RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is some evidence indicating that inflammation of the aneurysmal wall is related to aneurysmal growth and rupture. The presence of CD68 may indicate greater inflammatory activity. The objective of this study is to evaluate CD68 immunoexpression in surgically resected brain aneurysms and its association with smoking. METHODS: The resected brain aneurysmal walls after microsurgical clipping were envoyed to immunohistochemistry investigation. The objective was to evaluate the expression of CD68 and CD34 antibodies. The associations between inflammatory markers, smoking, and rupture were tested using Fischer's exact test. RESULTS: CD68 immunoexpression in the tunica media was associated with larger aneurysms: 7.0 mm (7.0-9.0 mm) versus 5.0 mm (3.5-5 mm; p = 0.011). There was no statistically significant association between smoking and CD68 expression in the tunica media (p = 0.234) or in either the tunica media or the tunica intima (p = 0.628). There was also no statistically significant association between hemorrhagic presentation of the aneurysm and CD68 expression in the tunica media (p = 0.689) or in either the tunica media or the tunica intima (p = 0.348). Therefore, the presence of CD68-positive cells in the aneurysmal walls indicates an association with size, especially if the tunica media is exclusively compromised (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemistry investigation for CD68 antibodies was used to determine histiocytic infiltration. Adequately powered studies are necessary to further investigate the association between CD68-positive cells and both smoking history and hemorrhagic presentation of aneurysms.
RESUMEN
Central nervous system high-grade neuroepithelial tumors with BCOR alteration are rare. Currently, there are only 24 cases reported in the literature. These tumors are characterized by a change involving the BCOR gene and have a poor prognosis. Studies are needed to improve the current therapy and outcomes of these neoplasms. This case report describes the clinical history of a patient with this disease and aims to contribute to the current knowledge about this new entity.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Preescolar , Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliales/genética , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliales/patología , Mutación/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mixed intracranial aneurysms are vascular lesions appearing in the ruptured saccular aneurysms whose blood is contained by perivascular tissues forming another cavity called pseudoaneurysm. All cases until now have been reported in the literature with subarachnoid hemorrhage. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 65-year-old woman presented with multiple brain aneurysms with no history of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Endovascular treatment was chosen for left-sided aneurysms [lateral carotid wall (LCW) and posterior communicating (PCom)]. After the embolization of the LCW aneurysm, the patient developed a left third nerve palsy. A head computed tomography scan was immediately performed which did not show any SAH. The control angiography demonstrated PCom aneurysm with intraaneurysmal contrast retention even in the venous phase, along with modification of the aneurismal sac format, leading to diagnoses of mixed aneurysm. The PCom aneurysm was successfully coiled and an operation was performed to clip the right side aneurysms. The patient was discharged after 10 postoperative days. CONCLUSION: Mixed intracranial aneurysm has special radiological characteristics that should be promptly recognized to offer the best treatment.
RESUMEN
Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most prevalent endemic mycosis in Latin America, with a great incidence in Brazil. Although a common disease, its medullary form is rare. We present a case report of medullary paracoccidioidomycosis presenting with subacute, progressive, spinal cord symptoms, and with multiple expansive lesions into the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. The patient was treated with itraconazole and showed good clinical and radiologic recovery upon six months of follow-up.
Paracoccidioidomicose é a micose endêmica de maior prevalência na America Latina, com grande incidência no Brasil. Apesar de comum, sua forma medular é rara. Apresentamos um relato de caso de paracoccidioidomicose medular apresentando sintomas subagudos e progressivos na medula, com múltiplas lesões expansivas na medula, cervical e torácica. O paciente foi tratado com itraconazole e apresentou melhora clínica e recuperação radiológica após seis meses.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Paracoccidioidomicosis , Paracoccidioidomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Médula Ósea , ItraconazolRESUMEN
The association between Lückenschädel and craniosynostosis is unusual and unknown. Genetic origin is a possibility, representing one of many possible phenotypes for mutation. To the best of our knowledge, the association of such anomalies in a type IV Chiari malformation has never been reported before. The authors present the case of a patient with obstructive hydrocephalus, diagnosed with Chiari IV malformation associated with Lückenschädel and sagittal craniosynostosis. The Lückenschädel is the bone abnormality least commonly associated with Chiari malformation. It consists of a defect in the bones ofmembranous origin that formthe cranial vault. This anomaly arises from periosteal dysplasia, and is characterized by rounded and irregular gaps in the skull, bound by bony ridges. Craniosynostosis is due to premature fusion of the cranial sutures and is sometimes associated with the Chiari complex of malformations. The diagnostic of Lückenschädel and craniosynostosis is done by imaging, through which the skull assumes the aspect of a hive, characteristic of Lückenschädel and it is possible to see the premature fusion of the sutures. The Lückenschädel usually does not require treatment because of spontaneous resolution; whereas, craniosynostosis warrants surgery for aesthetic and functional reasons. The Chiari malformation IV only requires treatment when it results in syringomyelia or hydrocephalus.
O Lückenschädel e a craniossinostose são uma associação incomum e pouco conhecida, com possível origem genética, o que representa um dos muitos fenótipos possíveis para uma mutação. Até onde sabemos, a associação destas anomalias em um caso de malformação de Chiari tipo IV não foi relatada antes. Os autores apresentam o caso de um paciente com hidrocefalia obstrutiva, que foi diagnosticado com malformação de Chiari tipo IV associada com Lückenschädel e craniossinostose sagital. O Lückenschädel é a anormalidade óssea menos comum associada com a malformação de Chiari. É constituída por umdefeito nos ossos de origem membranosa que formam a abóbada craniana. Esta anomalia surge de displasia do periósteo e é caracterizada por falhas arredondadas e irregulares no crânio, delimitadas por cristas ósseas. A craniossinostose se deve à fusão prematura das suturas cranianas e é por vezes associada com o complexo de malformações de Chiari. Os diagnósticos de Lückenschädel e craniossinostose são feitos por imagem, onde o crânio assume um aspecto de colmeia, característico de Lückenschädel, e é possível ver a fusão prematura das suturas. O Lückenschädel geralmente não requer tratamento por causa de resolução espontânea e craniosynostosis necessita de cirurgia para fins estéticos e funcionais. A malformação de Chiari IV só requer tratamento quando resulta em siringomielia ou hidrocefalia.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Lactante , Malformación de Arnold-Chiari/complicaciones , Craneosinostosis/complicaciones , Hidrocefalia/complicaciones , Cráneo/anomalías , VentriculostomíaRESUMEN
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite advances in treatment, resistant strains and unusual sites of involvement have been diagnosed. We present a case of a 13-year-old patient in treatment for tuberculous meningitis who presented with progressive paraparesis. The MRI showed two intramedullary nodular lesions at T4T6 levels, isointense with annular hyperintensity on T1W, hypointense on T2W, becoming hypointense with ring enhancement after contrast. These characteristics differ from those usually described for intramedullary tuberculomas. Surgical excision was performed, confirming the diagnosis of intramedullary tuberculoma. The formation of intramedullary tuberculomas is rare, with a ratio of two cases per thousand diagnosed with CNS tuberculosis, and the thoracic spine is most frequently affected. The clinical picture is of progressive subacute spinal cord compression, and it may lead to paraplegia. At MRI, the lesion in early stage appears as hypointense rings on T1W and hyperintense on T2W, with homogeneous enhancement after contrast. After the formation of the solid caseous granuloma, it becomes isointense on T1W and hypointense on T2W with homogeneous enhancement after contrast. When the center of the granuloma becomes liquefied, it shows hypointense sign on T1W and hyperintense with peripheral enhancement on T2W. The treatment of choice is medical, with the current protocol including rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Surgery is reserved for cases of progressive neurologic deficits or for diagnostic confirmation. Although benign and potentially curable, intramedullary tuberculoma should be promptly diagnosed and treated to prevent irreversible damage.
A tuberculose é uma infecção bacteriana crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Apesar dos avanços no tratamento, cepas resistentes e locais incomuns de envolvimento vêm sendo diagnosticados. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 13 anos de idade, em tratamento para meningite tuberculosa que se apresentou com paraparesia progressiva. A ressonância magnética mostrou duas lesões nodulares intramedulares no nível de T4T6, isointensas com bordos hiperintensos em T1, hipointensos em T2, tornando-se hipointensos com realce anelar após contraste. Essas características diferem daquelas usualmente descritas para tuberculomas intramedulares. Foi realizada a excisão cirúrgica, confirmando o diagnóstico de tuberculoma intramedular. A formação de tuberculomas intramedulares é rara, com uma proporção de dois casos por mil diagnosticados com tuberculose do sistema nervoso central (SNC), e a coluna torácica é a mais frequentemente acometida. O quadro clínico é de compressão da medula espinal progressiva subaguda, podendo levar à paraplegia. Na ressonância magnética, a lesão em fase inicial aparece como anéis hipointensos em T1 e hiperintensos em T2, com realce homogêneo após contraste. Após a formação do granuloma caseoso sólido, torna-se isointensa em T1 e hipointensa em T2, com realce homogêneo após contraste. Quando o centro do granuloma torna-se liquefeito, mostra sinal hipointenso em T1 e hiperintenso com realce periférico em T2. O tratamento de escolha é medicamentoso, com o protocolo corrente de rifampicina, isoniazida, pirazinamida e etambutol. A cirurgia é reservada para os casos de déficit neurológico progressivo ou para confirmação diagnóstica. Embora benigna e potencialmente curável, deve ser diagnosticada e tratada para evitar danos irreversíveis.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Tuberculosis Meníngea/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Meníngea/terapia , Tuberculoma Intracraneal/diagnósticoRESUMEN
The cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) is an uncommon vascular malformation of the brain, representing approximately 3.4% of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) cases, with complex morphology and poorly understood origin. Thus, we present the case of a woman patient aged 27 years, who performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain because of a headache. Extensive malformation was identified vascular right frontoparietal, with the presence of the brain tissue mixed with the vessel. CPA identified multiple feeder arteries, with the absence of nidus and slowing the flow into the venous system, confirming that it was CPA. During evaluation at another hospital she underwent partial embolization of the lesion, without success. Currently, the patient is progressing with left hemiparesis. CPA has distinct characteristics, such as large dimensions, presence of functional brain tissue intermingled with the vessels, no nidus, multiple nourishing vessels, and small veins. It does not present well-defined nidus or flow-related aneurysms. These characteristics classify it as a disease itself within the group of AVMs. This case clinically presents with seizures, refractory headaches, focal neurologic deficits, and low risk of bleeding. Alternatives for curative treatment imply significant neurologic deficits and the most accepted options aimed at easing the symptoms and the partial embolization alternative that is best associated with risks and benefits.
A angiopatia cerebral progressiva (ACP) é uma malformação vascular encefálica incomum, representando cerca de 3,4% dos casos de malformações arteriovenosas (MAV's), com morfologia complexa e origem pouco compreendida. Assim, apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 27 anos, que realizou RNM de crânio para investigação etiológica de cefaleia, tendo sido identificado extensa malformação vascular frontoparietal direita, com a presença de tecido cerebral entremeado aos vasos. Exame de angiografia cerebral identificou múltiplas artérias nutridoras, com ausência de nidus e lentificação do fluxo para o sistema venoso, confirmando tratar-se de Angiopatia Cerebral Proliferativa. Durante avaliação emoutro serviço foi submetida à embolização parcial da lesão, sem sucesso. Atualmente a paciente vem evoluindo com hemiparesia dimidiada à esquerda. A ACP apresenta características distintas como a presença de tecido cerebral funcionante entremeado aos vasos, ausência de nidus, múltiplos vasos nutridores e pequenas veias, sendo uma lesão de grandes imensões. Não apresenta nidus bem definido ou aneurismas relacionados ao fluxo. Estas características a classificam como uma doença própria dentro do grupo das malformações arteriovenosas. Clinicamente cursa com crises epilépticas, cefaleias refratárias e déficits neurológicos focais. Apresenta baixo risco de sangramento. As alternativas para tratamento curativo implicam em importantes déficits neurológicos e as opções mais aceitam visam à atenuação da sintomatologia, sendo a embolização parcial a alternativa que melhor associa riscos e benefícios.
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Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Angiografía Cerebral , Malformaciones Arteriovenosas Intracraneales , Fístula Arteriovenosa , Embolización TerapéuticaRESUMEN
The occurrence of herniated disc simulating diseases in neuroimaging it?s an uncommon situation. However, due to changes that occur in sequestered disc fragment, some cases can mimic spinal neoplasms. Thus, we present the case of a female patient, 60 year-old, with left back pain and left leg weakness. Left lower limb presented with strength grade IV, positive 45 degress Lasègue?s signal and patellar areflexia. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an expansive left centro-lateral lesion at L4-L5 level, hypointense on T1W, hyperintense on T2W, with peripheral contrast uptake, causing compression of the dural sac and L5 nerve root. A hemilaminectomy was performed, with complete excision of the lesion. Histological analisys confirmed discal hernia. Disc herniation is a condition characterized by the displacement of the disc content to the spinal canal, predominantly in the lumbar region, and manifesting as radiculopathy. The fragment sequestration occurs in 30% of the cases and is characterized by loss of continuity with remaining disc. MRI exams generally allow diagnostic confirmation; however, there may be diagnostic confusion with tumors, arachnoid cysts and abscesses. The inflammatory reaction occurred in the disc fragment produces the differences in MRI signal. The fragment is hypointense on T1W, hyperintense on T2W, with peripheral enhancement after contrast. Malignancies and Schwannomas have homogeneous or heterogeneous uptake. The epidural abscess is isointense on T1W and hyperintense on T2W, with homogeneous or peripheral enhancement, similar to discal herniation. Thus, sequestered disc herniation can mimic other space-occupying lesions, being necessary a surgical approach to obtain material for histopathological analysis and diagnostic confirmation.
A ocorrência de hérnias de disco simulando outras patologias em neuroimagens é incomum. Entretanto, devido às alterações que ocorrem no fragmento discal sequestrado, alguns casos podem mimetizar neoplasias espinais. Assim, apresentamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 60 anos, com lombalgia à esquerda e fraqueza na perna esquerda. O membro inferior esquerdo apresentava força grau IV, sinal de Laségue positivo a 45 graus e arreflexia patelar. Ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) de coluna lombossacra evidenciou lesão expansiva centrolateral esquerda ao nível de L4-L5, hipointensa em T1, hiperintensa em T2, com captação periférica de contraste, determinando compressão do saco dural e raiz de L5. Realizou-se hemilaminectomia com excisão completa da lesão. A análise histológica confirmou hérnia discal. Hérnia de disco é uma patologia caracterizada pelo deslocamento do conteúdo discal para o canal vertebral, predominando na região lombar e manifestando-se como radiculopatia. O sequestro do fragmento ocorre em 30% dos casos e se caracteriza por perda da continuidade com o disco remanescente. Exames de RNM geralmente permitem a confirmação diagnóstica, entretanto, pode haver confusão diagnóstica com tumores, cistos aracnóideos e abscessos. A reação inflamatória ocorrida no fragmento discal produz as diferenças de sinal na RNM. O fragmento é hipointenso em T1, hiperintenso em T2, apresentando realce periférico após contraste. Neoplasias malignas e Schwannomas apresentam captação homogênea ou heterogênea. Os abscessos epidurais podem apresentar realce homogêneo ou periférico, semelhante às hérnias discais. Assim, hérnias de disco sequestradas podem mimetizar outras lesões ocupando espaço, sendo necessária abordagem cirúrgica com obtenção de material para análise histopatológica para confirmar o diagnóstico.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/complicaciones , Vértebras Lumbares , Neoplasias de la Vaina del Nervio/complicaciones , Neoplasias de la Médula Espinal/complicacionesRESUMEN
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid (AT/RT) of the brain is a rare malignant pediatric neoplasm that usually affects children around age two. This report is about a male patient, six months of age, who presented with seizures and decreased level of consciousness, progressing to numbness, oculomotor nerve palsy and tetra-spasticity. CT scan showed left cerebellopontine angle tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a solid lesion, hypointense on T1W and heterogeneous hyperintense on T2W, enhanced after contrast infusion, accompanied by three solid lesions, rounded and irregular in the left cerebellar hemisphere, occipito-parietal transition and right occipital lobe with no evidence of leptomeningeal spread, forming secondary implants. We conducted a biopsy, which confirmed AT/RT. Chemotherapic treatment was ineffective and the patient passed away quickly. In the literature review we found about 300 cases reported, as it is, therefore, extremely rare tumor with a mean age at diagnosis of 29 months. It can affect any area of the central nervous system, mainly infratentorial, being its main differential diagnosis medulloblastomas. The findings of secondary implantation without leptomeningeal spread seen in this patient are described in only one other case in literature. The clinical features usually are neurological deficits, seizures and coma. Its genesis stems from mutations in the gene hSNF5/INI1 on chromosome 22. Neuroimaging studies don?t reveal radiological pattern suggesting AT/RT and the diagnosis is possible only through a biopsy with immunohistochemical analysis. The available treatments are ineffective, and death is the outcome, with 84% in six months.
Tumor rabdoide/teratoide atípico de encéfalo ? um caso com três implantes secundários O tumor rabdoide/teratoide atípico (AT/RT) do encéfalo é uma neoplasia pediátrica maligna rara que acomete geralmente crianças ao redor dos dois anos. O caso descrito é de um paciente masculino, de seis meses de idade, que apresentou convulsões e diminuição do nível de consciência, evoluindo com torpor, paralisia do nervo oculomotor e tetraespasticidade. Exame de tomografia evidenciou neoplasia do ângulo ponto-cerebelar esquerdo. A ressonância magnética (RNM) demonstrou lesão sólida, hipointensa em T1, e heterogênea e hiperintensa em T2, realçada após contraste, acompanhada de três lesões sólidas, arredondadas e irregulares no hemisfério cerebelar esquerdo, transição occipito-parietal direita e lobo occipital direito, sem sinais de disseminação leptomeníngea, constituindo implantes secundários. Realizou-se então uma biópsia, que confirmou AT/RT. O tratamento realizado por meio de quimioterapia foi ineficaz e o óbito ocorreu rapidamente. Na revisão de literatura encontramos pouco mais de 300 casos descritos, tratando-se, portanto, de neoplasia extremamente rara, com média de idade ao diagnóstico de 29 meses. Pode acometer qualquer área do sistema nervoso central, com predomínio infratentorial, sendo seu principal diagnóstico diferencial os meduloblastomas. Os achados de implantação secundária sem disseminação leptomeníngea encontrados neste paciente são descritos em apenas um outro caso na literatura. O quadro clínico costuma cursar com déficits neurológicos, convulsões e coma. Sua gênese decorre de mutações no gene hSNF5/INI1 do cromossomo 22. As neuroimagens não revelam padrão específico, sendo o diagnóstico possível somente mediante biópsia com análise imuno-histoquímica. Os tratamentos disponíveis são ineficazes, e o óbito constitui a via final, ocorrendo 84% destes nos primeiros seis meses.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Lactante , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Tumor Rabdoide , TeratomaRESUMEN
Introdução: A ocorrência de hemorragia cerebelar remota durante cirurgias da coluna vertebral é um evento raro e pode passar despercebido na maioria dos casos. Uma taxa de mortalidade de até 15% tem sido relatada. Relato de caso: Apresentamos dois casos de pacientes que apresentaram hemorragia cerebelar após cirurgia de coluna lombar complicada com ruptura da dura-mater. Em ambos os casos, o diagnóstico foi feito durante a investigação de déficits neurológicos no pós-operatório inicial. No primeiro caso, houve ruptura dural devido ao rompimento do material de osteossíntese vertebral pré-existente. No segundo caso, foi verificada a existência de fístula dural após o procedimento, responsável pela perda de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). Estudos de neuroimagem nos dois pacientes evidenciaram o clássico sinal da zebra. Ambos receberam apenas tratamento conservador, não-cirúrgico, com evolução satisfatória. Discussão: O mecanismo fisiopatológico da HCR ainda é desconhecido, mas supõe-se que ocorra devido à hipotensão intracraniana causada pelo vazamento de líquor, que desloca caudalmente o cerebelo, estirando e rompendo as veias vermianas. O tratamento expectante pode ser aplicado em casos de pequenos sangramentos, reservando a cirurgia para casos de hemorragias graves. O prognóstico é geralmente favorável, com pequenos déficits neurológicos transitórios.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Hemorragia Cerebral , Cirugía General , Columna VertebralRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We introduce a technique for performing a selective amygdalohippocampectomy (AH) through a minisupraorbital approach. METHODS: A minisupraorbital craniotomy and an anterior selective AH were performed in 8 cadaver heads (16 sides). The anatomic specimens were analyzed, and the extent of resection of the hippocampus and amygdala was evaluated. Surgically relevant measurements were performed using anatomic specimens. An image-guided system was used to document the extent of the anterior AH. Laboratory data were used to support the clinical application of the technique. RESULTS: The anterior route allowed removal of the amygdala and hippocampus, as confirmed by anatomic assessment. The image-guided system and anatomic evaluation confirmed that the amygdala and hippocampus can be accessed and removed through this route. The mean distance between the anterior aspect of the uncus and the tip of the temporal horn was 17.0 +/- 4.6 mm; the mean distance from the head of the hippocampus to the posterior border of the cerebral peduncles was 26.0 +/- 3.2 mm. Clinical application resulted in satisfactory removal of the amygdala and hippocampus. CONCLUSION: The anterior route for selective AH is a logical and straightforward approach to the mesial temporal lobe. Compared with other variations, it is less invasive and destructive, especially in terms of the fibers of the optic pathway, temporal stem, and lateral temporal neocortex.
Asunto(s)
Amígdala del Cerebelo/cirugía , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/cirugía , Hipocampo/cirugía , Microcirugia/métodos , Neuronavegación/métodos , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos/métodos , Amígdala del Cerebelo/patología , Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Cadáver , Craneotomía/métodos , Disección , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/patología , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatología , Femenino , Hueso Frontal/anatomía & histología , Hueso Frontal/cirugía , Hemangioma Cavernoso del Sistema Nervioso Central/complicaciones , Hemangioma Cavernoso del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Hemangioma Cavernoso del Sistema Nervioso Central/cirugía , Hipocampo/patología , Hipocampo/fisiopatología , Humanos , Neocórtex/anatomía & histología , Neocórtex/cirugía , Vías Nerviosas/anatomía & histología , Vías Nerviosas/cirugía , Órbita/anatomía & histología , Órbita/cirugía , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Lóbulo Temporal/anatomía & histología , Lóbulo Temporal/cirugía , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto Joven , Cigoma/anatomía & histología , Cigoma/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: In many locations, neurosurgeons still use stereotactic- or anatomic-based craniocerebral topography systems to identify cortical landmarks. However, their predictive value for identifying two key landmarks--the central sulcus (CS) and lateral sulcus (LS)--has never been evaluated. We quantitatively compare leading craniocerebral topographic methods and review their historical significance for neurosurgery. METHODS: On 12 cadaveric head sides, the methods of Broca, Reid, Poirier, Taylor-Haughton, and Rhoton were used to predict positions of the CS and LS. After craniotomy, the actual CS, LS, and the superior and inferior Rolandic points were identified. Distances between predicted positions and actual structures were measured, and the systems were compared. RESULTS: The actual superior Rolandic point was 4.6 +/- 2.9 mm anterior to prediction by Broca's method; 4.3 +/- 2.13 mm anterior to the Poirier, Taylor-Haughton, and Rhoton methods; and 3.26 +/- 3.17 mm anterior or posterior using Reid's method. The actual inferior Rolandic point was anteroinferior to all predictions: 5.87 +/- 3.1 mm by Rhoton, 6.97 +/- 3.55 mm by Broca, 7.64 +/- 2.54 mm by Poirier, and 7.61 +/- 3.85 mm by Reid and Taylor-Haughton. The actual LS was 2.33 mm away from the predicted point using Poirier's method, and 2.00 mm away from the predicted point using the Reid, Taylor-Haughton, and Rhoton methods. CONCLUSION: Predicting positions of the CS and LS to within a few millimeters, these landmark methods remain reliable for cerebral localization. Largely initiated by the work of Paul Broca, these systems lay at the development of a practical method of neurosurgery in the late 19th century.
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Anatomía/historia , Biometría/historia , Biometría/métodos , Encéfalo/anatomía & histología , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Ilustración MédicaRESUMEN
Fasciculations are symptoms present in a broad spectrum of conditions, ranging from normal manifestations to motor neuron diseases. They also represent the main picture of benign fasciculation syndrome. We report a case of such syndrome: a 48-years-old woman complaining about fasciculations for three decades who remained with the symptoms even after the compensation of a disclosed hyperthyroidism. The introduction of gabapentin rendered control of her fasciculations. The available data in the literature about the therapeutic approaches for fasciculations are revised, as long as the rare reports of evolution from patients with "benign" fasciculations to cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, underlining the importance of following the patients with fasciculations.
Asunto(s)
Aminas/uso terapéutico , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Ácidos Ciclohexanocarboxílicos/uso terapéutico , Fasciculación/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/uso terapéutico , Fasciculación/diagnóstico , Femenino , Gabapentina , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Fasciculations are symptoms present in a broad spectrum of conditions, ranging from normal manifestations to motor neuron diseases. They also represent the main picture of benign fasciculation syndrome. We report a case of such syndrome: a 48-years-old woman complaining about fasciculations for three decades who remained with the symptoms even after the compensation of a disclosed hyperthyroidism. The introduction of gabapentin rendered control of her fasciculations. The available data in the literature about the therapeutic approaches for fasciculations are revised, as long as the rare reports of evolution from patients with "benign" fasciculations to cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, underlining the importance of following the patients with fasciculations.
Fasciculações são sintomas presentes em um amplo espectro de condições, desde manifestações normais até doenças do neurônio motor. Elas representam também o principal aspecto da síndrome de fasciculações benignas. Relatamos um caso desta síndrome: uma paciente de 48 anos com queixas de fasciculações por três décadas que, mesmo após a compensação de um quadro de hipertireoidismo, permaneceu com os sintomas. A introdução de gabapentina levou a controle das fasciculações. Os dados disponíveis na literatura sobre as abordagens terapêuticas para fasciculações são revisados, assim como os raros relatos de evolução de pacientes com fasciculações "benignas" para casos de esclerose lateral amiotrófica, salientando a importância do seguimento dos pacientes com fasciculações.
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Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aminas/uso terapéutico , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Ácidos Ciclohexanocarboxílicos/uso terapéutico , Fasciculación/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/uso terapéutico , Fasciculación/diagnósticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The superficial venous system of the posterior neck (suboccipital venous plexus) is a potential source of complications from bleeding and air embolism. Because there is little information available about this in the literature, an anatomic study of the superficial posterior neck venous system and a morphometric analysis of the mastoid emissary vein (MEV) complex were undertaken. Both surgical and endovascular implications were considered. METHODS: The posterior craniocervical regions of 15 silicon-injected human cadaveric specimens were dissected. The patterns and variances of venous anatomy were observed. Distances between fixed bony landmarks were measured with a caliper. RESULTS: The suboccipital venous plexus, which forms a complex venous network located between the posterior muscular layers of the neck, drains to the anterior vertebral vein and deep cervical vein. The MEV connects this plexus to the sigmoid sinus. Its average diameter was 2.15 mm, and it was located a mean of 21.14 mm from the asterion and a mean of 33.65 mm from the mastoid tip. However, the size of the MEV complex varied considerably. CONCLUSION: The suboccipital venous plexus in the posterior neck region may be very large. The size of the veins in the plexus varies, but the drainage pattern remains consistent. The plexus is a potential source of intense bleeding and air embolism during posterior fossa approaches. The risks are greatest for lateral surgical approaches, as a result of the anatomic position of the venous system. The described measurements can be used to approach the MEV in endovascular procedures that involve the sigmoid sinus.
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Venas Cerebrales/anatomía & histología , Venas Cerebrales/cirugía , Cuello , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos/métodos , Seno Sagital Superior/anatomía & histología , Seno Sagital Superior/cirugía , Cadáver , Cabeza , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe a modification of the pterional approach (PT), the minipterional craniotomy (MPT), and compare the anatomic exposure provided by these two approaches. METHODS: The anatomic exposure offered by the MPT and PT were compared in eight sides of cadaver heads using a computerized tracking system, a robotic microscope, and an image-guidance system. The area of surgical exposure, angular exposure, and anatomic limits of each craniotomy were evaluated. Three recently operated clinical cases (EGF) are also reported. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in the total area of surgical exposure between the two craniotomies (PT, 1524.7 +/- 305 mm; MPT, 1469.7 +/- 380.3 mm; P > 0.05) or among the ipsilateral, middle, and contralateral components of the area (P > 0.05). There were no differences in angular exposure along the longitudinal and transverse axis angles for the three selected targets, the bifurcations of internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries, and the anterior communicating artery (P > 0.05). Except for the distal portion of the operculoinsular compartment of the sylvian fissure, no significant differences in the limits of the surgical exposure through the PT and MPT were apparent on the image-guidance system. CONCLUSION: The MPT craniotomy provides comparable surgical exposure to that offered by the PT. The advantages of the MPT include reduction of tissue trauma and bony removal, a decrease in surgical time, and improved cosmetic outcomes.
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Seno Cavernoso/cirugía , Craneotomía/métodos , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos , Hueso Esfenoides/cirugía , Cadáver , Seno Cavernoso/anatomía & histología , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Humanos , Hueso Esfenoides/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare anatomically the surgical exposure provided by pterional (PT), orbitozygomatic (OZ), and minisupraorbital (SO) craniotomies. METHODS: Seven sides of six fixed cadaver heads injected with silicone were used. The mini-SO craniotomy followed by the PT and OZ approaches were performed sequentially. The bony flaps were attached with miniplates and screws, allowing easy conversion between the approaches. A frameless stereotactic device was used to calculate an area of surgical exposure and the angles of approach for six different anatomic targets. An image guidance system was used to demonstrate the limits of the surgical exposure for each technique. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the total area of surgical exposure when comparing the mini-SO (A = 1831.2 +/- 415.3 mm), PT (A = 1860.0 +/- 617.2 mm), and OZ approaches (A = 1843.3 +/- 358.1 mm; P > 0.05). Angular exposure was greater for the OZ and PT approaches than for the mini-SO approach, either in the vertical and horizontal axes, considering all of the six targets studied (P < 0.05). Except for the distal segment of the ipsilateral sylvian fissure, no practical differences in the limits of the exposure were detected. CONCLUSION: The mini-SO approach may offer a similar surgical working area compared with that provided by standard craniotomies and constitutes an excellent alternative to the OZ and PT craniotomies in selected patients. Selection should not be based primarily on the area to be exposed, but rather on the working angles that are anticipated to be required. The key point is to use the most adequate technique for a particular patient, rather than using a one-size-fits-all approach for all patients.
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Craneotomía/métodos , Microcirugia/métodos , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos/métodos , Órbita/anatomía & histología , Órbita/cirugía , Cigoma/anatomía & histología , Cigoma/cirugía , Cadáver , Humanos , Técnicas In VitroRESUMEN
Down syndrome is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation. Although usually presenting dysmorphic features and organ malformations, it is rarely associated with congenital hydrocephalus. The case of a male neonate whose hydrocephalus was detected since the pregnancy and was discovered to have the syndrome at birth is reported. Chromosomal analysis confirmed the genetic disorder, and hydrocephalus was treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt because of abnormal increase of head circumference. The patient has been accompanied and his development is considered normal when compared to the expected for those affected by the syndrome.
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Síndrome de Down/complicaciones , Hidrocefalia/complicaciones , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/cirugía , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Derivación VentriculoperitonealRESUMEN
Down syndrome is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation. Although usually presenting dysmorphic features and organ malformations, it is rarely associated with congenital hydrocephalus. The case of male neonate whose hydrocephalus was detected since the pregnancy and was discovered to have the syndrome at birth is reported. Chromosomal analysis confirmed the genetic disorder, and hydrocephalus was treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt because of abnormal increase of head circumference. The patient has been accompanied and his development is considered normal when compared to the expected for those affected by the syndrome.
A síndrome de Down é a causa genética mais freqüente de retardo mental. Embora comumente apresentando dismorfias e malformações de órgãos, raramente está associada à hidrocefalia congênita. O caso de um recém-nascido masculino cuja hidrocefalia foi detectada desde a gravidez e que se descobriu ser portadora da síndrome ao nascimento é relatado. O cariótipo confirmou a anormalidade genética, e a hidrocefalia foi tratada com derivação ventriculoperitoneal devido ao aumento anormal do perímetro cefálico. O paciente está sendo acompanhado e seu desenvolvimento é considerado normal quando comparado ao esperado para os portadores da síndrome.
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Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Síndrome de Down/complicaciones , Hidrocefalia/complicaciones , Hidrocefalia/cirugía , Derivación VentriculoperitonealRESUMEN
Pituitary carcinomas are rare neoplasms characterized by craniospinal and/or systemic metastases originated from the pituitary. Their histopathology is frequently indistinguishable from that of benign adenomas. The development of markers that better reflect their behavior is desirable. We present the case of a 47 year-old man with a prolactin-secreting macroadenoma who was submitted to surgeries, cranial radiation therapy, and bromocriptine treatment, but evolved to a fatal outcome after the disclosure of intracranial metastases. Tumor samples underwent p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemical assessment. p53 was absent in all samples, a rare finding among pituitary carcinomas. Ki-67 proliferative index was 2.80% in the original tumor, 4.40% in the relapse, and 4.45% in the metastasis. The figure in the relapse is higher than the expected for a noninvasive adenoma. In conclusion, p53 staining is not positive in all pituitary carcinomas. A high Ki-67 proliferative index in a pituitary adenoma might indicate a more aggressive behavior.