RESUMEN
Mucormycosis, a group of opportunistic mycoses caused by Mucorales, present a significant threat to immunocompromised patients. In this report, we present the case of a 57-year-old male patient who underwent liver transplant for secondary biliary cirrhosis following inadvertent bile duct injury. Despite initial satisfactory postoperative evolution, the patient developed fever, and imaging revealed a suspicious lesion. Preliminary culture growth suggested a filamentous fungus, leading to initiation of liposomal amphotericin B. However, the lesion progressed, and a surgical debridement was necessary. During surgery, involvement of the liver dome and diaphragm was observed, and a nonanatomical hepatectomy was performed. Despite efforts, the patient's condition deteriorated, ultimately resulting in multiple organ failure and mortality. This case emphasizes the challenging nature of mucormycosis in livertransplant recipients.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Cirrosis Hepática Biliar , Trasplante de Hígado , Mucormicosis , Humanos , Masculino , Mucormicosis/diagnóstico , Mucormicosis/microbiología , Mucormicosis/inmunología , Mucormicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Mucormicosis/etiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trasplante de Hígado/efectos adversos , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Resultado Fatal , Cirrosis Hepática Biliar/cirugía , Cirrosis Hepática Biliar/microbiología , Cirrosis Hepática Biliar/diagnóstico , Resultado del Tratamiento , Infecciones Oportunistas/microbiología , Infecciones Oportunistas/inmunología , Infecciones Oportunistas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Oportunistas/tratamiento farmacológico , Desbridamiento , Aloinjertos , Hepatectomía , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Anfotericina B/administración & dosificación , Insuficiencia Multiorgánica/etiología , Insuficiencia Multiorgánica/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy data of the different types of available vaccines is still needed. The goal of the present analysis was to evaluate the humoral response to the COVID-19 vaccines in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients. METHODS: Participants were included from February to September 2021. No prioritized vaccination roll call applied for OLT patients. Controls were otherwise healthy people. Blood samples were drawn after 15 days of the complete vaccine doses. The samples were analyzed according to the manufacturer's instructions using the Liaison XL platform from DiaSorin (DiaSorin S.p.A., Italy), and SARS-COV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott Diagnostics, IL, USA). RESULTS: A total of 187 participants (133 OLT, 54 controls, median age: 60 years, 58.8% women) were included for the analysis; 74.3% had at least one comorbidity. The serologic response in OLT patients was lower than in controls (median 549 AU/mL vs. 3450 AU/mL, respectively; p = 0.001). A positive humoral response was found in 133 OLT individuals: 89.2% with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), 60% ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), 76.9% with CoronaVac (Sinovac, Life Sciences, China), 55.6% Ad5-nCov (Cansino, Biologics), 68.2% Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) and 100% with mRNA-1273. In controls the serological response was 100%, except for Cansino (75%). In a multivariable model, personal history of COVID-19 and BNT162b2 inoculation were associated with the serologic response, while the use of prednisone (vs. other immunosuppressants) reduced this response. CONCLUSION: The serologic response to COVID-19 vaccines in OLT patients is lower than in healthy controls. The BNT162b2 vaccine was associated with a higher serologic response.
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COVID-19 , Trasplante de Hígado , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Vacuna BNT162 , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , SARS-CoV-2 , Receptores de TrasplantesRESUMEN
Portal vein thrombosis is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and a challenge for the transplant team. Not so long ago, portal vein thrombosis was considered an absolute contraindication for liver transplant, but improvements in surgical techniques have overcome this problem in many transplant centers around the world. Here, we present the case of a 52-year-old female patient with cirrhosis from a primary biliary cholangitis and a complex portal vein thrombosis. She underwent a deceased donor liver transplant with a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease of 40. The portal thrombosis was handled using a portosystemic shunt from the splenic vein to the left ovarian vein, which was visualized on a computed tomography scan performed as part of the study protocol. The donor was a 52-year-old woman with brain death secondary to a vascular cerebral accident. A caval replacement technique was used with no complications during surgery. For the portal anastomosis, the dilated left ovarian vein was carefully dissected and brought through the lesser sac, behind the stomach, to obtain a suitable length. An end-to-end anastomosis of the graft portal vein to the left ovarian vein was performed with a 6-0 Prolene running suture. An abdominal computed tomography scan was performed 6 months after liver transplant showing patency of portal vein and no anastomotic defects, and after 24 months of follow-up the patient is in good clinical condition with normal laboratory values and Doppler ultrasonography with no vascular anomalies and adequate portal flow. To our knowledge, the use of a spleno-ovarian shunt has not been reported as an alternative for portal reconstruction in a case of thrombosis.
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Enfermedad Hepática en Estado Terminal , Hepatopatías , Trasplante de Hígado , Trombosis , Trombosis de la Vena , Enfermedad Hepática en Estado Terminal/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Cirrosis Hepática/complicaciones , Hepatopatías/complicaciones , Trasplante de Hígado/efectos adversos , Trasplante de Hígado/métodos , Donadores Vivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vena Porta/diagnóstico por imagen , Vena Porta/cirugía , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Trombosis/etiología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Trombosis de la Vena/diagnóstico por imagen , Trombosis de la Vena/etiología , Trombosis de la Vena/cirugíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a risk factor for liver disease. PASD-positive inclusions have been found unexpectedly in approximately 10% of liver explants in patients with no previous diagnosis of AATD, particularly, in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), supporting a synergistic mechanism of liver injury between AATD and environmental factors. We aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of mestizo patients in which AATD was diagnosed before or after liver transplantation. METHODS: Liver explants of patients with cryptogenic, alcoholic, and NAFLD/NASH cirrhosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) were included. Liver histopathology was assessed by two expert pathologists. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, PASD staining, and confirmatory AAT immunohistochemistry were performed. In explants with positive histopathology, genotyping for SERPINA1 was performed. RESULTS: A total of 180 liver transplants were performed during the study period. Of these, 44 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, NASH, and alcoholic cirrhosis were included. Of these patients, two liver explants (4.5%) had PASD-positive inclusions stain and confirmatory immunochemistry. During the period evaluated, another two patients with a diagnosis of AATD before the OLT were also included. The four patients had overweight or obesity, three had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and two developed liver steatosis after the OLT. CONCLUSION: AATD was found to be an infrequent finding in patients with cryptogenic, NASH/NAFLD, and alcoholic cirrhosis in our population. However, it is important to consider this entity as it may represent an additional factor in the appearance and progression of liver fibrosis in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Deficiencia de alfa 1-Antitripsina , Humanos , Cirrosis Hepática , Cirrosis Hepática Alcohólica , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Deficiencia de alfa 1-Antitripsina/complicaciones , Deficiencia de alfa 1-Antitripsina/diagnóstico , Deficiencia de alfa 1-Antitripsina/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A short right renal vein (RRV) remains a challenge for renal transplant surgery, especially in the living donor. Different techniques exist to obtain an RRV with a suitable length in cadaveric donor; however, in living donors the options are limited. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present 2 living kidney transplants in which we obtained a very short RRV, making the implantation very difficult. We describe our technique to overcome this problem by using cadaveric iliac vessels retrieved from previous cadaveric donations and preserved at 4°C in histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution, without intraoperative or postoperative complications. We complied with the Helsinki Congress and the Istanbul Declaration regarding the donor source. RESULTS: In both cases, kidney grafts had optimal primary function, with good creatinine clearance after transplant and good patency of vascular anastomosis by Doppler ultrasounds. CONCLUSIONS: We believe the use of cadaveric vessel grafts in living donor kidney transplant is a valuable resource as a rescue tool in emergency situations like the ones being presented in this article in order to avoid discarding a kidney graft with damage or short vessels. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Asunto(s)
Arteria Ilíaca/trasplante , Trasplante de Riñón/métodos , Donadores Vivos , Venas Renales , Aloinjertos , Cadáver , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trasplante HomólogoRESUMEN
Objetivo: Evaluar en forma comparativa la escala de Alvarado modificada y la escala RIPASA, para conocer su utilidad en el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención del sector salud. Sede: Hospital General de México. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, comparativo y observacional. Análisis estadístico: Medidas de tendencia central, análisis para pruebas diagnósticas (sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos, likelihood ratio o coeficiente de probabilidad) y curva ROC. Pacientes y métodos: De acuerdo al cálculo de tamaño de muestra se estudiaron 70 pacientes, que ingresaron al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital General de México con síndrome doloroso abdominal sugestivo de apendicitis aguda, se les realizaron estudios de laboratorio y gabinete. Aplicando en forma simultánea las escalas de Alvarado modificada y la RIPASA. Se anotaron hallazgos clínicos, quirúrgicos e histopatológicos del apéndice. Resultados: La escala de Alvarado presentó una sensibilidad de 89.5% y especificidad de 69.2%, la RIPASA presentó una sensibilidad de 91.2% y especificidad de 84.6%. El área bajo la curva ROC de la escala RIPASA fue de 0.93, superior a la de Alvarado de 0.89. Si la decisión quirúrgica se hubiera realizado con base en la escala de Alvarado, las apendicectomías negativas se hubieran presentado en 18.3% pacientes, y con RIPASA disminuirían a 15.7%. Conclusiones: Ambas escalas presentaron buena sensibilidad para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda. La escala RIPASA presentó mejor especificidad y valores predictivos, con menor probabilidad de apendicectomías negativas. La escala RIPASA presenta mayor exactitud diagnóstica que la de Alvarado.
Objective: To assess comparatively the Modified Alvarado and the RIPASA scores, to know their usefulness in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in a third level health care hospital. Setting: General Hospital of Mexico. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, comparative, and observational study. Statistical analysis: Central Tendency Measures, analyses for diagnostic tests (specificity, sensitivity, predictive values, likelihood ratio) and ROC curve. Patients and methods: According to the established sample size, we studied 70 patients that were admitted at the Emergency Ward of the General Hospital of Mexico, with abdominal pain syndrome suggestive of acute appendicitis. Laboratory and imaging studies were performed. The modified Alvarado and RIPASA scores were applied simultaneously. Clinical, surgical, and histopathological findings were recorded. Results: The Alvarado score presented a sensitivity of 89.5% and a specificity of 69.2%, whereas RIPASA presented a sensitivity of 91.2% and specificity of 84.6%. The area under the ROC curve for the RIPASA score was 0.93, higher than that of the Alvarado with 0.89. If surgical decision had been based on the Alvarado score, negative appendicectomies would have been encountered in 18.3% of patients, and with RIPASA they would have diminished to 15.7%. Conclusions: Both scores presented a good sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. RIPASA presented better specificity and predictive values, with a lower likelihood of negative appendicectomies. The RIPASA score had a better diagnostic accuracy than the Alvarado score.
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Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento biológico del CA 19-9 en colestasis para determinar su utilidad para el diagnóstico de cáncer pancreatobiliar en pacientes con ictericia de origen obstructivo. Sede: Hospital General de México, O.D. Diseño: Prospectivo, longitudinal y comparativo. Análisis estadístico: prueba t y Kolmogorov-Smirnov para muestras independientes; prueba de valor diagnóstico (sensibilidad, especificidad y valor global). Se realizó análisis con curvas ROC para identificar sensibilidad y especificidad con los diferentes puntos de corte. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyeron 54 pacientes con diagnóstico de ictericia de origen obstructivo. Se dividieron en dos grupos de acuerdo al diagnóstico final, enfermedad maligna vs enfermedad benigna. Se realizó determinación sérica de CA 19-9 al ingreso y al resolver la colestasis y se correlacionaron los niveles con el diagnóstico final. Resultados: En pacientes ictéricos, con un punto de corte de 60 U/mL para distinguir entre enfermedad maligna y benigna, el CA 19-9 tiene una sensibilidad de 80% y una especificidad de 90%. Una vez resuelta la colestasis con punto de corte de 39 U/mL se obtiene una sensibilidad de 71% con una especificidad de 96%. La normalización del marcador después del drenaje biliar es altamente sugerente de patología benigna. La persistencia de niveles elevados (mayores de 60 U/mL) es altamente sugerente de malignidad con una sensibilidad de 58% y especificidad de 100%. Conclusiones: La colestasis sí modifica la sensibilidad y especificidad del CA 19-9 para el diagnóstico de neoplasias malignas pancreatobiliares, por lo que en presencia de ictericia de origen obstructivo el punto de corte de 60 U/mL ofrece una sensibilidad de 80% con una especificidad de 90% para distinguir entre enfermedad benigna y maligna. Una vez resuelta la colestasis, la persistencia de niveles elevados es altamente sugerente de malignidad.
Objective: To describe the biological behavior of the tumor marker CA 19-9 in cholestasis to determine its usefulness for the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary cancer in patients with obstructive-origin jaundice. Sede: General Hospital of Mexico, third level health care center. Mexico City. Design: Prospective, longitudinal, and comparative study. Statistical analysis: T and Kolmogorov Smirnov tests for independent samples; diagnostic value test (sensitivity, specificity, and global value). Analysis with ROC curves was performed to identify sensitivity and specificity at the different cutting points. Patients and methods: We included 54 patients with a diagnosis of obstructive-origin jaundice. They were divided in two groups according to the final diagnosis, malignant disease vs. benign disease. Serum CA 19-9 was determined at admittance and once cholestasis had been resolved, and the levels were correlated with the final diagnosis. Results: In jaundice patients, with a cut point of 60 U/mL to distinguish between malignant and benign disease, the CA 19-9 marker has a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 90%. Once cholestasis had been resolved with a cut point of 39 U/mL, sensitivity was of 71% with a 96% specificity. Normalization of the marker after bile drainage is highly suggestive of benign pathology. The persistence of high levels (higher than 60 U/mL) is highly suggestive of malignancy with a sensitivity of 58% and specificity of 100%. Conclusions: Cholestasis does modify the sensitivity and specificity of the CA 19-9 marker for the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary malignant neoplasms; therefore, in the presence of obstructive-origin jaundice, the 60 U/mL cut point offers a sensitivity of 80% with a specificity of 90% to be able to distinguish between malignant and benign disease. Once cholestasis has been resolved, persistence of high levels is highly suggestive of malignancy.