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Neosporosis is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoon Neospora caninum, which is recognized as an important cause of bovine abortion and canine neuropathy. Considering the isolation of N. caninum and the frequent serology in bovines of our region, the objectives of the present trial were to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies anti-N. caninum in dogs of the Botucatu range micro region, in the State of São Paulo, and its association with gender, age and origin (urban area--exclusively from the city; rural area--only farms and cottages; and periurban area--access to the urban and rural areas) of the dogs studied. A total of 963 dogs of defined breeds or non-defined breeds, of both genders and different ages, showing no clinical symptoms, were analyzed. Animals were randomly selected during the anti-rabies vaccination campaign in the region, from May to September 1998. Serum samples obtained from the animals were evaluated by means of the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) using as antigen N. caninum, standard strain NC-1. A total of 245 animals were reagent (25.4% positive results), with 161 (27.5%) males and 84 (22.3%) females. According to the origin--urban, rural and periurban areas--223 (25.8%), 11(16.9%) and 11(33.3%) dogs were, respectively, reagent to the IFAT. All of the 11 cities in this region presented seropositive dogs with occurrence rates ranging from 53.5 to 8.9%. The lower positive percentage was observed in dogs below 1 year old (16.2%) when compared with animals from 1 to 4 years old and more than 4 years old (28.4% and 28.0% respectively), which did not present any differences between them. Results obtained characterized the seropositivity for N. caninum in dogs from all Municipalities in the Botucatu micro region showing the wide distribution of the agent in the region.

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Neosporose é uma enfermidade parasitária causada pelo protozoário Neospora caninum reconhecido como importante causa de abortamento bovino e neuropatia canina. Considerando o isolamento de N. caninum e a sorologia freqüente em bovinos em nossa região, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em cães da Microrregião da Serra de Botucatu, Estado de SãoPaulo, e sua associação ao sexo, idade e procedência quanto à zona urbana (exclusivamente cidade), rural (somente chácaras e sítios) e peri-urbana (acesso à zona urbana e rural) dos cães estudados. Foram analisados 963 cães, com ou sem raça definida, de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades, sem apresentação de qualquer sintomatologia clínica. Os animais foram selecionados aleatoriamente durante a campanha de vacinação anti-rábica da microrregião da Serra de Botucatu, no período de maio a setembro de 1998. O soro obtido dos animais foi avaliado por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) utilizando como antígeno a cepa padrão NC-1 deN. caninum. Observaram-se 245 animais reagentes (25,4 por cento de positividade), sendo 161 (27,5 por cento) machos e, 84 (22,3 por cento) fêmeas. Dos animais de zona urbana, rural e mista 223 (25,8 por cento),11(16,9 por cento) e 11(33,3 por cento), respectivamente, foram reagentes à prova de RIFI. Todos os 11 municípios apresentaram cães soropositivos com valores de ocorrência que variaram de 8,9 por cento a 53,5 por cento. Observou-se percentual de positividade menor em cães até um ano (16,2 por cento) quando comparados àqueles entre 1 a 4 anos e superior a 4 anos (28,4 por cento e 28,0 por cento, respectivamente) que não apresentaram diferença entre si. Os resultados obtidos caracterizaram soropositividade para N. caninum em cães pertencentes a todos os municípios da Microrregião da Serra de Botucatu evidenciando a ampla distribuição do agente na região.

Neosporosis is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoon Neospora caninum, which is recognized as an important cause of bovine abortion and canine neuropathy. Considering the isolation of N. caninum and the frequent serology in bovines of our region, the objectives of the present trial were to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies anti -N. caninum in dogs of the Botucatu range micro region, in the State of São Paulo, and its association with gender, age and origin (urban area - exclusively from the city; rural area - only farms and cottages; and periurban area - access to the urban and rural areas) of the dogs studied. A total of 963 dogs of defined breeds or non-defined breeds, of both genders and different ages, showing no clinical symptoms, were analyzed. Animals were randomly selected during the anti-rabies vaccination campaign in the region, from May to September 1998. Serum samples obtained from the animals were evaluated by means of the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) using as antigen N. caninum, standard strain NC-1. A total of 245 animals were reagent (25.4 percent positive results), with 161 (27.5 percent) males and 84 (22.3 percent) females. According to the origin - urban, rural and periurban areas - 223 (25.8 percent), 11(16.9 percent) and 11(33.3 percent) dogs were, respectively, reagent to the IFAT. All of the 11 cities in this region presented seropositive dogs with occurrence rates ranging from 53.5 to 8.9 percent. The lower positive percentage was observed in dogs below 1 year old (16.2 percent) when compared with animals from 1 to 4 years old and more than 4 years old (28.4 percent and 28.0 percent respectively), which did not present any differences between them. Results obtained characterized the seropositivity for N. caninum in dogs from all Municipalities in the Botucatu micro region showing the wide distribution of the agent in the region.

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To determine the inhibitory capacity of lactic acid bacteria due to the action of antagonistic substances, we tested 474 isolates of Lactobacillus from the crop and cecum of chickens against gram-positive and gram-negative indicator microorganisms by the spot-on-the-lawn and well-diffusion antagonism methods. Of the 474 isolates, 265 demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the indicator microorganisms. Isolates identified as L. reuteri, L. salivarius, or Lactobacillus spp. inhibited Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. but not L. casei, L. delbrueckii, L. fermentum, or L. helveticus by the well-diffusion simultaneous antagonism method under anaerobic incubation conditions. The antagonistic substances produced by some of the Lactobacillus isolates were inactivated after treatment by proteolytic enzymes, which suggested that the substances could be antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins.

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Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito do posicionamento em prono na estabilidade cardiorrespiratória de prematuros, durante o desmame da ventilacáo mecánica e na evolucáo do desmame ventilatório. Método: de janeiro a dezembro de 1999, urna amostra de 42 prematuros. com peso de nascimento menor que 2.000g. em ventilacáo mecánica na primeira semana de vida. foram, no início do desmame, randomizados em dois grupos: supino (n=21). e prono (n=21). A freqüéncia cardíaca, freqüéncia respiratória, saturacáo de oxigénio e parámetros ventilatórios foram avaliados a cada hora. A duracáo e as complicacóes do desmame também foram avaliadas. Resultados: em ambos os grupos, a média da idade gestacional foi de 29 semanas, a maioria dos pacientes foi de muito baixo peso ao nascimento, com síndrome do desconforto respirarório, e a mediana da duracáo do desmame foi de 2 dias. Nao houve difcrenca entre os grupos na freqüéncia respiratória, na freqüéncia cardíaca e na saturacáo de oxigénio; entretanto. episódios de dessaturacáo foram mais freqüentes em supino (p=O.009). No grupo prono. os parámetros ventilatórios foram diminuídos mais rapidamente. e a necessidade de reintubacáo foi menos freqüente (4% x 33%). Nao houve efeitos adversos da posicáo prona. Conclusáo: esses resultados sugerem que a posicáo prona é segura e benéfica durante o desmame da ventilacáo mecánica, e pode contribuir para o sucesso do desmame em prematuros.

Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prone positioning on cardiorespiratory stability and weaning outcorne of preterm infants during we aning from mechanical ventilation. Methods: from January to December 1999, a sample of 42 preterm infants, with birthweight < 2.000 g. mechanically ventilated in the first week of lite, were randomly divided, in the beginning of the weaning process, in two groups according to the position: supine position (n = 21) or prone position (n = 21). Heart rateo respiratory rate , transcutaneous oxygcn saturation and ventilatory parameters were rccorded every one hour. Length af the wcaning process and complications were also assessed. Results: in both groups the mean gestational age was 29 weeks, most of the patients presented very low birthweight and respiratory distress syndrorne. The mean length of the weaning process was 2 days. There were no differences between the groups regarding respiratory rate, heart rate and transcutaneous oxygen saturation, howevcr, oxygen desaturation episodes were more frequent in supine position (p = 0.009). Ventilatory parameters decreased faster and reintubation was less frequent in the prone group (4% versus 33%). No adverse effects of prone positioning were observed. Conclusion: these results suggest that prone position is a safe and beneficial procedure during the weaning from mechanical ventilation and may contribute to weaning success in preterm infants.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the cardiorespiratory effects and incidence of gastroesophageal reflux with the use of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) or endotracheal tube (ET) in anesthetized cats during spontaneous (SV) or controlled ventilation (CV). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized experimental trial. ANIMALS: Thirty-two adult crossbred cats, weighing 2.7 +/- 0.4 kg. METHODS: The cats were sedated with intramuscular (IM) methotrimeprazine (0.5 mg kg(-1)) and buprenorphine (0.005 mg kg(-1)), followed 30 minutes later by induction of anesthesia with intravenous (IV) thiopental (12.5-20 mg kg(-1)). An ET was used in 16 cats and an LMA in the remaining 16 animals. Anesthesia was maintained with 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (0.6%) of halothane in oxygen using a Mapleson D breathing system. Cats in both groups were further divided into two equal groups (n = 8), undergoing either SV or CV. Neuromuscular blockade with pancuronium (0.06 mg kg(-1)) was used to facilitate CV. Heart and respiratory rates, direct arterial blood pressure, capnometry (PE'CO2) and arterial blood gases were measured. Gastric reflux and possible aspiration was investigated by intragastric administration of 5 mL of radiographic contrast immediately after induction of anesthesia. Cervical and thoracic radiographs were taken at the end of anesthesia. Data were analyzed using anova followed by Student-Newman-Keuls, Kruskal-Wallis or Friedman test where appropriate. RESULTS: Values for PaCO2 and PE'CO2 were higher in spontaneously breathing cats with the LMA when compared with other groups. Values of PaO2 and hemoglobin oxygen saturation did not differ between groups. Gastroesophageal reflux occurred in four of eight and two of eight cats undergoing CV with ET or LMA, respectively. There was no tracheal or pulmonary aspiration in any cases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of an LMA may be used as an alternative to endotracheal intubation in anesthetized cats. Although aspiration was not observed, gastric reflux may occur in mechanically ventilated animals.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of prone positioning on cardiorespiratory stability and weaning outcome of preterm infants during weaning from mechanical ventilation. METHODS: From January to December 1999, a sample of 42 preterm infants, with birthweight < 2,000 g, mechanically ventilated in the first week of life, were randomly divided, in the beginning of the weaning process, into two groups according to the position: supine position (n = 21) or prone position (n = 21). Heart rate, respiratory rate, transcutaneous oxygen saturation and ventilatory parameters were recorded every one hour. Length of the weaning process and complications were also assessed. RESULTS: In both groups the mean gestational age was 29 weeks, most of the patients presented very low birthweight and respiratory distress syndrome. The mean length of the weaning process was 2 days. There were no differences between the groups regarding respiratory rate, heart rate and transcutaneous oxygen saturation, however, oxygen desaturation episodes were more frequent in supine position (p = 0.009). Ventilatory parameters decreased faster and reintubation was less frequent in the prone group (4% versus 33%). No adverse effects of prone positioning were observed. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that prone position is a safe and beneficial procedure during weaning from mechanical ventilation and may contribute to weaning success in preterm infants.

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Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito do posicionamento em prono na estabilidade cardiorrespiratória de prematuros, durante o desmame da ventilação mecânica e na evolução do desmame ventilatório.Método: de janeiro a dezembro de 1999, uma amostra de 42prematuros, com peso de nascimento menor que 2.000g, em ventilação mecânica na primeira semana de vida, foram, no início do desmame, randomizados em dois grupos: supino (n=21), e prono (n=21). A freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória, saturação de oxigênio e parâmetros ventilatórios foram avaliados a cada hora. A duração e as complicações do desmame também foram avaliadas. Resultados: em ambos os grupos, a média da idade gestacional foi de 29 semanas, a maioria dos pacientes foi de muito baixo peso ao nascimento, com síndrome do desconforto respiratório, e a mediana da duração do desmame foi de 2 dias. Não houve diferença entre os grupos na freqüência respiratória, na freqüência cardíaca ena saturação de oxigênio; entretanto, episódios de dessaturação foram mais freqüentes em supino (p=O,OO9). No grupo prono, os parâmetros ventilatórios foram diminuídos mais rapidamente, e a necessidade de reintubação foi menos freqüente (4por cento x 33por cento). Não houve efeitos adversos da posição prona.Conclusão: esses resultados sugerem que a posição prona é segura e benéfica durante o desmame da ventilação mecânica, e pode contribuir para o sucesso do desmame em prematuros

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An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a crude antigen was evaluated for its performance to detect Babesia bigemina antibodies. The sensitivity and specificity were 98.0 per cent and 99.0 per cent, respectively. In agreement with the high specificity, no cross-reactions were verified with sera from calves inoculated three times with 10 7(subscribe) Babesia bovis organisms. With regard to the comparison of ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in detecting antibodies against B. bigemina in calves experimentally infected with five Brazilian geographical isolates of this hemoparasite, IFAT was able to detect antibodies one day earlier in most of the calves' sera. There was a good agreement between results shown by ELISA and IFAT with sera from an enzootically stable area (k=0.61). However, there was no agreement between these serological tests with sera from an enzootically unstable area (k=0.33). The ELISA was employed in an epidemiological survey using with 1,367 sera from four counties in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul and characterized this region as an enzootically stable area, since the prevalence ranged from 87.7 to 98.9 per cent. Therefore, this ELISA with high sensitivity, specificity and performance similar to IFAT can be employed in serological diagnosis of B. bigemina

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An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a crude antigen was evaluated for its performance to detect Babesia bigemina antibodies. The sensitivity and specificity were 98.0 per cent and 99.0 per cent, respectively. In agreement with the high specificity, no cross-reactions were verified with sera from calves inoculated three times with 10 7(subscribe) Babesia bovis organisms. With regard to the comparison of ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in detecting antibodies against B. bigemina in calves experimentally infected with five Brazilian geographical isolates of this hemoparasite, IFAT was able to detect antibodies one day earlier in most of the calves' sera. There was a good agreement between results shown by ELISA and IFAT with sera from an enzootically stable area (k=0.61). However, there was no agreement between these serological tests with sera from an enzootically unstable area (k=0.33). The ELISA was employed in an epidemiological survey using with 1,367 sera from four counties in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul and characterized this region as an enzootically stable area, since the prevalence ranged from 87.7 to 98.9 per cent. Therefore, this ELISA with high sensitivity, specificity and performance similar to IFAT can be employed in serological diagnosis of B. bigemina (AU)

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Uma prova de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos contra Babesia bovis foi desenvolvida e avaliada em comparação à imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). A sensibilidade e especificidade do ELISA, determinadas pela análise de 100 soros positivos de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com B. bovis e 108 soros negativos colhidos de bovinos livres de infecção por este hemoparasito, foram de 98,0 por cento e 98,1 por cento, respectivamente. Os valores preditivos positivo e negativo foram, respectivamente, 98,0 por cento e 98,1 por cento e a precisão do teste foi de 98,1 por cento. Não foram detectadas reações cruzadas com 80 soros de bezerros experimentalmente inoculados com Babesia bigemina. O ELISA foi comparado à IFI usando 110 soros de rebanhos de área de estabilidade endêmica e 168 soros de rebanhos de áreas de instabilidade endêmica. Em ambos os casos, houve concordância significativa (P=0,631 e 0,4725, respectivamente) entre os resultados demonstrados pelos dois testes. Em um estudo epidemiológico realizado com o ELISA na região do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, com 1.365 soros de bovinos, 83,9 por cento foram positivos para anticorpos contra B. bovis, caracterizando a região estudada como endemicamente estável.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to Babesia bovis was developed and evaluated in comparison with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The ELISA sensitivity and specificity, estimated with 100 positive sera from cattle experimentally infected with B. bovis and 108 negative sera collected from B. bovis-free herds, were 98.0 percent and 98.1 percent, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 98.0 percent and 98.1 percent, and precision was 98.1 percent. No cross-reactions were detected with 80 sera from calves experimentally inoculated with Babesia bigemina. The ELISA was compared with IFAT using 110 cattle sera from an enzootically stable area and with 168 cattle sera from an enzootically unstable area. In both cases, there was a significant agreement between results of both tests (P=0.631 and 0.4725, respectively). In an epidemiological study performed with ELISA in the Pantanal region of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul with 1,365 cattle sera, 83.9 percent were positive for antibodies against B. bovis, characterizing this region as enzootically stable.

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Uma prova de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos contra Babesia bovis foi desenvolvida e avaliada em comparação à imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). A sensibilidade e especificidade do ELISA, determinadas pela análise de 100 soros positivos de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com B. bovis e 108 soros negativos colhidos de bovinos livres de infecção por este hemoparasito, foram de 98,0 por cento e 98,1 por cento, respectivamente. Os valores preditivos positivo e negativo foram, respectivamente, 98,0 por cento e 98,1 por cento e a precisão do teste foi de 98,1 por cento. Não foram detectadas reações cruzadas com 80 soros de bezerros experimentalmente inoculados com Babesia bigemina. O ELISA foi comparado à IFI usando 110 soros de rebanhos de área de estabilidade endêmica e 168 soros de rebanhos de áreas de instabilidade endêmica. Em ambos os casos, houve concordância significativa (P=0,631 e 0,4725, respectivamente) entre os resultados demonstrados pelos dois testes. Em um estudo epidemiológico realizado com o ELISA na região do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, com 1.365 soros de bovinos, 83,9 por cento foram positivos para anticorpos contra B. bovis, caracterizando a região estudada como endemicamente estável (AU)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to Babesia bovis was developed and evaluated in comparison with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The ELISA sensitivity and specificity, estimated with 100 positive sera from cattle experimentally infected with B. bovis and 108 negative sera collected from B. bovis-free herds, were 98.0% and 98.1%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 98.0% and 98.1%, and precision was 98.1%. No cross-reactions were detected with 80 sera from calves experimentally inoculated with Babesia bigemina. The ELISA was compared with IFAT using 110 cattle sera from an enzootically stable area and with 168 cattle sera from an enzootically unstable area. In both cases, there was a significant agreement between results of both tests (P=0.631 and 0.4725, respectively). In an epidemiological study performed with ELISA in the Pantanal region of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul with 1,365 cattle sera, 83.9% were positive for antibodies against B. bovis, characterizing this region as enzootically stable. (AU)

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