxidants used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The concentration required to scavenge 50% of free radicals (SC(50)) values differed depending on the sample collection month. Samples collected in November had the highest antioxidant capacity. In all cases, SC(50) values of propolis samples obtained by scraping were similar to those collected from a wire mesh (5 microg/mL for ABTS and 20-30 microg/mL for DPPH radicals). A significant positive correlation was found between the antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content of each analyzed extract. The chemical profiles were very similar. Galangin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), an antioxidant compound, was detected in all samples as a major compound. The chromatographic profile suggests that of Baccharis sp., which would be one of the botanical sources of propolis from western Argentina, and the content of galangin can be used as a parameter for evaluating propolis quality. Our results suggest that Argentine propolis from Cuyo is a promising source of bioactive compounds as ingredients for developing functional foods with a beneficial impact on oxidative stress.