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Coinoculation of symbiotic N2-fixing rhizobia and plant growth-promoting Bacillus on legume seeds can increase crop productivity. We collected highly resolved data on coinoculation of rhizobia and bacilli on 11 grain legume crops: chickpea, common bean, cowpea, faba bean, groundnut, lentil, mung bean, pea, pigeon pea, soybean, and urad bean to verify the magnitude of additive effects of coinoculation in relation to single inoculation of rhizobia on plant growth and yield of grain legumes. Coinoculation of rhizobia and bacilli on legume seeds and/or soil during sowing significantly increased nodulation, nitrogenase activity, plant N and P contents, and shoot and root biomass, as well as the grain yield of most grain legumes studied. There were however a few instances where coinoculation decreased plant growth parameters. Therefore, coinoculation of rhizobia and Bacillus has the potential to increase the growth and productivity of grain legumes, and can be recommended as an environmental-friendly agricultural practice for increased crop yields.
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Bacillus , Fabaceae , Rhizobium , Fabaceae/microbiología , Simbiosis , Grano Comestible , VerdurasRESUMEN
Introducción: La recuperación activa se ha utilizado en actividades físicas de alta demanda energética como los sprints repetidos en cicloergómetros. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de la recuperación activa en la potencia pico y el lactato, después de protocolos de sprints repetidos, hechos en un cicloergómetro. Materiales: Las fuentes bibliográficas consultadas fueron las bases de datos electrónicas Pubmed y Web of Science. Método: Se evaluó la calidad de los nueve artículos incluidos para lectura completa, utilizando la escala PEDro. Resultados: La efectividad de la recuperación activa para los sprints repetidos (SR) con menor disminución de la potencia pico se presentó en tres estudios con tiempos de recuperación de 20 min, 4 min y 45 s, realizando 3 o 4 SR con porcentaje de cadencia de pedaleo de 40% y 28% VO2máx o entre 60 y 70 rpm. Los 9 estudios analizados no presentaron diferencias significativas (p > 0,05) en el comportamiento del lactato en cuanto a la recuperación activa con los protocolos que realizaron. No obstante, se presentan diferencias significativas (p = 0,001) entre la recuperación activa y otros métodos de recuperación. Conclusión: Se deben considerar las características de la población para los protocolos analizados con diferencias en los tiempos de recuperación activa y ejecución del sprint, así como la cantidad de SR realizados y los porcentajes de cadencia de pedaleo.
Introduction: active recovery has been used in physical activities from high energetic claim as repeated sprints on cycloergometer. Objectives: analyse the active recovery effect in peak power and the lactate after repeated sprints protocols, executed on cycloergometer. A systematized bibliography was developed. Material: The bibliography sources were looked up from electronic databases Pubmed and Web of Science. Methods: The quality from the nine articles includes was evaluated for a whole reading. Using PEDro the protocols analysed showed active recovery timing difference and sprint execution, thus as the repeated sprints quantity executed and the assigned pedalling cadence percentage. Results: The effectiveness of the active recovery for the repeated sprints (RS) with a less decrease from the peak power presented in three different trials with recovery times from 20 minutes, 4 minutes, 45 seconds. Execute 3 or 4 RS with pedalling cadence percentage of 40 and 28 VO2max or between 60 and 70 rpm. The nine analysed trials did not show significant differences (p > 0.05) in the lactate performance concerning to the active recovery with the executed protocols. However, it presented significant differences (p = 0.001) between the active recovery and other recovery techniques. Conclusions: It should consider the population characteristics for the analysed protocols with differences between the AR timing and sprint execution, like the quantity of RS executed and the pedalling cadence percentage.
Introdução: A recuperação ativa tem sido utilizada em atividades físicas exigentes em termos energéticos, tais como repetidos Sprints em cicloergómetros. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da recuperação ativa sobre a potência de pico e o lactato depois de repetidos protocolos de Sprint realizados num cicloergómetro. Materiais: As fontes bibliográficas consultadas foram as bases de dados electrónicas Pubmed e Web of Science. Método: A qualidade dos nove artigos incluídos para leitura completa foi avaliada utilizando a escala PEDro. Resultados: A eficácia da recuperação ativa para Sprints repetidos (SR) com menor diminuição da potência de pico foi apresentada em três estudos com tempos de recuperação de 20 min, 4 min e 45 s, realizando 3 ou 4 SR com uma percentagem de cadência de pedalagem de 40 % e 28 % de VO2max ou entre 60 e 70 rpm. Os 9 estudos analisados não mostraram diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) no comportamento do lactato em termos de recuperação ativa com os protocolos que rea- lizaram. No entanto, houve diferenças significativas (p = 0,001) entre a recuperação ativa e outros métodos de recuperação. Conclusão: As características da população devem ser consideradas para os protocolos analisados com diferenças nos tempos de recuperação ativa e execução de Sprints, bem como o número de SR realizados e as percentagens de cadência de pedalagem.
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Entrenamiento de Intervalos de Alta Intensidad , Potencia , Ácido LácticoRESUMEN
Long-term retention of functional chloroplasts in animal cells occurs only in sacoglossan sea slugs. Analysis of molecules related to the maintenance of these organelles can provide valuable information on this trait (kleptoplasty). The goal of our research was to characterize the pigment and fatty acid (FA) composition of the sea slug Elysia crispata and their associated chloroplasts that are kept functional for a long time, and to quantify total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents, identifying differences between habitats: shallow (0-4 m) and deeper (8-12 m) waters. Specimens were sampled and analyzed after a month of food deprivation, through HPLC, GC-MS and colorimetric methods, to ensure an assessment of long-term kleptoplasty in relation to depth. Pigment signatures indicate that individuals retain chloroplasts from different macroalgal sources. FA classes, phospholipid and glycolipid contents displayed dissimilarities between depths. However, heterogeneities in pigment and FA profiles, as well as total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid amounts in E. crispata were not related to habitat depth. The high content of chloroplast origin molecules, such as Chl a and glycolipids after a month of starvation, confirms that E. crispata retains chloroplasts in good biochemical condition. This characterization fills a knowledge gap of an animal model commonly employed to study kleptoplasty.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of coronavirus SARS-Cov2 (COVID-19) confinement measures in Colombia on the dietary behaviors of a large population sample, at national and regional levels. A survey was conducted to assess dietary behaviors during the COVID-19 confinement. The survey involved 2,745 participants, aged 18 years or older, from six regions of the country (Atlántica, Bogotá, Central, Oriental, Orinoquía and Amazonía, and Pacífica). Dietary intake of foods and foods groups in grams per day before and during the confinement was estimated by considering standard serving sizes of foods. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze differences between the regions with regard to dietary behavior changes during the confinement. Differences were deemed significant at p-value < 0.05. Dietary patterns (DPs) before and during the confinement were derived from principal component analysis. Certain dietary habits were adopted by the study population during the confinement (e.g., higher frequency of snacking and home cooking), with significant differences by regions with regard to these habits, as well as regarding culinary processes. The levels of consumption of several foods also changed during the confinement, nationally and regionally. We identified three DPs before the confinement (protein-rich, carbohydrate-rich, and sugar foods patterns) and four DPs during the confinement (westernized, carbohydrate-rich, protein-rich, fish and fruits-vegetable patterns), with an explained total variance of 33 and 45%, respectively. The profile of these DPs varied to some extent between the regions; their adherence to each DP also varied (p-value < 0.001). Our results show that there were marked differences by regions in the dietary behaviors of this population during the confinement, with an overall trend toward unhealthier DPs. These results may help to shape public health nutrition interventions in Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic and in a post-COVID stage.
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Given the essential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil systems and agriculture, their use as biological indicators has risen in all fields of microbiology research. However, AMF sensitivity to chemical pesticides is poorly understood in field conditions, and not explored in ecotoxicology protocols. Hence, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of glyphosate (Roundup®) and diuron+paraquat (Gramocil®) on the germination of spores of Gigaspora albida and Rhizophagus clarus in a tropical artificial soil. This study was conducted in 2019 at the Soil Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory of the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. The nominal concentrations of glyphosate were 0, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg a.i. kg-1. For diuron+paraquat, the concentrations tested were 0, 10 + 20, 50 + 100, 100 + 200, 250 + 500, 500 + 1000, 750 + 1500 and 1000 + 2000 mg a.i. kg-1. Glyphosate did not alter germination of G. albida, but germination inhibition of R. clarus spores was of 30.8% at 1000 mg kg-1. Diuron+paraquat inhibited by 8.0% germination of G. albida, but only at the highest concentration tested. On the other hand, effects on R. clarus were detected at 50 + 100 mg kg-1 concentration and above, and inhibition was as high as 57.7% at the highest concentration evaluated. These results suggest distinct response mechanisms of Rhizophagus and Gigaspora when exposed to herbicides, with the former being more sensitive than the later.
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Hongos/fisiología , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Esporas Fúngicas/efectos de los fármacos , Agricultura , Diurona , Ecotoxicología , Glomeromycota/fisiología , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Micorrizas/fisiología , Paraquat , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Suelo , Microbiología del Suelo , GlifosatoRESUMEN
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is the most severe form of sickle cell disease caused by homozygosity of the ßS-gene (S/S or ßSßS) and has worldwide distribution. Six polymorphic sites in the ß-globin gene cluster were analyzed from a sample of 56 chromosomes of patients with SCA from the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. PCR-RFLP showed that the CAR haplotype was predominant with a frequency of 64.28%, followed by the BEN haplotype (28.57%). Atypical haplotypes were identified at a frequency of 7.15%. Genotypes CAR/CAR, BEN/BEN, and CAR/BEN were present in 46.43%, 10.71%, and 35.71% of patients, respectively. ß-Globin haplotype determination is important not only for the monitoring and prognosis of patients with SCA, but it also serves to inform anthropological studies that contribute to elucidating any peculiarities associated with African influences that contributed to the ethnological, economic, cultural, and social formation of Brazil. The high frequency of the CAR/CAR and CAR/BEN haplotypes in this study, which are associated with low levels of fetal hemoglobin, may ultimately reflect a severe clinical course and poor prognosis in patients with SCA in Maranhão.
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Anemia de Células Falciformes/epidemiología , Anemia de Células Falciformes/genética , Haplotipos/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia de Células Falciformes/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are defined as environmental pollutants capable of interfering with the functioning of the hormonal system. They are environmentally distributed as synthetic fertilizers, electronic waste, and several food additives that are part of the food chain. They can be considered as obesogenic compounds since they have the capacity to influence cellular events related to adipose tissue, altering lipid metabolism and adipogenesis processes. This review will present the latest scientific evidence of different EDs such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, "nonpersistent" phenolic compounds, triclosan, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and smoke-derived compounds (benzo -alpha-pyrene) and their influence on the differentiation processes towards adipocytes in both in vitro and in vivo models.
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Adipogénesis/fisiología , Disruptores Endocrinos/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animales , Benzoatos/metabolismo , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Éteres Difenilos Halogenados/metabolismo , Humanos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Fenoles/farmacología , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/metabolismo , Pirenos/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción , Triclosán/metabolismoRESUMEN
We designed and evaluated the efficacy of a computer-based cognitive training program (Executive Function Enhancement Program [EFEP]) to stimulate executive functions through enhancing planning in normally-developing children. A total of 111 Colombian children participated in the study. Fifty-nine (53%) of the children were assigned to the experimental condition (application of the EFEP program) with two levels of planning performance, and fifty-two (47%) to the waiting list control condition with the same two levels of planning. The training program was applied three times a week over six weeks, with post-intervention assessment two weeks after the end of training. A follow-up assessment was carried out three months later. Results showed that the intervention program was particularly effective in the children with lower pre-intervention performance in planning, demonstrating that the program is an efficient therapeutic instrument for enhancing the executive function of planning in children between 5 and 7 years old.
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Remediación Cognitiva , Función Ejecutiva , Terapia Asistida por Computador , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are mutualistic symbionts considered a key group in soil systems involved in the provision of several ecosystem services. Recently they have been listed by EFSA as organisms to be included in the test battery for the risk assessment of plant protection product (PPPs). This study aimed to contribute to improve the ISO Protocol (ISO 10832: 2009) by assessing the feasibility of using other AMF species under different test conditions. Overall, results showed that AMF species Gigaspora albida and Rhizophagus clarus (selected out of five AMF species) are suitable to be used in spore germination tests using the ISO protocol (14 days incubation with sand or artificial soil as substrate) to test PPPs. However, several modifications to the protocol were made in order to accommodate the use of the tested isolates, namely the incubation temperature (28 °C instead of 24 °C) and the change of reference substance (boric acid instead of cadmium nitrate). The need for these changes, plus the results obtained with the three fungicides tested (chlorothalonil, mancozeb and metalaxyl-M) and comparisons made with literature on the relevance of the origin of AMF isolates in dictating the adequate test conditions, emphasize the importance of adjusting test conditions (AMF species/isolates and test temperature) when assessing effects for prospective risk assessment targeting different climatic zones. So, further studies should be conducted with different AMF species and isolates from different climatic regions, in order to better define which species/isolate and test conditions should be used to assess effects of a particular PPP targeting a given climatic zone.
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Fungicidas Industriales/toxicidad , Glomeromycota/efectos de los fármacos , Micorrizas/efectos de los fármacos , Microbiología del Suelo , Pruebas de Toxicidad/métodos , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/toxicidad , Maneb/toxicidad , Nitrilos/toxicidad , Medición de Riesgo , Suelo/química , Temperatura , Factores de Tiempo , Zineb/toxicidadRESUMEN
The cultivation of soybean in Brazil experienced an expressive growth in the last decades. Soybean is highly demanding on nitrogen (N) that must come from fertilizers or from biological fixation. The N supply to the soybean crop in Brazil relies on the inoculation with elite strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. elkanii, and B. diazoefficiens, which are able to fulfill the crop's N requirements and enrich the soil for the following crop. The effectiveness of the association between N2-fixing bacteria and soybean plants depends on the efficacy of the inoculation process. Seed treatment with pesticides, especially fungicides or micronutrients, may rapidly kill the inoculated bacteria, affecting the establishment and outcome of the symbiosis. The development of technologies that allow inoculation to become a successful component of industrial seed treatment represents a valuable tool for the seed industry, as well as for the soybean crop worldwide. In this article, we report the results of new technologies, developed by the company Total Biotecnologia Indústria e Comércio S/A of Brazil, for preinoculation of soybean seeds with bradyrhizobia, in the presence of agrichemicals. Our results demonstrate improved bacterial survival for up to 30 days after inoculation, without compromising nodulation, N2-fixation, and yield in the field.
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Antecedentes. La inocuidad es una de las principales dimensiones de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) y su ausencia puede ser la causa de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Por esta razón desde el ámbito internacional y nacional cada vez se hace mayor énfasis en el enfoque "de la granja a la mesa" y en las características ambientales que influyen directamente la producción, el abastecimiento y el consumo de alimentos sanos, seguros y nutritivos. Objetivo. Identificar y exponer algunos factores medioambientales que afectan la inocuidad de las hortalizas, a lo largo del proceso que abarca desde su cultivo hasta su consumo, producidas en el municipio de Tenjo, Cundinamarca. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio descriptivo se desarrolló en tres fases. Primero se efectuó la revisión y análisis documental. Seguidamente, se realizó el trabajo de campo, dividido en dos actividades: visitas a cultivos, tanto convencionales como orgánicos, de hortalizas para caracterizar los entornos y establecer diferencias entre ellos. Posteriormente se aplicaron encuestas sobre prácticas de manipulación y preparación a consumidores de hortalizas en Tenjo y en la ciudad de Bogotá. Resultados. A partir del análisis de la información obtenida se identificaron los peligros y puntos críticos de control para proponer los correctivos necesarios y prevención de riesgos potenciales para los consumidores. Se encontró que los principales factores medioambientes que determinan las condiciones de inocuidad de las hortalizas o verduras para la situación analizada son: la calidad del agua que se utiliza en el riego, las sustancias que se emplean para fertilizar el suelo y controlar las plagas -agroquímicos y fertilizantes-, los procesos de cosecha y poscosecha, los empaques o embalajes para la distribución del producto, la manipulación y prácticas de preparación inadecuadas de las hortalizas. Conclusiones. Las etapas en la que se encuentran más peligros de contaminación para las hortalizas son las etapas de cultivo, cosecha y preparación para su consumo. Los mecanismos de autocontrol implantados por los productores, sumados al fortalecimiento de los organismos de control estatales y privados, deben buscar siempre brindar productos de excelente calidad para mitigar cualquier riesgo al consumidor final debido a los factores señalados.
Background. Food safety is one of the main dimensions of Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) and its absence may be the cause of foodborne illness. Therefore from the international and national levels today an increasing emphasis over "from farm to table" strategy and the environmental characteristics that directly influence the production, supply and consumption of healthy, safe and nutritious food is made. Objective. Identify and present some environmental factors which affect the safety of vegetables grown near and consumed in the town of Tenjo on the savannah around Colombia's capital Bogotá. Materials and methods. This descriptive study was divided into three parts. The first step was to make a systematic document search of databases and documentary sources and review and analyse them. Fieldwork then followed which included two types of activity: visits to conventional and organic vegetable crops near the town to characterise the environments and differentiate them and consumer surveys about consumers' handling and preparation practice in Tenjo and Bogotá. The third stage consisted of data analysis for determining hazards and identifying critical control points to propose the necessary corrective and preventative action regarding potential risks for consumers. Results. The main environmental factors determining the safety of vegetables in the food chain for the analyzed situation were; the quality of the water used for irrigation, the substances used to fertilise the soil and control pests, agrochemicals and fertilisers, harvest and post-harvest processes, packaging for the distribution and sale of the products and consumers' handling and preparation practice. Conclusions. Cultivation, harvesting and preparation for consumption are the dangerous stages for contamination of vegetables. Self-control mechanisms implemented by producers, together with the strengthening of State agencies and private control should always seek to provide high quality products to mitigate any risk for the final consumer due to environmental factors.
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Las concepciones curriculares que han orientado el programa de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia se encuentran implícitas en los documentos de reforma curricular, elaborados en diferentes momentos desde la creación del programa. El presente documento pretende aportar una revisión documental en torno a los factores que influyeron en la construcción de los diseños curriculares adelantados en el programa hasta el presente, en la concepción del proceso alimentario y nutricional como objeto de estudio de la profesión, y su incidencia en el proceso formativo de Nutricionistas Dietistas de esta alma máter.
The curricular concepts which have guided the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's Nutrition and Dietetics Programme have been implicit in curriculum reform documents issued since the programme's inception. This paper was aimed at providing a literature review concerning the pertinent factors influencing an approach to curriculum design to date regarding an understanding of food and nutrition as an object of study for our profession and its impact on dietician/nutritionist training/education at the university.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine the association between social support, dietary pattern, and academic stress among college students in Puerto Rico, based on their socio-demographic characteristics. METHODS: This was a retrospective, descriptive, epidemiological study that used a stratified sample of 275 college students. The data collection was done by means of a self-administered instrument. RESULTS: Most of the participating students were female (67.6%), ranged in age from 21 to 30 years (88%), and had health weights (56.4%); a large minority, 42.7%, lived in homes having low annual incomes. Most of the participating students perceived their academic loads as being heavy (68.2%) and their total academic stress levels as being moderate (60.7%). Most of the students had moderate levels of social support (61.5%). Social support was significantly associated with age (p = 0.04), in that young students had high levels of social support; with the school being attended (p = 0.01), in that students from the School of Dental Medicine had high levels of social support' and with perceived academic load (p = 0.02). Social support was significantly associated with age (p = 0.04), in that the younger students had higher levels of social support than did their older counterparts; with the school being attended (p = 0.01), in that students from the School of Medicine had higher levels of social support than did the students from the other schools; and with perceived academic load (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: There were associations between social support and age, school, and perceived academic load, but there were no such associations between social support and either level of academic stress or dietary pattern.
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Conducta Alimentaria , Apoyo Social , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estudiantes del Área de la Salud/psicología , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Actividad Motora , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Puerto Rico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Autoinforme , Factores Sexuales , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: College students often use different strategies, such as consuming alcohol and smoking, to cope with stress. We examined the associations between self-perceived academic stress, alcohol consumption, smoking, and dietary patterns in graduate students. METHODS: A representative stratified sample of 275 students from each school of the Medical Science Campus of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR-MSC) completed a 48-item questionnaire that solicited the following: socio-demographic data, estimates of self-perceived stress, estimates of the frequency of alcohol consumption and the type(s) of alcohol consumed, details regarding smoking habits, and information associated with diet (i.e., dietary patterns). Fisher's exact test and the Chi2 test were used to assess the associations between the different study variables. RESULTS: Only 3% were considered smokers (defined as > 1 cigarettes per day), with the greatest number of smokers among those aged 21-30 y (p<0.05). Smoking habits was not associated with academic load/stress or with dietary pattern. Most smokers reported that their main reason for using cigarettes was to cope with stress. About 70% of the students were considered drinkers (defined as > 0 drink/day), with a higher proportion found among women (63.5%), among those aged 21-30 years (90.6%), and among those with a low or moderate household income (p<0.05). Alcohol intake was significantly associated with academic stress, with a greater proportion of drinkers reporting experiencing moderate levels of academic stress (p<0.05), but it was not associated with dietary patterns or academic load (p>0.05). Most subjects classified as drinkers reported that alcohol consumption was not (in their experience) an effective strategy for the management of stress (81%). CONCLUSION: Alcohol consumption was only associated with academic stress. No associations were found between smoking habits and academic stress/load and dietary patterns.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Conducta Alimentaria , Fumar/epidemiología , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Puerto Rico/epidemiología , Fumar/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Estudiantes/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Stress can have deleterious effects on health and academic performance. Common stress-relieving activities among college students include the non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD). The aim of this study was to determine the associations between self-perceived academic load and stress, NMUPD (stimulants, depressants, and sleeping medication), and dietary pattern in college students in PR. METHODS: A questionnaire to evaluate academic load and stress, NMUPD, and dietary pattern was used on a representative sample of 275 first- and second-year students from one campus. RESULTS: In total, 27.6% reported NMUPD in the past 6 months, with higher use among students aged 21-30 years (93.4%) than in those aged 31-53 years (6.6%; p=0.062). Those with high levels of stress had higher NMUPD (42.1%) than did those with low (26.3%) or moderate (31.6%) stress levels, after controlling for age and sex (p=0.03). Among those who reported NMUPD over the previous 6 months, 74% reported that such use was effective as a coping strategy, and 35% reported that it helped them to improve academic performance. Although no significant association was found between NMUPD and dietary pattern, 57% of the participants reported that their appetites decreased when they engaged in NMUPD. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study that has associated self-perceived academic load and stress, NMUPD, and dietary pattern among college students in Puerto Rico. NMUPD's prevalence was 27.6%, which prevalence appeared to be higher in students aged 21-30 years than in those of any other age. High levels of stress were significantly related to high NMUPD in this sample.
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Conducta Alimentaria , Mal Uso de Medicamentos de Venta con Receta , Automedicación/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Antidepresivos , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Utilización de Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Medicamentos bajo Prescripción , Puerto Rico/epidemiología , Automedicación/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Estudiantes/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between caffeinated-beverage consumption, self-perceived academic load, and self-perceived stress levels in first and second year students at UPR-MSC. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological study was performed using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire given to a representative stratified sample of 275 students. Questions included information regarding socio-demographic characteristics, academic load and stress indicators, and caffeinated-beverage consumption. Chi2 was used to assess the associations between these variables. RESULTS: Most participants were women (68%), aged 21-30 years (88%), with low annual household incomes (43%). Most perceived their academic loads as being heavy (68%), and most perceived their academic stress levels as being moderate (37%). Academic load was significantly correlated with stress level (p<0.001). About 88% of the participants reported consuming caffeinated beverages; of those, 87% drank soft drinks, 83% drank coffee, 56% drank hot chocolate, 40% drank tea, and 29% drank energy drinks, all of which were--according to the participants (54%)--used mainly to stay awake. Soft drinks and coffee intake increased in periods of high stress, and many (49%) reported that these beverages were useful for coping with stress. Energy drinks, in particular, were consumed more often by men compared to women (p<0.05). None of these beverages were significantly associated with academic stress or load. CONCLUSION: Consuming caffeinated beverages is a popular practice among participants in this sample, with soft drinks and coffee being the ones that are the most frequently consumed. No associations were found between the consumption of caffeinated beverages and academic stress or load.
Asunto(s)
Bebidas/estadística & datos numéricos , Cafeína/uso terapéutico , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/uso terapéutico , Conducta de Ingestión de Líquido , Fatiga/tratamiento farmacológico , Automedicación/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Cacao , Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Café , Estudios Transversales , Bebidas Energéticas/estadística & datos numéricos , Fatiga/etiología , Fatiga/prevención & control , Fatiga/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Puerto Rico/epidemiología , Automedicación/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Estudiantes/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Té , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: University students face academic responsibilities that may produce stress, which may lead to changes in dietary patterns (DPs). These changed patterns can become dysfunctional, often resulting in a negative impact on the health of the stressed student. Little is known about DPs in college students in Puerto Rico (PR). The purpose of this study was to describe the DPs of college students in PR and the association of these patterns with socio-demographic characteristics and perceived academic stress. METHODS: This retrospective epidemiological study investigated self-reported DPs in a representative sample of 275 college students, in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, body composition (BC), and perceived academic stress; a Diet Quality Index was developed using the USDA Food Patterns for 2010 to determine whether their DPs were adequate or inadequate. RESULTS: Most of the participating students were female (67.6%), ranged from 21 to 30 years old (88%), lived in low household incomes (42.7%), and had healthy weights (56.4%). Most of the students perceived the stress levels as being moderate (60.7%). Most had diets that were below the dietary recommendations for grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and protein, whereas fat consumption was adequate. Overall, most had inadequate DPs (62%). DP was significantly associated with age (p < 0.05); older students had better DPs than did younger students. In terms of the different schools (p < 0.05), those students from the School of Medicine and those from the School of Public Health had better DPs than did the students from the other schools. DP was not associated with income, gender, BMI, stress level, or course load. CONCLUSION: The majority of the students had inadequate DPs, which inadequacy was associated with both the age of the student and the school that he or she attended.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Alimentaria , Estrés Psicológico , Estudiantes , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Puerto Rico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The academic environment usually generates stress in students. Increasing physical activity (PA) is one of the stress-coping strategies for students; however, students usually reduce their PA while enrolled in college. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between PA, self-perceived academic load and stress, and dietary patterns in students attending college in Puerto Rico. METHODS: A proportional stratified sample of 275 students from UPR-MSC completed a self-administered questionnaire on socioeconomic status, academic load and stress, body composition, dietary patterns, and PA. Chi2 was used to assess the association between variables. RESULTS: Most of the participants were female (68%), were aged 21 to 30 years (88%), and had low annual household incomes ($0-$24,999) (43%). Women reported higher levels of stress (p < 0.001) than did men. Overweight and obesity was found in 35.4%, while most students reported a light PA level (46.5%), which was higher among women (p < 0.001). During periods of greater stress, most students increased sedentary activities (68%), and -30% reported a decrease in moderate and vigorous activities; however, 60% reported that PA was an effective coping strategy and 66% would use it again. There was a negative association between PA and stress: those with higher levels of stress had lower PA levels (p = 0.06). No significant associations were found between PA and the others variables studied (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Most students reported sedentary lifestyles during periods of greater stress. High level of stress were positively associated with a light PA level.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico , Conducta Alimentaria , Actividad Motora , Estrés Psicológico , Estudiantes , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Puerto Rico , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Los procesos de la alimentación y la nutrición humana son indispensables para el desarrollo de todos los procesos vitales y por ende para la garantía de un óptimo estado de salud. Dada la importancia del conocimiento sobre estos aspectos en el siglo XX se estructuraron programas académicos orientados a la formación de Nutricionistas Dietistas. En este contexto la Universidad Nacional de Colombia ha venido formando profesionales Nutricionistas Dietistas desde 1965. Desde entonces se ha contado con tres planes de estudio diseñados con atención a los avances de la disciplina, los contextos históricos y las necesidades de formación en el país. El plan de estudios actual producto de la reforma curricular de 2008, ofrece al estudiante la posibilidad de formarse en la profesión construyendo sus propias trayectorias de formación e incentiva el tránsito directo entre los niveles de formación de pregrado y posgrado. Los cambios propuestos intentan responder a las demandas que el contexto exige a la nutrición como ciencia y a los requerimientos de profesionales integrales con una visión holística capaces de aportar alternativas de solución a los problemas inherentes a la alimentación y la nutrición. El presente artículo propone un análisis del proceso de formación de nutricionistas dietistas a la luz de la modificación curricular y los retos que esto genera para los actores del programa y para el área curricular al cual se encuentra adscrito.
Human eating habits and nutrition are indispensable for the development of all life processes and thus for guaranteeing an optimum state of health. Academic programmes have been structured (given the importance of knowledge regarding these aspects in the 20th century) which have been orientated towards training dieticians; the Universidad Nacional de Colombia has been training professional dieticians since 1965. Three study plans have been designed since then regarding advances made in the discipline, historical contexts and the need for professional training in Colombia. The current study plan (arising from curriculum reform in 2008) offers students the chance to become trained in the profession by constructing their own development trajectory and encourages direct crossover between levels of undergraduate and postgraduate training. The proposed changes are aimed at responding to the demands made on nutrition as a science and the requirements of all-round professionals having a holistic vision who are able to contribute alternative solutions to the problems inherent in food and nutrition. This article proposes an analysis of dieticians' formation in the light of curriculum modification and the challenges which this produces for actors in the programme and for the particular curriculum area.
RESUMEN
Utilizando un abordaje cualitativo interpretativo, se describen y analizan las percepciones y creencias que tiene un grupo de personas que padecieron un infarto agudo de miocardio, con respecto a sus hábitos de vida; se busca encontrar, desde el propio sujeto, las implicaciones que lo llevan a asumir un hábito. La muestra se constituyó con la información proporcionada por siete personas usuarias del servicio de salud de la Universidad Nacional, que fueron abordadas en dos momentos diferentes con entrevistas no estructuradas, justificadas mediante el criterio de saturación. Del análisis se obtuvo la construcción de seis categorías y subcategorías que permitieron una descripción del fenómeno en estudio. Entre las categorías encontradas están: identidad, impacto de la experiencia, gusto, lo que hay detrás del cambio, relaciones humanas y estrategias para conservarse sano. Posteriormente estas categorías se analizaron a la luz de los cuatro existenciales que presenta la teoría fenomenológica: cuerpo vivido, espacio vivido, tiempo vivido y relaciones humanas vividas. Los hallazgos permiten avanzar en la comprensión del Ser, al cual se le recomienda un cambio de hábito con una visión renovada del sujeto; así se intenta construir y recuperar el acervo cultural de los procesos de salud y enfermedad tomando como punto de partida a los propios sujetos sociales y, de esta manera, poder repensar desde ópticas diferentes los enfoques de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad que lleven a mejores resultados.
Using a qualitative and interpretative approach, the perceptions and beliefs related to lifestyle choices of a group of sufferers of acute myocardial infarctions are analyzed and described. The study tries to find, from the subject itself, the situations that make him or her pick up a habit. The sample was constituted by the information given by seven users of the health services of the National University, who were approached at two different moments with non-structured interviews, justified by the principle of saturation. From the analysis, it was possible to build six categories and subcategories that allowed for a description of the studied incident. Amongst these categories, are: identity, impact of the experience, taste, elements behind change, human relationships and health strategies. These categories were later analyzed through the lens of four existential elements, presented by the phenomenological theory: experienced body, experienced space, experienced period and experienced human relationships. The findings allows for advances in the comprehension of the Self, to which is recommended a change of habits, with a renewed vision of the topic. As such, the construction and retrieval of the cultural knowledge of the health-disease process from the point of view of those same social subjects is attempted. This also brings the reanalysis, from different standpoints, of several health promotion and disease prevention approaches that provide better results.
Utilizando um método qualitativo e interpretativo, foram descritas e analisadas as percepções e crenças de um grupo de pessoas que padeceram um infarto agudo do miocárdio em relação a seus hábitos, e as implicações que o levam a assumir um hábito são procuradas no sujeito mesmo. A amostra foi constituída pela informação fornecida por sete usuários do serviço de saúde da Universidade Nacional, entrevistados em dois momentos diferentes, utilizando entrevistas estruturadas e justificadas pelo critério de saturação. Desta análise, foram construídas seis categorias e subca-tegorias que permitiram uma descrição do fenômeno estudado. Entre as categorias estão: identidade, impacto da experiência, gosto, razões da mudança, relações humanas e estratégias para se manter são. Estas categorias foram analisadas posteriormente à luz das quatro elementos existenciais apresentados pela teoria fenomenológica: corpo vivido, espaço vivido, tempo vivido, e relações humanas vividas. As descobertas permitem avançar na compreensão do Ser, ao qual uma mudança de hábitos é recomendada, junto com uma visão renovada do sujeito. Desta forma, a construção e a recuperação do acervo cultural dos processos de saúde e de doença são iniciadas, utilizando os sujeitos sociais como ponto de partida e, portanto, repensar a promoção da saúde e da prevenção das doenças desde diversos pontos de vista que gerem melhores resultados.