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BACKGROUND: We present our surgical experience with cardiac myxomas in the setting of Carney complex (CNC). METHODS: We searched our institutional data explorers to identify patients diagnosed with CNC. We gathered clinical, surgical, and recurrence data from electronic medical records. In total, 38 patients with CNC were documented from 1970 through 2023. RESULTS: Cardiac myxomas developed in 24 patients (63.1%) in the setting of CNC. The median age of onset for cardiac myxoma occurrence was 39.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 25.0-56.0 years). Most patients were females (62.5%), and all underwent surgery. A total of 42 myxomas (52.7%) were extracted from the left atrium, 12 (15.0%) from the right ventricle, 11 (13.7%) from the right atrium, and 6 (7.5%) from the left ventricle. Among the 24 myxoma patients, 13 (54.1%) experienced at least 1 myxoma recurrence. The median time for the first myxoma recurrence was 7.5 years (IQR, 3.8-10.0 years). There were 27 recurrences (52.9%) from the same chamber, 11 (29.4%) from different chambers, and the localizations in 9 (17.6%) were undocumented. The freedom from tumor recurrence was 100% (95% CI, 100%-100%), 66.7% (95% CI, 44.7%-99.5%), and 16.7% (95% CI, 4.7%-59.1%) at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The long-term survival was 100% at 10 and 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac myxomas developed in nearly two-thirds of CNC patients (63.1%) in this study, and more than half (54.1%) experienced recurring instances. Consistent monitoring through echocardiograms is essential for detecting asymptomatic first-time occurrences or recurrences. Surgical removal remains the key treatment method for managing cardiac myxomas associated with CNC.

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OBJECTIVE: As patients with congenital heart disease increasingly live into adulthood, reoperative surgery is frequently required. Although half of these are valve-related procedures, little is known regarding early and late outcomes, and factors associated with adverse outcomes. METHODS: From 1993 to 2022, a total of 1960 adult patients with congenital heart disease underwent repeat median sternotomy at our institution. Of these, 502 patients (26%) underwent intervention on 2 or more valves and constituted the study cohort. RESULTS: The median age was 39 (27-51) years, and 275 patients (55%) were female. A second sternotomy was performed in 265 patients (53%), a third sternotomy was performed in 135 patients (27%), a fourth sternotomy was performed in 75 patients (15%), and a fifth or more sternotomy was performed in 27 patients (5%). Interventions were performed on 2 valves in 436 patients (87%), 3 valves in 62 patients (12%), and 4 valves in 4 patients (1%). The most common combinations were pulmonary and tricuspid in 241 patients (48%), followed by mitral and tricuspid in 85 patients (17%), aortic and pulmonary in 42 patients (8%), and aortic and mitral in 41 patients (8%). Early mortality was 4.2% overall and 2.7% for elective operations. Nonelective operations and congenital heart disease of major complexity were independently associated with early mortality. Median follow-up was 14 years. One, 5-, and 10-year survivals were 93.6%, 89.3%, and 79.5%, respectively. Factors independently associated with overall mortality were age, ventricular dysfunction, coronary artery disease, renal failure, double valve replacement, nonelective operations, and bypass time. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple valve interventions are common and confer low early mortality in the elective setting. Referral before ventricular dysfunction and in an elective setting optimizes outcomes.

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BACKGROUND: We analyzed The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database to investigate risks and optimal timing for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) after clopidogrel administration. METHODS: Patients were categorized based on clopidogrel use within 5 days and further stratified by days from the last dose (0 to 5 days). Controls were patients who did not receive clopidogrel within 5 days of surgery. The primary outcome was operative mortality, and secondary outcomes included mediastinal reexploration for bleeding and blood product use. RESULTS: Among 148,317 isolated CABG, 19,553 patients (13.2%) received clopidogrel within 5 days. Minimal differences in operative mortality (2.8% vs 2.1%, P < .001), but higher rates of mediastinal reexploration (3.5% vs 2.1%, P < .001) and blood product utilization (72.7% vs 56.8%, P < .001) were observed in the clopidogrel group. The adjusted odds ratio of operative mortality peaked on the day of clopidogrel administration but was comparable to controls thereafter. The odds of reexploration were highest on day 0, decreasing gradually to a plateau after day 3. Patients who underwent operations on day 3 after clopidogrel administration had similar odds of operative mortality and mediastinal reexploration for bleeding and shorter total and preoperative lengths of stay but higher blood product use compared with day 5. CONCLUSIONS: CABG within 5 days from clopidogrel is associated with a modest increase in operative mortality and reexploration for bleeding and a substantial increase in blood product use. Risks decreased with increasing time from discontinuation, plateauing after 3 days from clopidogrel. CABG at 3 days yields comparable outcomes as 5 days, reducing the waiting period.

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Remarkable advances have occurred in the understanding of the pathophysiology of pericardial diseases and the role of multimodality imaging in this field. Medical therapy and surgical options for pericardial diseases have also evolved substantially. Pericardiectomy is indicated for chronic or irreversible constrictive pericarditis, refractory recurrent pericarditis despite optimal medical therapy, or partial agenesis of the pericardium with a complication (eg, herniation). A multidisciplinary evaluation before pericardiectomy is essential for optimal patient outcomes. Overall, given the good outcomes reported, radical pericardiectomy on cardiopulmonary bypass, if feasible, is the preferred approach. Due to patient complexity, as well as the technical aspects of the surgery, pericardiectomy should be performed at high-volume centers that have the required expertise. The current review highlights the essential features of this multidisciplinary approach from diagnosis to recovery in patients undergoing pericardiectomy.

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OBJECTIVE: The selection of valve prostheses for patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement remains controversial. In this study, we compared the long-term outcomes of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with biological or mechanical aortic valve prostheses. METHODS: We evaluated late results among 5762 patients aged 45 to 74 years who underwent biological or mechanical aortic valve replacement with or without concomitant coronary artery bypass from 1989 to 2019 at 4 medical centers. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare late survival; the age-dependent effect of prosthesis type on long-term survival was evaluated by an interaction term between age and prosthesis type. Incidences of stroke, major bleeding, and reoperation on the aortic valve after the index procedure were compared between prosthesis groups. RESULTS: Overall, 61% (n = 3508) of patients received a bioprosthesis. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.7% (n = 58) in the bioprosthesis group and 1.5% (n = 34) in the mechanical group (P = .75). During a mean follow-up of 9.0 years, the adjusted risk of mortality was higher in the bioprosthesis group (hazard ratio, 1.30, P < .001). The long-term survival benefit associated with mechanical prosthesis persisted until 70 years of age. Bioprosthesis (vs mechanical prosthesis) was associated with a similar risk of stroke (P = .20), lower risk of major bleeding (P < .001), and higher risk of reoperation (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with bioprostheses, mechanical aortic valves are associated with a lower adjusted risk of long-term mortality in patients aged 70 years or less. Patients aged less than 70 years undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement should be informed of the potential survival benefit of mechanical valve substitutes.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence of restricted cusp motion (RCM) at the time of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) and analyze associated risk factors and outcomes. METHODS: This study involved adult patients who underwent TVR with a bioprosthesis at our institution between 2012 and 2022. Bioprosthetic cusp motion was analyzed de novo through a detailed review of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiograms (TEE). Two models of porcine valves were implanted: the Medtronic Hancock II bioprosthesis and the St Jude Medical Epic bioprosthesis. RESULTS: Among the 476 patients who met the inclusion criteria, RCM was identified on immediate post-bypass TEE in 150 (31.5%); there was complete immobility of the cusp in 63 patients (13.2%) and limited movement of a cusp in 87 patients (18.3%). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the Hancock II model (odds ratio [OR], 6.15; P < .001), a larger orifice area (per IQR increase: OR, 1.58; P = .017), a smaller body surface area (per IQR increase: OR, .68; P = .040), and a lower ejection fraction (per IQR increase: OR, .60; P = .033) were independently associated with having RCM. Cox regression adjusting for 15 covariates revealed that RCM at the time of TVR was independently associated with an increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 1.35; P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a high incidence of RCM in bioprosthetic valves in the tricuspid position detected shortly postimplantation, which was associated with increased late mortality. To reduce the probability of RCM, it is important to select the appropriate prosthesis model and size, particularly in small patients.

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OBJECTIVE: Guidelines recommend tricuspid valve (TV) repair for patients with severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) undergoing surgery for degenerative mitral valve (MV) disease, but management of ≤ moderate TR is controversial. This study examines the incidence and causes of bradyarrhythmias leading to PPM implantation. METHODS: Review of patients undergoing simultaneous TV repair and MV surgery for degenerative MV disease from 2001 to 2022 (N=404). Primary endpoint was the incidence of postoperative PPM implantation. Secondary endpoints included the incidence of high-degree AV block and overall survival. RESULTS: All patients underwent TV repair at the time of MV surgery; 332 (82%) underwent MV repair and 72 (18%) MV replacement. Tricuspid valve repair techniques included flexible band (n=258, 63.8%), DeVega annuloplasty (n=78, 19.3%), complete flexible ring (n=49, 12.1%), and incomplete rigid ring (n=19, 4.7%). The 30-day mortality was 0.5% (n=2). A total of 35 (8.7%) patients had a PPM implanted postoperatively, 26 (6.4%) for high-degree AV block. On multivariable analysis, only older age was associated with PPM implantation. Patients who received a PPM due to high-degree AV block had reduced overall survival (Figure, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Need for permanent pacing following TV repair at the time of MV surgery is not uncommon, but there are few modifiable factors that might reduce this risk. Careful selection of patients with less-than-severe TR and surgical techniques may reduce PPM-related risks and complications.

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BACKGROUND: Limited data exist regarding outcomes of delayed sternal closure (DSC) in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). METHODS: We reviewed 159 ACHD patients undergoing cardiac operation from 1993 to 2023 who required DSC (open sternum at the end of operation, n = 112) or sternum emergently reopened (n = 47). Regression models were performed to determine factors associated with outcomes. RESULTS: Of 112 patients undergoing DSC, 87 patients (77.6%) underwent DSC ≤4 days and 25 patients (22.3%) >4 days. The most common operations were valve (n = 35 [31.2%]), aortic (n = 33 [29.4%]), and right ventricular outflow tract procedures (n = 23 [20.5%]). Median time to chest closure was 2 days (interquartile range, 1-5 days). Apart from sex, baseline characteristics were similar between DSC groups. A stepwise increase in early mortality was observed from DSC ≤4 days to DSC >4 days (6.8% vs 32%), as well as the incidence of early complications, except sternal infection. Risk factors associated with early mortality were age (P = .02), DSC >4 days (P < .001), hemodynamic indication (P = .03), and single ventricle (P = .02). On multivariable analysis, lower ejection fraction (P = .04), hemodynamic indication (P = .02), single ventricle (P = .004), and diabetes mellitus (P = .03) were predictors of prolonged time to chest closure. Among hospital survivors, late survival was similar between patients undergoing DSC ≤4 days vs >4 days (P = .48). CONCLUSIONS: A brief duration of DSC in ACHD patients is associated with low morbidity and mortality. Higher early mortality and complications were observed among patients who did not achieve chest closure within 4 days.

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BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the long-term outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve insertion (TAVI) in nonagenarian patients. This study investigated the relationship between patient baseline comorbidity and frailty on the long-term outcome of the nonagenarian population. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 187 consecutive nonagenarian patients who underwent TAVI from 2009 to 2020. Multivariable models were used to analyze the association between baseline patient and frailty variables and mortality, stroke, and repeat hospitalization. Long-term survival was compared with an age- and sex-matched United States population. RESULTS: The median Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality was 10% (interquartile range, 7%-17%). Frailty was met in 72% of patients based on the 5-meter walk test, 13% based on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire 12-item instrument score, 12% based on Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, and 8% based on serum albumin levels. Procedure-related death occurred in 3 patients (2%) and stroke in 8 (4%). The median duration of follow-up was 3.4 years. Outcomes included death in 150 patients (80%), stroke in 15, and repeat hospitalization in 114. Multivariable analysis identified no association between any of the baseline patient variables with mortality, stroke, repeat hospitalization, or the combined outcomes (all P > .05). The 1- and 5-year survival rates in TAVI-treated nonagenarians were similar to age- and sex-matched controls (P = .27). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term death or stroke is independent of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality and frailty risk variables in this nonagenarian patient population who received TAVI. Furthermore, survival is similar to age- and sex-matched controls.

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BACKGROUND: Transthoracic aortic cross-clamp and endoaortic balloon occlusion have both been shown to have comparable safety profiles for aortic occlusion. Because most surgeons use only one technique, we sought to compare the outcomes when a homogeneous group of surgeons changed their occlusion technique from aortic cross-clamp to balloon occlusion. METHODS: We changed our technique from aortic cross-clamp to balloon occlusion in November 2022. This allowed us to conduct a prospective treatment comparison study in the same group of surgeons. Propensity score matching was used to match cases (balloon occlusion) 1:3 to controls (aortic cross-clamp) based on age, sex, body mass index, concomitant maze procedure, and tricuspid valve repair. RESULTS: Total of 411 patients underwent robotic mitral surgery from 2020 through 2023. Propensity score matching was used to match 56 balloon occlusion patients to 168 aortic cross-clamp patients. The 224 patients were a median age of 65 years (interquartile range, 55.6-70.0 years), and 119 (53%) were men. All valves were successfully repaired. Balloon occlusion had a shorter median cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time compared with aortic cross-clamp (84.0 vs 94.5 minutes, P = .006). Median cross-clamp time (64.0 vs 64.0 minutes, P = .483) and total surgery time (5.9 vs 6.1 hours, P = .495) did not differ between groups. There were no in-hospital deaths. There were 5 surgeons who performed various combinations of console and bedside roles. CPB, cross-clamp, and surgery durations were not significantly affected by the different surgeon combinations. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with aortic cross-clamp, balloon occlusion has similar perioperative and early postoperative outcomes. Additionally, it likely introduces a 10-minute reduction in total CPB time.

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Introduction: Volume overload from mitral regurgitation can result in left ventricular systolic dysfunction. To prevent this, it is essential to operate before irreversible dysfunction occurs, but the optimal timing of intervention remains unclear. Current echocardiographic guidelines are based on 2D linear measurement thresholds only. We compared volumetric CT-based and 2D echocardiographic indices of LV size and function as predictors of post-operative systolic dysfunction following mitral repair. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients with primary mitral valve regurgitation who underwent repair between 2005 and 2021. Several indices of LV size and function measured on preoperative cardiac CT were compared with 2D echocardiography in predicting post-operative LV systolic dysfunction (LVEFecho <50%). Area under the curve (AUC) was the primary metric of predictive performance. Results: A total of 243 patients were included (mean age 57 ± 12 years; 65 females). The most effective CT-based predictors of post-operative LV systolic dysfunction were ejection fraction [LVEFCT; AUC 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77-0.92)] and LV end systolic volume indexed to body surface area [LVESViCT; AUC 0.88 (0.82-0.95)]. The best echocardiographic predictors were LVEFecho [AUC 0.70 (0.58-0.82)] and LVESDecho [AUC 0.79 (0.70-0.89)]. LVEFCT was a significantly better predictor of post-operative LV systolic dysfunction than LVEFecho (p = 0.02) and LVESViCT was a significantly better predictor than LVESDecho (p = 0.03). Ejection fraction measured by CT demonstrated significantly greater reproducibility than echocardiography. Discussion: CT-based volumetric measurements may be superior to established 2D echocardiographic parameters for predicting LV systolic dysfunction following mitral valve repair. Validation with prospective study is warranted.

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BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke complicates 2% to 3% of transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVRs). This study aimed to identify the aortic anatomic correlates in patients after TAVR stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a single-center, retrospective study of patients who underwent TAVR at the Mayo Clinic between 2012 and 2022. The aortic arch morphology was determined via a manual review of the pre-TAVR computed tomography images. An "a priori" approach was used to select the covariates for the following: (1) the logistic regression model assessing the association between a bovine arch and periprocedural stroke (defined as stroke within 7 days after TAVR); and (2) the Cox proportional hazards regression model assessing the association between a bovine arch and long-term stroke after TAVR. A total of 2775 patients were included (59.6% men; 97.8% White race; mean±SD age, 79.3±8.4 years), of whom 495 (17.8%) had a bovine arch morphology. Fifty-seven patients (1.7%) experienced a periprocedural stroke. The incidence of acute stroke was significantly higher among patients with a bovine arch compared with those with a nonbovine arch (3.6% versus 1.7%; P=0.01). After adjustment, a bovine arch was independently associated with increased periprocedural strokes (adjusted odds ratio, 2.16 [95% CI, 1.22-3.83]). At a median follow-up of 2.7 years, the overall incidence of post-TAVR stroke was 6.0% and was significantly higher in patients with a bovine arch even after adjusting for potential confounders (10.5% versus 5.0%; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.51-2.93]; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A bovine arch anatomy is associated with a significantly higher risk of periprocedural and long-term stroke after TAVR.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presentation, aortic involvement, and surgical outcomes in patients with Takayasu arteritis undergoing aortic surgery. METHODS: We queried our surgical database for patients with Takayasu arteritis who underwent aortic surgery from 1994 to 2022. RESULTS: There were a total of 31 patients with Takayasu arteritis who underwent aortic surgery. Patients' median age at the time of diagnosis was 35.0 years (interquartile range, 25.0-42.0). The majority were female (n = 27, 87.0%). Most patients (n = 28, 90.3%) were diagnosed before surgery, and 3 patients (9.6%) were diagnosed perioperatively. The median time interval from diagnosis to surgery was 2.8 years (interquartile range, 0.5-13.9). The most common presentation was ascending aorta aneurysm (n = 22, 70.9%), and severe aortic regurgitation was the most common valve insufficiency (n = 17, 54.8%). The most common operation was ascending aorta replacement (n = 20, 64.5%), and aortic valve replacement was the most common valve intervention (n = 17, 54.8%). Active vasculitis was identified in 2 (11.7%) aortic valve specimens. Early mortality was 6.5% (n = 2). A total of 6 deaths occurred over a median follow-up of 13.1 years (interquartile range, 6.1-25.2). Survival at 10 years was 86.7% (95% CI, 75.4-99.7). A total of 5 patients (16.1%) required a subsequent operation in a median of 1.9 years (interquartile range, 0.2-7.4). Freedom from reoperation was 96.9% (95% CI, 90.1-100) at 1 year, 89.4% (95% CI, 78.7-100.0) at 5 years, and 77.5% (95% CI, 61.2-98.1) at 10 and 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: Ascending aorta aneurysm and aortic valve regurgitation are the most frequent presentations in patients with Takayasu arteritis requiring aortic surgery. Surgery in these individuals is safe, with acceptable short- and long-term results.

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BACKGROUND: Preoperative anemia is associated with adverse outcomes in cardiac surgery, yet it remains unclear what proportion of this association is mediated through red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. METHODS: This is a historical observational cohort study of adults undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass at an academic medical center between May 1, 2008, and May 1, 2018. A mediation analysis framework was used to evaluate the associations between preoperative anemia and postoperative outcomes, including a primary outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI). Intraoperative RBC transfusions were evaluated as mediators of preoperative anemia and outcome relationships. The estimated total effect, average direct effect of preoperative anemia, and percent of the total effect mediated through transfusions are presented with 95% confidence intervals and P -values. RESULTS: A total of 4117 patients were included, including 1234 (30%) with preoperative anemia. Overall, 437 of 4117 (11%) patients went on to develop AKI, with a greater proportion of patients having preoperative anemia (219 of 1234 [18%] vs 218 of 2883 [8%]). In multivariable analyses, the presence of preoperative anemia was associated with increased postoperative AKI (6.4% [4.2%-8.7%] absolute difference in percent with AKI, P < .001), with incremental decreases in preoperative hemoglobin concentrations displaying greater AKI risk (eg, 11.9% [6.9%-17.5%] absolute increase in probability of AKI for preoperative hemoglobin of 9 g/dL compared to a reference of 14 g/dL, P < .001). The association between preoperative anemia and postoperative AKI was primarily due to direct effects of preoperative anemia (5.9% [3.6%-8.3%] absolute difference, P < .001) rather than mediated through intraoperative RBC transfusions (7.5% [-4.3% to 21.1%] of the total effect mediated by transfusions, P = .220). Preoperative anemia was also associated with longer hospital durations (1.07 [1.05-1.10] ratio of geometric mean length of stay, P < .001). Of this total effect, 38% (22%, 62%; P < .001) was estimated to be mediated through subsequent intraoperative RBC transfusion. Preoperative anemia was not associated with reoperation or vascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative anemia was associated with higher odds of AKI and longer hospitalizations in cardiac surgery. The attributable effects of anemia and transfusion on postoperative complications are likely to differ across outcomes. Future studies are necessary to further evaluate mechanisms of anemia-associated postoperative organ injury and treatment strategies.

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OBJECTIVES: Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) remains a highly life-threatening condition. This study investigates factors associated with fatal ATAAD prior to surgical treatment. METHODS: We reviewed autopsy reports of ATAAD decedents who died before surgical intervention and underwent postmortem examination at our clinic from 1994 to 2022. RESULTS: Among 94 eligible cases, 50 (53.2%) decedents had DeBakey type I dissection, and 44 (46.8%) had DeBakey type II dissection. Most were males, 63 (67%), and 72 (77%) had a history of hypertension. The median age was 70.5 years, and the type II group was a decade older than the type I group (P < 0.001). Decedents in the type II group predominantly died during the first hour after symptoms onset 16 (52%), while in the type I group, fatalities occurred between 1 h and 1 day, 27 (66%). The most common site of the intimal tear was the midportion of the ascending aorta, 45 (48%). The median ascending aorta size was 5 cm for the entire cohort, 5.2 cm for type I and 4.6 cm for type II (P < 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: In this autopsy study of fatal acute aortic dissection, the median aortic size was below the current guideline threshold for elective repair. Type II acute aortic dissections were found more frequently than expected and were characterized by older age, advanced aortic atherosclerosis, smaller aortic size, a shorter interval from symptom onset to death and a higher frequency of syncope compared to type I dissection.

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BACKGROUND: This study characterized the association of preoperative anemia and intraoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion on outcomes of elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: Data from 53,856 patients who underwent CABG included in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Database in 2019 were used. The primary outcome was operative mortality. Secondary outcomes were postoperative complications. The association of anemia with outcomes was analyzed with multivariable regression models. The influence of intraoperative RBC transfusion on the effect of preoperative anemia on outcomes was studied using mediation analysis. RESULTS: Anemia was present in 25% of patients. Anemic patients had a higher STS Predicted Risk of Operative Mortality (1.2% vs 0.7%; P < .001). Anemia was associated with operative mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 99.5% CI, 1.00-1.61; P = .047), postoperative RBC transfusion (OR, 2.28; 99.5% CI, 2.12-2.44; P < .001), dialysis (OR, 1.58; 99.5% CI, 1.19-2.11; P < .001), and prolonged intensive care unit and hospital length of stay. Intraoperative RBC transfusion largely mediated the effects of anemia on mortality (76%), intensive care unit stay (99%), and hospital stay, but it only partially mediated the association with dialysis (34.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative anemia is common in patients who undergo CABG and is associated with increased postoperative risks of mortality, complications, and RBC transfusion. However, most of the effect of anemia on mortality is mediated through intraoperative RBC transfusion.

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