RESUMEN
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease associated with low-income populations. Thus, in assessing the burden of this disease, it is important to include its economic impact on individuals. We aimed to evaluate CL economic impact on patients treated at a referral service in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study based on the analysis of interviews and medical records from which we assembled direct medical and non-medical costs related to CL, from a societal perspective. One hundred patients were included; 50% had a monthly per capita income of up to USD 259.60 and spent on average USD 187.32 with the disease, representing an average monthly impact of 22.5% (USD 133.80). The disease imposed direct medical costs, such as: private medical appointments, medications, medical exams, dressing material, and co-participation in health insurances. Direct non-medical costs were mainly related to patients' transportation to health centers (USD 4,911.00), but also included medically-necessary care, food, and domestic and business outsourcing services. Although the Brazilian public health system guarantees access to health care, CL still represents a substantial economic impact for patients. The main action to reduce the expenses with this disease is decentralizing services for CL diagnosis and therapeutic approach, as well as increasing their efficiency.
Asunto(s)
Costos de la Atención en Salud , Leishmaniasis Cutánea , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/economía , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/epidemiología , Derivación y ConsultaRESUMEN
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis/HIV-co-infected patients (VL/HIV) accounts for around 8% of VL reported cases in Brazil. Relapses of Leishmania infection after anti-leishmanial treatment constitute a great challenge in the clinical practice because of the disease severity and drug resistance. We have shown that non-relapsing-VL/HIV (NR-) evolved with increase of CD4+ T-cell counts and reduction of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after anti-leishmanial treatment. This immune profile was not observed in relapsing-VL/HIV patients (R-), indicating a more severe immunological compromising degree. Elevated activation status may be related to a deficient immune reconstitution and could help to explain the frequent relapses in VL/HIV co-infection. Our aim was to evaluate if this gain of T cells was related to changes in the peripheral TCRVß repertoire and inflammatory status, as well as the possible thymus involvement in the replenishment of these newly formed T lymphocytes. Methods: VL/HIV patients, grouped into non-relapsing (NR- = 6) and relapsing (R- = 12) were evaluated from the active phase up to 12 months post-treatment (mpt). HIV-infected patients (non-VL) and healthy subjects (HS) were included. The TCRVß repertoire was evaluated ex vivo by flow cytometry, whereas the plasmatic cytokine levels were assessed by Luminex assay. To evaluate the thymic output, DNA was extracted from PBMCs for TCR rearrangement excision circles (TREC) quantification by qPCR. Results: VL/HIV cases presented an altered mobilization profile (expansions or retractions) of the TCRVß families when compared to HS independent of the follow-up phase (p < 0.05). TCRVß repertoire on CD4+ T-cells was more homogeneous in the NR-VL/HIV cases, but heterogeneous on CD8+ T-cells, since different Vß-families were mobilized. NR-VL/HIV had the inflammatory pattern reduced after 6 mpt. Importantly, VL/HIV patients showed number of TREC copies lower than controls during all follow-up. An increase of recent thymic emigrants was observed in NR-VL/HIV individuals at 10 mpt compared to R- patients (p < 0.01), who maintained lower TREC contents than the HIV controls. Conclusions: VL/HIV patients that maintain the thymic function, thus generating new T-cells, seem able to replenish the T lymphocyte compartment with effector cells, then enabling parasite control.
Asunto(s)
Coinfección , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Timo/inmunología , Relación CD4-CD8 , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Proliferación Celular , Citocinas/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/metabolismo , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Humanos , Leishmaniasis Visceral/tratamiento farmacológico , Leishmaniasis Visceral/metabolismo , Leishmaniasis Visceral/parasitología , Fenotipo , Estudios Prospectivos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/metabolismo , Recurrencia , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/parasitología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/virología , Timo/parasitología , Timo/virología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease associated with low-income populations. Thus, in assessing the burden of this disease, it is important to include its economic impact on individuals. We aimed to evaluate CL economic impact on patients treated at a referral service in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study based on the analysis of interviews and medical records from which we assembled direct medical and non-medical costs related to CL, from a societal perspective. One hundred patients were included; 50% had a monthly per capita income of up to USD 259.60 and spent on average USD 187.32 with the disease, representing an average monthly impact of 22.5% (USD 133.80). The disease imposed direct medical costs, such as: private medical appointments, medications, medical exams, dressing material, and co-participation in health insurances. Direct non-medical costs were mainly related to patients' transportation to health centers (USD 4,911.00), but also included medically-necessary care, food, and domestic and business outsourcing services. Although the Brazilian public health system guarantees access to health care, CL still represents a substantial economic impact for patients. The main action to reduce the expenses with this disease is decentralizing services for CL diagnosis and therapeutic approach, as well as increasing their efficiency.
A leishmaniose cutânea (LC) é uma doença associada a populações de baixa renda. Portanto, a inclusão do impacto financeiro sobre os pacientes é muito importante para avaliar a carga dessa doença. Tivemos como objetivo avaliar o impacto econômico da LC em pacientes afetados pela doença e tratados em um centro de referência para LC no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foi um estudo transversal com base em análise de entrevistas e prontuários médicos para compilação dos gastos médicos e não médicos diretos relacionados à LC, desde uma perspectiva societal. Foram incluídos cem pacientes; 50% tinham renda mensal per capita de até USD 259,60. O gasto médio na doença foi de USD 187,32, o que representa um impacto mensal médio de 22,5% (USD 133,80). A doença impôs custos médicos diretos, como o pagamento por consultas médicas particulares, exames médicos, material para curativos e co-participação em seguro de saúde. Os custos não médicos diretos estiveram relacionados ao transporte dos pacientes até os centros de saúde, cuidados adicionais, alimentação e contratos com serviços terceirizados para atividades domésticas e laborais. O transporte dos pacientes para as consultas médicas representava a principal parcela dos gastos (USD 4.911,00). Embora o acesso à assistência à saúde seja um direito garantido pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, a LC ainda gera um impacto financeiro substancial para os pacientes. A descentralização dos serviços diagnósticos e terapêuticos para LC e o aumento de sua eficiência são as principais medidas que podem reduzir os gastos com essa doença.
La leishmaniosis cutánea (LC) es una enfermedad asociada a poblaciones con ingresos bajos. Por ello, incluir el impacto financiero para las personas es muy importante a la hora de evaluar la carga de esta enfermedad. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el impacto económico de la LC, de pacientes afectados por esta enfermedad, que fueron tratados por un servicio de referencia para el tratamiento de la LC en el Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Este estudio transversal basado en entrevistas y análisis de registros médicos para la recopilación de gastos médicos y no-médicos directos, relacionados con la LC desde una a perspectiva social. Se incluyeron a cien pacientes; el 50% contaba con ingresos mensuales per cápita de hasta USD 259,60 y gastaban un promedio de USD 187,32 en la enfermedad, representando un impacto promedio mensual de 22,5% (USD 133,80). La enfermedad supuso costes médicos directos, como el pago de citas médicas privadas, medicamentos, exámenes médicos, material para vendajes, y coparticipación en seguros médicos. Los costes directos no-médicos estaban relacionados con el transporte de los pacientes a los centros de salud, el cuidado necesario, comida, y contratos con servicios externalizados para actividades domésticas y laborales. El transporte de los pacientes para citas médicas representó la principal razón para los gastos (USD 4.911,00). A pesar de que el acceso a los cuidados de salud es un derecho garantizado por el sistema de salud público brasileño, la LC todavía supone un impacto financiero importante para los pacientes. La descentralización de los servicios para el diagnóstico de LC, la aproximación terapéutica, y el incremento de su eficiencia, son las acciones con principal potencial para reducir los gastos financieros de esta enfermedad.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/economía , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/epidemiología , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Derivación y Consulta , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Until now, few studies have evaluated the effect of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) on patients' quality of life, and none have used a specific instrument to measure this effect. The objective of this study was to identify factors that may be associated with the high impact of CL and to assess patients' satisfaction with treatment and health services by utilizing a disease-specific questionnaire. METHODOLOGY: Between December 2015 and May 2017, 100 patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis were interviewed at a leishmaniasis referral center in Brazil. Data were collected by two questionnaires. One questionnaire compiled the sociodemographic, economic, and clinical information related to the disease. The second questionnaire was the Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Impact Questionnaire (CLIQ), which consisted of two subscales that measured 1) the general impact of CL and 2) patients' perceptions of treatment and health services. The median scores from each of these two subscales were used to dichotomize the dependent variables. Risk factors for the high impact of CL and for low patient satisfaction with treatment and health services were analyzed with a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The chance of higher impact of CL was increased in patients with the presence of comorbidities (OR: 3.9; CI 1.25-12.36), in those with absences from work (OR: 12.0; CI 3.78-42.55), in those who relied on public transportation by a municipal bus (OR: 5.8; CI 1.27-26.77), and in those who had illness-related expenses greater than U$137 (OR: 3.5; CI 1.17-10.24). The chance of patient dissatisfaction with treatment and health services increased with higher education (OR: 5.0; CI 1.19-21.03) and with illness-related expenses exceeding U$137 (OR: 4.64; CI 1.49-14.48). Once the sample was non-probabilistic, findings are not representative of CL patients in general. CONCLUSIONS: CL and its treatment have a negative impact on patients' quality of life. Considering these effects during public health planning may help patients to confront the disease.
Asunto(s)
Leishmaniasis Cutánea/psicología , Satisfacción del Paciente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil , Costo de Enfermedad , Estudios Transversales , Atención a la Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/economía , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Calidad de Vida , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) on the quality of life of patients has been neglected in research studies worldwide. The few reported studies have used non-specific questionnaires for the disease, which represents a limitation since generic instruments may not address specific aspects of the disease, compromising the evaluation of its real impact. The aim of this paper is to describe the development and the initial validation of an instrument for evaluating the impact of CL, named the Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Impact Questionnaire. METHODOLOGY: The formulation and validation of the instrument consisted of the following steps: (1) literature review; (2) conceptual framework construction and initial item generation; (3) tool analysis by health professionals (experts); (4) tool evaluation performed by the patients; and (5) a pilot study with 100 patients with localized CL, evaluated at a reference ambulatory facility in Belo Horizonte, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The structure of the proposed instrument was analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis (ICLUST). RESULTS: Twenty-seven items were initially proposed by the researchers to compose the questionnaire. Content validity (evaluates if the instrument fully assesses the construct of interest) was evaluated by the panel of experts, while face validity (evaluates how potential participants interpret the items) was evaluated by the target population. In this step, some items were excluded, reformulated and/or included. After evaluating a factorial structure of the items in accordance with the cluster analysis, we assembled a questionnaire with 25 items (alpha = 0.86), with high reliability and homogeneity, which address the following: 1) the general impact of the disease (alpha = 0.91, beta = 0.67) and 2) the evaluation of the perception about the treatment and health services (alpha = 0.72, beta = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: The Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Impact Questionnaire, developed with contributions from patients and experts, was confirmed, in this first validation, as a useful and reliable instrument.
Asunto(s)
Leishmaniasis Cutánea/psicología , Calidad de Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Several controlled and uncontrolled studies addressing azole antifungal drugs for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis have been published with inconclusive results. We conducted a systematic literature review of studies evaluating the efficacy and toxicity associated with azole therapy for tegumentary leishmaniasis. METHODOLOGY: PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and the Cochrane manual were followed, and the review methodology was registered (PROSPERO; CRD42016048668). Sources included the EMBASE, Web of Science, MEDLINE, LILACS, and IBECS databases along with a manual search of references from evaluated studies. Additional resources such as Google Scholar and clinicaltrials.gov were also searched. We included all studies reporting cure rate after cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis treatment with systemic azole drugs, regardless of their design. R software was used to estimate global rates of success and adverse events with each drug. The main outcome of interest was clinical cure, defined as complete re-epithelialization of all lesions. RESULTS: A total of 37 studies involving 1259 patients that reported outcomes after fluconazole (9), ketoconazole (14) and itraconazole (15) treatments were included. Only 14 (38%) were randomized controlled trials (RCT). The pooled azole final efficacy rate was 64% (CI95%: 57-70%) for all studies and 60% (CI95%: 50-70%) (p = 0.41) if only RCTs studies were considered. Twenty-four studies were conducted in the Old World and 13 studies in the Americas. The final efficacy rate according to New and Old World were 62% (CI95%: 43-77%) and 66% (CI95%: 58-73%), respectively. The final efficacy rate of azoles according to species were 89% (CI95%: 50-98%) for L. mexicana; 88% for L. infantum (CI95%: 27-99%); 80% for L. donovani; 53% (CI95%: 29-76%) for L. major; 49% for L. braziliensis (CI95%: 21-78%); and 15% (CI95%: 1-84%) for L. tropica. The cure rates were similar among the fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole group arms (p = 0.89), specifically 61% (CI95%: 48-72%), 64% (CI95%: 44-80%) 65% (CI95%: 56-72%), respectively. Adverse events during fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole therapy were reported in 7% (CI95%: 3-14%), 12% (CI95% 8-19%) and 13% (CI95%: 6-29%) of treated patients, respectively, without difference among them (p = 0.35). This systematic review included studies with small samples and both non-comparative and non-randomized studies and the main limitation was the low quality of the available studies. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence suggests that fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole have similar and modest efficacy rates for tegumentary leishmaniasis treatment. There is insufficient evidence to support the exclusive use of azole therapy as a single agent for leishmaniasis treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Azoles/uso terapéutico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Leishmaniasis Mucocutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Cutánea , Administración a través de la Mucosa , Antifúngicos/efectos adversos , Azoles/efectos adversos , Bases de Datos Factuales , Humanos , Itraconazol/efectos adversos , Itraconazol/uso terapéutico , Cetoconazol/efectos adversos , Cetoconazol/uso terapéutico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/parasitología , Leishmaniasis Mucocutánea/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Mucocutánea/parasitologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The mainstays of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment, in several world regions, are pentavalent antimony (Sbv) compounds administered parenterally, despite their recognized toxicity, which requires frequent laboratory monitoring and complicates their use in areas with scarce infrastructure. As result of these drawbacks, the WHO Expert Committee on leishmaniasis has expanded the recommendations for the use of local therapies, including Sbv intralesional infiltration (IL-Sbv), as CL therapy alternatives even in the New World. However, the efficacy of these approaches has never been compiled. The aim of this study was to critically and systematically assess the efficacy of IL-Sbv for CL treatment. METHODOLOGY: The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and the Cochrane manual were followed. The sources used were the MEDLINE and LILACS databases and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization. The outcome of interest was a clinical cure, defined as complete re-epithelialization of all lesions. The IL-Sbv pooled cure rate was estimated for several subgroups and direct comparisons were performed when possible. RESULTS: Thirty nine articles (40 studies) involving 5679 patients treated with IL-Sbv infiltration were included. In direct comparison, only three studies involving 229 patients compared IL-Sbv infiltration versus placebo and no difference was observed (OR: 1,9; 95%IC 0,93 to 3,82) based on cure rate 69.6% (95%CI 17.6-96.1%) and 83,2% (95%CI 66-92.7%) for placebo and IL-Sbv, respectively. In an alternative and non-comparative analysis, gathering all study arms using the intervention, the pooled IL-Sbv efficacy rate was 75% (95%CI 68-81%). In the Old World, the observed overall IL-Sbv efficacy rate was 75% (95%CI 66-82%), and the cure rates were significantly higher with sodium stibogluconate (SSG) than with meglumine antimoniate (MA): 83% (95%CI 75-90%) versus 68% (95%CI 54-79%), p = 0.03. Studies directly comparing IL-Sbv with topical 15% paromomycin ointment, IL hypertonic saline, radiofrequency-induced heat therapy, topical trichloroacetic acid and cryotherapy showed no significant difference in efficacy between the interventions. The analyses suggested a higher efficacy of IL-Sbv combined with cryotherapy (81.8%, 95%IC 62.4-92.4%) when compared with IL-Sbv alone (53.3%, 95%IC 46.1-66%), OR: 3.14 (95%CI 1.1-8.9), p = 0.03. In the New World, the global IL-Sbv efficacy was 77%(95%CI 66-85%). In contrast with the Old World, a significant difference favoring MA in relation to SSG was observed: 61% (95%CI 49-73%) versus 82% (95%CI 70-89%).By comparing IL infiltration schedules, it was determined that patients submitted to IL-Sbv treatments longer than 14 days had higher cure rates. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high heterogeneity and low methodological quality of studies, an indirect comparison shows that the antimony infiltration efficacy rate is similar to that reported for antimony systemic use. The evidence gathered thus far is insufficient to identify the ideal IL therapeutic regime or estimate the rates of adverse events and mucosal late complications.
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Antimonio/uso terapéutico , Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Antimonio/química , Gluconato de Sodio Antimonio/uso terapéutico , Antiprotozoarios/química , Crioterapia , Bases de Datos Factuales , Humanos , Inyecciones Intralesiones , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/patología , Meglumina/uso terapéutico , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Compuestos Organometálicos/uso terapéutico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
A kDNA PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (kDNA PCR-ELISA) for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) was developed. The detection limit of the reaction, precision measurements, and cut-off of the kDNA PCR-ELISA were defined in a proof-of-concept phase. A reference strain of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and a bank of 14 peripheral blood samples from immunocompetent patients with VL were characterized using techniques considered gold standards, and 11 blood samples obtained from healthy individuals of an endemic area were also assessed. Phase II evaluation determined the performance of the assay in peripheral blood samples from 105 patients with VL (adults and children), 25 patients with Leishmania/HIV coinfection, 40 healthy individuals, and 33 asymptomatic individuals living in endemic areas. The kDNA PCR-ELISA exhibited satisfactory precision, with a detection limit of 0.07 fg of DNA from L. (L.) infantum and 1 parasite/mL blood. The overall sensitivity of the assay for all groups studied was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 97.1-100%), and the specificity was 95% (95% CI: 83.5-98.6%). The kDNA PCR-ELISA was shown to be a useful tool for VL symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals diagnosis and its use in endemic countries may help monitor control interventions.
RESUMEN
The maintenance of chronic immune activation due to leishmaniasis or even due to microbial translocation is associated with immunosenescence and may contribute to frequent relapses. Our aim was to investigate whether patients with HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis (VL/HIV) who experience a single episode of VL have different immunological behaviors in comparison to those who experience frequent relapses. VL/HIV patients were allocated to non-relapsing (NR, n = 6) and relapsing (R, n = 11) groups and were followed from the active phase of VL up to 12 months post-treatment (mpt). The patients were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and secondary prophylaxis after VL therapy. During active VL, the two groups were similar in all immunological parameters, including the parasite load. At 6 and 12 mpt, the NR group showed a significant gain of CD4+ T cells, a reduction of lymphocyte activation, and lower soluble CD14 and anti-Leishmania IgG3 levels compared to the R group. The viral load remained low, without correlation with the activation. The two groups showed elevated but similar percentages of senescent T cells. These findings suggest a decreased ability of the R group to downmodulate immune activation compared to the NR group. Such functional impairment of the effector response may be a useful indicator for predicting clinical prognosis and recommending starting or stopping secondary prophylaxis.
Asunto(s)
Traslocación Bacteriana/inmunología , Coinfección , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Inmunidad , Leishmaniasis Visceral/etiología , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunosenescencia , Leishmaniasis Visceral/parasitología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Carga de Parásitos , Recurrencia , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Carga ViralRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: There are few drugs with proven efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and pentavalent antimonial derivatives are still the main first-line therapeutic agents worldwide, despite their recognized high toxicities. Randomized controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of new therapeutic modalities are of high priority, and the definition of the design of such trials raises debate about the use of placebo as a comparator. To support the use of placebo as a comparator, two main points need to be addressed: 1--the cure rate without any therapeutic intervention and 2--the damage caused by CL and its impact on patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically assess the spontaneous cure rate for American CL and to broaden the discussion about placebo use in CL trials. METHODS: The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and the Cochrane manual were followed. The sources used were the PubMed and LILACS databases. Studies were included if they reported cure rates using placebo or no treatment in American CL. RESULTS: Thirteen studies of a total of 352 patients were ultimately included in this review. The summarized global cure rates for all Leishmania species according to the intention-to-treat analyses performed at approximately three ("initial cure") and nine ("definitive cure") months after "no treatment" or placebo use were 26% (CI95%: 16 to 40%) and 26% (CI95%:16 to 38%), respectively. Notably, a significantly lower cure rate was observed for L. braziliensis infection (6.4%, CI95%:0.2 to 20%) than for L. mexicana infection (44%, CI95%:19 to 72%), p = 0.002. Of note, relapse occurred in 20% of patients with initial healing (CI95%:9.2 to 38.9%). CONCLUSION: These results clearly demonstrate a low spontaneous cure rate following no-treatment or placebo use, confirming that this strategy for the control group in CL studies expose patients to greater morbidity, especially for CL caused by L. braziliensis. Therefore, from this point, the crucial question to consider regarding placebo use is the seriousness of the suffering caused by this disease.
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Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Placebos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic zoonotic disease in Latin America caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, which is transmitted by sand flies from the genus Lutzomyia. VL occurs in 12 countries of Latin America, with 96% of cases reported in Brazil. Recently, an increase in VL, primarily affecting children and young adults, has been observed in urban areas of Latin America. The area in which this spread of VL is occurring overlaps regions with individuals living with HIV, the number of whom is estimated to be 1.4 million people by the World Health Organization. This overlap is suggested to be a leading cause of the increased number of reported VL-HIV coinfections. The clinical progression of HIV and L. infantum infections are both highly dependent on the specific immune response of an individual. Furthermore, the impact on the immune system caused by either pathogen and by VL-HIV coinfection can contribute to an accelerated progression of the diseases. Clinical presentation of VL in HIV positive patients is similar to patients without HIV, with symptoms characterized by fever, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly, but diarrhea appears to be more common in coinfected patients. In addition, VL relapses are higher in coinfected patients, affecting 10% to 56.5% of cases and with a lethality ranging from 8.7% to 23.5% in Latin America, depending on the study. With regards to the diagnosis of VL, parasitological tests of bone marrow aspirates have proven to be the most sensitive test in HIV-infected patients. Serologic tests have demonstrated a variable sensitivity according to the method and antigens used, with the standard tests used for diagnosing VL in Latin America displaying lower sensitivity. For this review, few articles were identified that related to VL-HIV coinfections and originated from Latin America, highlighting the need for improving research within the regions most greatly affected. We strongly support the formation of a Latin American network for coinfections of Leishmania and HIV to improve the consistency of research on the current situation of VL-HIV coinfections. Such a network would improve the collection of vital data and samples for better understanding of the clinical manifestations and immunopathogenic aspects of VL in immunosuppressed patients. Ultimately, a concerted effort would improve trials for new diagnostic methodologies and therapeutics, which could accelerate the implementation of more specific and effective diagnosis as well as public policies for treatments to reduce the impact of VL-HIV coinfections on the Latin American population.
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Coinfección/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Coinfección/parasitología , Coinfección/virología , Infecciones por VIH/parasitología , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/virologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of invasive and non-invasive tests for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in a large series of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. In this delayed-type cross-sectional study, 113 HIV-infected symptomatic patients were evaluated by an adjudication committee after clinical follow-up to establish the presence or absence of VL as the target condition (reference test). The index tests were recombinant K39 antigen-based immunochromatographic test (rK39), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), prototype kit of direct agglutination test (DAT-LPC), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in peripheral blood. Compared with parasitological test and adjudication committee diagnosis or latent class model analyses, IFAT and rk39 dipstick test presented the lowest sensitivity. DAT-LPC exhibited good overall performance, and there was no statistical difference between DAT-LPC and qPCR diagnosis accuracy. Real-time PCR emerges as a less invasive alternative to parasitological examination for confirmation of cases not identified by DAT.
Asunto(s)
Pruebas de Aglutinación/métodos , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta/métodos , Leishmaniasis Visceral/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Coinfección/diagnóstico , Coinfección/parasitología , Coinfección/virología , Estudios Transversales , ADN Protozoario/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/parasitología , Humanos , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Leishmaniose visceral (LV) entre infectados pelo HIV tem incidência crescente em regiões onde as duas infecções são endêmicas. Reconhece-se hoje que a doença está associada a maior mortalidade, menor taxa de resposta clínica e parasitológica e maior toxicidade ao tratamento que as observadas em pacientes não infectados pelo HIV. Várias são as incertezas e dificuldades a cerca do diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento dos pacientes coinfectados com Leishmania-HIV. Esta tese é composta por três revisões sistemáticas e um estudo clínico e busca contribuir para a redução de algumas lacunas do conhecimento à cerca da coinfecção Leishmania-HIV. Por meio de revisões sistemáticas da literatura e de um estudo transversal, que comparou a acurácia de métodos invasivos e não invasivos para o diagnóstico de LV entre infectados pelo HIV, confirmamos baixa sensibilidade dos testes sorológicos, à exceção do teste de aglutinação direta, que deve ser preferido em rotinas de investigação. Incluindo nossos próprios resultados, foram identificados apenas três estudos que avaliaram o desempenho de testes imunocromatográficos rápidos, baseados na pesquisa do anticorpo contra o antígeno recombinante K39, entre infectados pelo HIV. Por sua vez, testes baseados na reação em cadeia da polimerase, incluindo a técnica que utiliza como alvo a subunidade ribossomal do RNA e testada em nosso meio, apresentam alto desempenho global e despontam como alternativa menos invasiva ao exame parasitológico. De acordo com a evidência disponível, a terapia antirretroviral altamente potente não constitui intervenção suficiente para evitar a recidiva. Por outro lado, o uso de profilaxia secundária reduz significativamente a ocorrência de episódios subsequentes de LV. A revisão da literatura nos permitiu ainda identificar algumas condições marcadoras do risco de recidiva que, se presentes, reforçam a indicação de profilaxia secundária: ausência de elevação da contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ no seguimento; história prévia e recidiva de LV; contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ abaixo de 100 células/mL na ocasião do primeiro diagnóstico de LV. Os trabalhos publicados revelam maior taxa de resposta clínica com o uso de anfotericina B em relação ao tratamento com derivados de antimônio, o que parece estar relacionado à menor toxicidade que à maior eficácia. Os derivados de antimônio são drogas mal toleradas pelos pacientes coinfectados com HIV, associando-se a alta taxa de descontinuidade do tratamento e mortalidade três vezes maior que a observada com o tratamento com anfotericina B. Os dados disponíveis até o momento são insuficientes para se comparar a eficácia entre as várias formulações de anfotericina ou se definir a dose e o tempo de tratamento ideais para LV entre infectados pelo HIV.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Leishmania donovani/parasitología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/diagnóstico , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Recurrencia/prevención & control , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Leishmaniose visceral (LV) entre infectados pelo HIV tem incidência crescente em regiões onde as duas infecções são endêmicas. Reconhece-se hoje que a doença está associada a maior mortalidade, menor taxa de resposta clínica e parasitológica e maior toxicidade ao tratamento que as observadas em pacientes não infectados pelo HIV. Várias são as incertezas e dificuldades a cerca do diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento dos pacientes coinfectados com Leishmania-HIV. Esta tese é composta por três revisões sistemáticas e um estudo clínico e busca contribuir para a redução de algumas lacunas do conhecimento à cerca da coinfecção Leishmania-HIV. Por meio de revisões sistemáticas da literatura e de um estudo transversal, que comparou a acurácia de métodos invasivos e não invasivos para o diagnóstico de LV entre infectados pelo HIV, confirmamos baixa sensibilidade dos testes sorológicos, à exceção do teste de aglutinação direta, que deve ser preferido em rotinas de investigação. Incluindo nossos próprios resultados, foram identificados apenas três estudos que avaliaram o desempenho de testes imunocromatográficos rápidos, baseados na pesquisa do anticorpo contra o antígeno recombinante K39, entre infectados pelo HIV. Por sua vez, testes baseados na reação em cadeia da polimerase, incluindo a técnica que utiliza como alvo a subunidade ribossomal do RNA e testada em nosso meio, apresentam alto desempenho global e despontam como alternativa menos invasiva ao exame parasitológico.
De acordo com a evidência disponível, a terapia antirretroviral altamente potente não constitui intervenção suficiente para evitar a recidiva. Por outro lado, o uso de profilaxia secundária reduz significativamente a ocorrência de episódios subsequentes de LV. A revisão da literatura nos permitiu ainda identificar algumas condições marcadoras do risco de recidiva que, se presentes, reforçam a indicação de profilaxia secundária: ausência de elevação da contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ no seguimento; história prévia e recidiva de LV; contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ abaixo de 100 células/mL na ocasião do primeiro diagnóstico de LV. Os trabalhos publicados revelam maior taxa de resposta clínica com o uso de anfotericina B em relação ao tratamento com derivados de antimônio, o que parece estar relacionado à menor toxicidade que à maior eficácia. Os derivados de antimônio são drogas mal toleradas pelos pacientes coinfectados com HIV, associando-se a alta taxa de descontinuidade do tratamento e mortalidade três vezes maior que a observada com o tratamento com anfotericina B. Os dados disponíveis até o momento são insuficientes para se comparar a eficácia entre as várias formulações de anfotericina ou se definir a dose e o tempo de tratamento ideais para LV entre infectados pelo HIV.
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Leishmania donovani/parasitología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/diagnóstico , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Recurrencia/prevención & control , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
This case report describes an atypical clinical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis affecting the digestive tract and causing malabsorption syndrome in a patient without recognized immunosuppressive condition. After appropriate treatment for the classical visceral form of the disease, diarrhea persisted as the main symptom and massive infection by Leishmania was detected by histopathology analysis of the duodenal mucosa. Schistosoma mansoni coinfection was also confirmed and treated without impact on diarrhea. New course of amphotericin B finally led to complete improvement of diarrhea. Atypical visceral leishmaniasis involving the gastrointestinal tract is well recognized in HIV coinfection but very rare in immunocompetent patients. The factors determining the control or evolution of the Leishmania infection have not been completely identified. This case stresses the importance of atypical symptoms and the unusual location of visceral leishmaniasis, not only in immunodepressed patients, and raises the possible influence of chronic infection by S. mansoni reducing the immune response to Leishmania.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a potentially fatal disease, has emerged as an important opportunistic condition in HIV infected patients. In immunocompromised patients, serological investigation is considered not an accurate diagnostic method for VL diagnosis and molecular techniques seem especially promising. OBJECTIVE: This work is a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the accuracy of serologic and molecular tests for VL diagnosis specifically in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: Two independent reviewers searched PubMed and LILACS databases. The quality of studies was assessed by QUADAS score. Sensitivity and specificity were pooled separately and compared with overall accuracy measures: diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and symmetric summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC). RESULTS: Thirty three studies recruiting 1,489 patients were included. The following tests were evaluated: Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT), Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting (Blot), direct agglutination test (DAT) and polimerase chain reaction (PCR) in whole blood and bone marrow. Most studies were carried out in Europe. Serological tests varied widely in performance, but with overall limited sensitivity. IFAT had poor sensitivity ranging from 11% to 82%. DOR (95% confidence interval) was higher for DAT 36.01 (9.95-130.29) and Blot 27.51 (9.27-81.66) than for IFAT 7.43 (3.08-1791) and ELISA 3.06 (0.71-13.10). PCR in whole blood had the highest DOR: 400.35 (58.47-2741.42). The accuracy of PCR based on Q-point was 0.95; 95%CI 0.92-0.97, which means good overall performance. CONCLUSION: Based mainly on evidence gained by infection with Leishmania infantum chagasi, serological tests should not be used to rule out a diagnosis of VL among the HIV-infected, but a positive test at even low titers has diagnostic value when combined with the clinical case definition. Considering the available evidence, tests based on DNA detection are highly sensitive and may contribute to a diagnostic workup.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/métodos , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Leishmaniasis Visceral/diagnóstico , Parasitología/métodos , Humanos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Pruebas Serológicas/métodosRESUMEN
Neurosyphilis is recognized as a potential cause of hypertrophic pachymeningitis, but modern reports are few. A middle-aged man presented to hospital with a 1 month history of lower limb pain and weakness. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed pleocytosis with high protein levels and a positive venereal disease research laboratory result. Cervical spinal cord resonance imaging disclosed a dural contrast enhancement suggestive of pachymeningitis. Biopsy of the dura mater revealed a thick inflammatory process. Despite being treated accordingly, the patient rapidly deteriorated and died. The patient was diagnosed as having subacute hypertrophic cervical pachymeningitis which caused spinal cord compression. Serological evidence of neurosyphilis was present. Physicians should still be aware of this cause of hypertrophic pachymeningitis.
Asunto(s)
Meningitis/etiología , Meningitis/microbiología , Médula Espinal/patología , Infecciones por Treponema/complicaciones , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Médula Espinal/microbiología , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/etiología , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/microbiología , Treponema pallidum/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Minimum accuracy of HIV diagnostic tests is considered the pillar on which testing strategies for all settings must be based. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown that performance of the same test in different settings may vary according to several factors, resulting in different confidence intervals for sensitivity and specificity. Prevalence of HIV infection may influence observed test accuracy. The purpose of this article is to use the knowledge from meta-analyses of general diagnostic tests to inform the specific field of HIV diagnostic strategies. We propose the 'Bayesian' thinking: considering the pretest probability (i.e., prevalence, risk factors) and understanding test limitations to estimate a post-test probability of HIV diagnosis. Cost-effectiveness analysis, patient preferences and ethical issues must also be considered in HIV testing strategies.
Asunto(s)
Serodiagnóstico del SIDA/métodos , Serodiagnóstico del SIDA/normas , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Serodiagnóstico del SIDA/economía , Algoritmos , Teorema de Bayes , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Este protocolo, de elaboração continuada, foi realizado pela Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais como instrumento de organização e atualização do atendimento, em diversos níveis hierarquizados do Sistema Único de Saúde, desde a sua indicação de internação até a alta hospitalar, para garantir o melhor atendimento para os pacientes, o sucesso das ações de abordagem de casos clínicos e a biossegurança dos profissionais envolvidos no manejo dos pacientes.
Hospital Foundation of Minas Gerais State has conducted continual development of this protocol, as an instrument for care organization and updating in several hierarchical levels of the Unified Health System, since its statement of admission to the hospital to ensure better care for patients, the successful actions for dealing with cases, and biosecurity for the professionals involved in the patients? management.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Atención al Paciente/métodos , Gripe Humana/terapia , Protocolos Clínicos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Sistema Único de SaludRESUMEN
A epidemiologia da febre hemorrágica (FH) não epidêmica tem sido pouco explorada no Brasil. Adotando-se uma definição sindrômica ampla para a doença, foram estudados 55 casos suspeitos de FH internados em um centro de referência em doenças infecciosas em Minas Gerais, durante período de um ano. Os pacientes tinham idade entre 14 e 70 anos (mediana 37 anos) e 80% deles eram homens. Observamos plaquetopenia sem sangramento em 34 (61,8%) casos e evidência de sangramento espontâneo em 16 (29,1%) pacientes. Os sinais e sintomas mais freqüentes foram febre, náusea/vômito, sangramento e icterícia. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido em 78,2% (43/55) dos casos, sendo que em três pacientes uma doença não infecciosa foi reconhecida. As etiologias infecciosas encontradas foram: dengue (13), leptospirose (9), malária (5), sepse bacteriana (6), leishmaniose (4), meningite aguda (2) e infecção aguda pelo HIV (1). Alteração da função renal foi observada em 13 pacientes, 4 deles necessitaram de hemodiálise. A letalidade hospitalar foi de 11%. A presença de icterícia e exantema se relacionaram aos diagnósticos de leptospirose e dengue, respectivamente.