RESUMEN
Cave exploration is a popular activity in the United States that can be challenging, thrilling, and dangerous. In addition to common risks associated with caves on the mainland, caves in Hawai'i may be filled with tidal water, or contain large pools of water that are accessible only through underwater entrances. This paper will discuss common injuries in caves on the mainland United States, as well as cave related injuries in Hawai'i as reported to the National Speleological Society from 1984-2013.
Asunto(s)
Accidentes , Traumatismos en Atletas/terapia , Cuevas , Montañismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Accidentes/estadística & datos numéricos , Traumatismos en Atletas/epidemiología , Hawaii/epidemiología , HumanosAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Pseudomonas/diagnóstico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/microbiología , Enfermedades Cutáneas Vesiculoampollosas/diagnóstico , Sobreinfección/microbiología , Tiña del Pie/diagnóstico , Vesícula/complicaciones , Vesícula/diagnóstico , Vesícula/tratamiento farmacológico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapéutico , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hawaii , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Naftalenos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/etiología , Medición de Riesgo , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Vesiculoampollosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Vesiculoampollosas/patología , Sobreinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Sobreinfección/etiología , Terbinafina , Tiña del Pie/complicaciones , Tiña del Pie/tratamiento farmacológico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Evaluation of community-level effects of intervention programs in infectious diseases is receiving increased attention. In this paper, we consider evaluation of the community-level effectiveness measures on the example of vaccination of children against influenza. We introduce the concept of the epidemic prevention potential (EPP) as a measure of the ability of an intervention to either prevent transmission or at least to keep it below a pre-defined limit. As a concept to describe the general ability of an intervention to limit outbreaks to a certain defined size, the term EPP fills a void. We constructed a stochastic simulation model of influenza transmission and vaccination in a structured community to illustrate the effectiveness measures of interest and the epidemic prevention potential. The concepts are general and could be applied to other interventions, such as antivirals and quarantine.