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Background: Human cysticercosis (CC) is a global public health problem, especially in Latin America, including Brazil. We aimed to analyze the seroprevalence of CC among school-age children and adolescents. Methods: We analyzed the presence of specific IgG antibodies against Taenia solium metacestodes in 500 serum samples from elementary school children and adolescents in Jataí City, state of Goiás, Brazil. IgG antibodies against the antigenic extract of the parasite were detected and analyzed by ELISA, and specific peptides were identified by confirmatory Western Blotting test. Results: Of the 500 study participants, 205 (41%) were male, and 295 (59%) were female. Participants aged between 4 and 18 years (mean age 8.4 years). The percentage of serum samples reactive by ELISA was 37.2%. These samples were analyzed by Western Blotting, which confirmed that the seropositivity rate was 6.2% (95% CI 2.4-14.7) in 31 samples reactive for CC-specific bands, determined in serum samples from 18 male (5-11 years old) and 13 female (4-12 years old) students. Conclusion: The CC seroprevalence demonstrated in schoolchildren suggests that this parasitosis is endemic in the study area. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the local epidemiology of this parasitosis.
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PURPOSE: Chronic alcoholism is a well-known risk factor for strongyloidiasis, in these patients the disease is potentially more severe, probably due to the breakdown of local protective barriers and immunosuppression caused by alcohol, which can lead to autoinfection and dissemination. The aim of this study was to evaluate multiple stool sampling and a specific parasitological assay agar plate culture (APC) for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in alcoholics. METHODS: APC was compared to sedimentation technique (HPJ; Hoffman, Pons and Janer), as parasitological methods to detect S. stercoralis infection in alcoholic individuals. Three stool samples from 60 alcoholic and 60 non-alcoholic individuals were analyzed. RESULTS: S. stercoralis larvae were observed in 11 (18.3%) alcoholic individuals and 1 (1.7%) nonalcoholic individual (P = 0.0042). In view of the combined results, sensitivity for the APC method was 63.6% (CI 31.6-87.6%) with the first sample reaching 100% (CI 67.8-100%) after analyzing three fecal samples. The HPJ sensitivity was 36.4% (CI 12.4-68.4) in the first sample, reaching 72.7% (CI 39.3-92.7) after three samples analyzed. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that in alcoholic patients, it is important to repeat stool sampling with specific techniques, especially using the APC method, to avoid misdiagnosis in cases that could evolve to disseminated strongyloidiasis.
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Alcohólicos , Alcoholismo , Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidiasis , Animales , Humanos , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnóstico , Alcoholismo/diagnóstico , Factores de Riesgo , HecesRESUMEN
Strongyloidiasis is a chronic and asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised patients, such as organ transplant candidates, can develop severe forms of this disease, and the best way to prevent progression to these forms is early diagnosis. Serological techniques using specific IgG and immune complexes (IC) detection can help in the diagnosis of these patients. This study aimed to detect specific anti-Strongyloides IC and IgG antibodies in kidney transplant (KT) and liver transplant (LT) candidates. A total of 100 blood samples was collected from transplant candidates (50 blood samples each from KT and LT candidates). Serum was obtained and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IC and IgG detections. The IC levels showed frequencies of 18% and 2% in the KT and LT groups, respectively, whereas anti-Strongyloides IgG was detected in 34% and 12% of KT and LT candidates, respectively. The correlation between IC and IgG detection is poor in KT candidates, while in LT candidates, there is a significant positive correlation. The detection of IC can be an additional tool for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, especially when associated with the detection of specific IgG anti-Strongyloides antibodies.
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Trasplante de Hígado , Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidiasis , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos , Complejo Antígeno-Anticuerpo , Antígenos Helmínticos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Pruebas Inmunológicas , Riñón , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnósticoRESUMEN
This review considers the advantages and disadvantages of parasitological techniques, methods of detecting antibodies and antigens, as well as molecular biology techniques in the diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. In addition, it elucidates the potential of different techniques for rapid and effective detection of clinical cases, thus enabling early treatment and preventing fatal consequences of this helminthiasis.
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Estrongiloidiasis , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/análisis , Antígenos Helmínticos/análisis , Humanos , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidiasis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2020/4086929.].
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Strongyloidiasis is a helminthiasis of neglected condition that has no gold standard parasitological diagnosis due to the intermittent release of larvae in feces. This study aimed to use an scFv (single chain variable fragment) obtained by Phage Display, previously validated to detect immune complexes in serum samples from individuals infected with Strongyloides stercoralis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Now the ability of scFv to detect the immune complexes was verified by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry using magnetic beads and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). As ELISA, the SPR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry demonstrated the ability of scFv to detect immune complexes in sera from individuals with strongyloidiasis and discriminate them from sera of individuals with other parasitic diseases and healthy individuals. Besides de conventional ELISA, the novel approaches can also be promptly applied as auxiliary diagnostic tools to the existing parasitological method for accurate diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis.
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Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidiasis , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Heces , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Pruebas Serológicas , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnósticoRESUMEN
AIMS: To describe an anti-Strongyloides IgA, IgG and IgG immune complex antibody response profile in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Saliva and serum samples were collected from 100 individuals: group I, 50 apparently healthy individuals; and group II, 50 pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The IgA, IgG and IgG immune complex detection were carried out via an ELISA immunoenzymatic test. Optical density medians in saliva samples of IgA antibody (median of 7.21) and IgG-IC (median of 4.95) were significantly higher in tuberculosis group compared to control individuals (median IgA of 3.93 and IgG-IC of 2.38). CONCLUSION: This study presents antibody data to the field of pulmonary tuberculosis and strongyloidiasis coinfection, including saliva samples, and especially IgG immune complex detection.
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Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Complejo Antígeno-Anticuerpo/sangre , Inmunoglobulina A/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Strongyloides/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Larva/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Saliva/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/patología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/patologíaRESUMEN
Human cysticercosis is a public health problem caused by Taenia solium metacestodes; thus, eradication of T. solium transmission by vaccination is an urgent requirement. The Cc48 mimotope from T. solium cysticerci was tested expressed in phage particles (mCc48) and chemically synthesized (sCc48) as a vaccine candidate in experimental murine cysticercosis. For this, BALB/c mice were immunized with mCc48 (G1; n = 40), sCc48 (G2; n = 40) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (G3; n = 40, positive control) and challenged with Taenia crassiceps metacestodes. Another PBS group without parasite challenge was used as a negative control (G4; n = 40). Mice were sacrificed 15, 30, 45 and 60 days post-infection for cysticerci and serum collection. Immunization efficacy was determined by cysticerci counting. Serum samples were tested by ELISA to verify antibody (IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE) and cytokine (IFNγ and IL-4) levels. The sCc48 achieved the highest rates of protection and efficacy (90 and 98%, respectively). The group immunized with mCc48 presented the highest reactivity for IgM, IgG and IgE. All groups presented IL-4, but IFNγ was quite variable among groups. The protection induced by sCc48 synthetic peptide supports further studies of this mimotope as a potential vaccine candidate against cysticercosis.
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Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Taenia/inmunología , Vacunas , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Cisticercosis/prevención & control , Cysticercus/inmunología , Citocinas/sangre , Humanos , Inmunidad , Inmunización , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The present study is aimed at evaluating serological method using scFv anti-Strongyloides sp. and reporting the frequencies of the results with conventional parasitological technique (faeces) in elderly individuals. Among 112 elderly individuals (≥60 years of age), 14.28% were positive for at least one enteroparasite, with one individual positive for S. stercoralis. Sera were evaluated for the presence of anti-Strongyloides sp. antibodies using total or detergent fraction extracts of Strongyloides venezuelensis, which presented positivity rates of 19.64% and 10.71%, respectively. An anti-HSP60 single-chain variable fragment from Strongyloides sp. was used to detect parasite antigens, with 5.36% (6 individuals) of ELISA-positive individuals returning a positive result. While the serological test indicates previous or recent infection and may be limited by antigen purification, the anti-HSP60 method reflects the presence of Strongyloides sp. immune complexes and exhibits greater sensitivity and specificity. Our results demonstrate the variable occurrence of enteroparasites in elderly individuals residing in long-term nursing homes and validate a novel epidemiological tool to describe infection cases by Strongyloides sp.
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Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Complejo Antígeno-Anticuerpo/sangre , Antígenos Helmínticos/sangre , Chaperonina 60/sangre , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/sangre , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnóstico , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/inmunología , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Brasil , Chaperonina 60/inmunología , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Hogares para Ancianos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Casas de Salud , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/inmunología , Strongyloides/crecimiento & desarrollo , Strongyloides/inmunología , Strongyloides/patogenicidad , Estrongiloidiasis/sangre , Estrongiloidiasis/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
In experimental infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis, the acute and recovery phases can be distinguished, unlike human infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of anti-Strongyloides IgG antibodies and the recognition of immunogenic protein bands during the acute and the recovery phases in rats experimentally infected with S. venezuelensis. Rats were infected subcutaneously with 400 or 4,000 S. venezuelensis infective larvae. The acute phase was characterized by elimination of a large number of eggs in the faeces on days 6-14 post infection; the recovery phase was characterized by the resolution of the infection between days 30 and 35 post infection. Differences in IgG levels were observed in the acute and the recovery phases. Different antigenic fractions were recognized in both phases of infection. It is concluded that proteins within the 30-40 kDa range are immunoreactive markers for both the acute and the recovery phases in rats experimentally infected with S. venezuelensis, particularly using membrane antigen.
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Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/inmunología , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Proteínas del Helminto/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/inmunología , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Western Blotting , Reacciones Cruzadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Heces/parasitología , Masculino , Ratas Wistar , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Definitive diagnosis of hookworm infection is usually based on the microscopic detection of eggs in a stool sample; however, several cases display a low or irregular egg output. Serodiagnosis can be a useful tool to identify these cases, but conventional tests do not differentiate past from active infections. The aim of this study was to obtain and apply egg yolk polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgY) antibodies to detect immune complexes (ICs) in serum samples from patients infected with hookworm. Hens were immunized with Ancylostoma ceylanicum saline extract, their eggs were collected and then IgY antibodies were extracted and purified. Antibody purity was tested by 12% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specificity was assessed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. IgY production was evaluated by kinetics enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sandwich ELISA tested the ability of IgY to detect ICs in serum samples, from which diagnostic parameters were calculated. Antibody responses increased steadily from day 7 to 42. In the immunoblotting assay, IgY recognized two protein complexes. The immunofluorescence assay showed no staining in control samples. The sandwich ELISA presented a very high diagnostic value, with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 86.7%. Our pioneer strategy highlights the potential use of egg yolk IgY as a diagnostic test to detect active hookworm infection.
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Ancylostoma/aislamiento & purificación , Complejo Antígeno-Anticuerpo/análisis , Pollos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Infecciones por Uncinaria/veterinaria , Inmunoglobulinas/análisis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/diagnóstico , Pruebas Serológicas/veterinaria , Animales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Femenino , Infecciones por Uncinaria/diagnóstico , Pruebas Serológicas/métodosRESUMEN
Strongyloides venezuelensis is a model to study human strongyloidiasis, which infects wild rodents and shares common antigenic epitopes with Strongyloides stercoralis. This study aimed to evaluate parasitological and immunological parameters of prednisolone immunosuppression protocols in rats (Rattus novergicus) infected with S. venezuelensis. Rats were divided into six groups (n = 36): untreated and uninfected (-) or infected (+); oral treatment and uninfected (o-) or infected (o+); subcutaneous treatment and uninfected (sc-) or infected (sc+). For oral immunosuppression, 5 mg/mL of water diluted prednisolone were given five days before infection, and in the days 8 and 21 (for 5 days). For subcutaneous immunosuppression, 10 mg/kg of prednisolone were given daily. The infection was established by the subcutaneous injection of approximately 3,000 S. venezuelensis filarioid larvae per animal. All animals from the (+) and (o+) groups survived, while four rats from the (sc+) died prior to necropsy date. Parasitological analysis showed higher egg elimination in (o+) in comparison to (+) and (sc+) on 7, 13 and 26 days post infection (d.p.i.).The recovery of parasitic females at day 30 was significantly higher in (o+), compared to (+). The (+) and (o+) groups showed a clear increase in anti-S. venezuelensis IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 from 13th d.p.i. Oral immunosuppression led to a higher number of adult females and increased egg output while maintaining IgG and subclasses antibody levels comparable to the positive control.
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Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Prednisolona/uso terapéutico , Strongyloides/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Oral , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Heces/parasitología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunosupresores/administración & dosificación , Inyecciones Subcutáneas , Masculino , Prednisolona/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Estrongiloidiasis/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the use of saliva samples in the Dot-ELISA test for immunodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. The Dot-ELISA presented similar results to the ELISA test, with 70% and 60% sensitivity and 85% and 90% specificity, respectively, for IgA in the saliva. The Dot-ELISA with alternative saliva samples may be a suitable tool for diagnosing human strongyloidiasis, especially in populations with high levels of exposure to helminth.
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Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/análisis , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Inmunoglobulina A/análisis , Saliva/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnóstico , Humanos , Pruebas InmunológicasRESUMEN
Strongyloidiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by the helminth Strongyloides stercoralis whose treatment is particularly difficult in immunosuppressed patients due to their low responsiveness to conventional therapy. Carica papaya and its isolated compounds benzyl isothiocyanate, carpaine and carpasemine are promising compound for the treatment of Strongyloides infections due to their anthelmintic action. This study aims to examine the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of C. papaya seed hexane extract against Strongyloides venezuelensis, using egg hatching tests and larval motility tests as efficiency markers. The crude extract at the concentrations of 566 - 0.0566 mg/mL or the control with albendazole (0.025 mg/mL) and negative controls (water and PBS) were incubated with an equal volume of egg suspension (± 50 specimens) followed by counting of the specimens after 48 h. The same extract and dilutions were added to L3 larvae suspensions (±50 specimens) followed by analysis of larvae viability after 24, 48, and 72 h. The extract inhibited egg hatching with high efficiency at concentrations of 56.6 mg/mL (95.74%) and 5.66 mg/mL (92.16%). At the concentrations of 566 mg/mL (100%) and 56.66 mg/mL (97.32%), the extract inhibited larval motility as effectively as ivermectin (0.316 mg/mL; 100%), and more effectively than the other dilutions and the negative controls. The larvicidal effect depended on the extract concentration, but not on the treatment period. Therefore, C. papaya seed hexane extract has anthelmintic potential against S. venezuelensis and is a promising compound for the development of phytotherapies to treat strongyloidiasis.
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Carica/química , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Óvulo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Semillas/química , Strongyloides/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Pruebas de Sensibilidad ParasitariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from snake venoms have a broad potential as pharmacological tools on medicine. In this context, strongyloidiasis is a neglected parasitic disease caused by helminths of the genus Strongyloides. Currently, ivermectin is the drug of choice for treatment, however, besides its notable toxicity, therapeutic failures and cases of drug resistance have been reported. BnSP-6, from Bothorps pauloensis snake venom, is a PLA2 with depth biochemical characterization, reporting effects against tumor cells and bacteria. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to demonstrate for the first time the action of the PLA2 on Strongyloides venezuelensis. METHODS: After 72 hours of treatment with BnSP-6 mortality of the infective larvae was assessed by motility assay. Cell and parasite viability was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, autophagic vacuoles were labeled with Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and nuclei of apoptotic cells were labeled with Propidium Iodide (PI). Tissue degeneration of the parasite was highlighted by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: The mortality index demonstrated that BnSP-6 abolishes the motility of the parasite. In addition, the MTT assay attested the cytotoxicity of BnSP-6 at lower concentrations when compared with ivermectin, while autophagic and apoptosis processes were confirmed. Moreover, the anthelmintic effect was demonstrated by tissue degeneration observed by TEM. Furthermore, we report that BnSP-6 showed low cytotoxicity on human intestinal cells (Caco-2). CONCLUSION: Altogether, our results shed light on the potential of BNSP-6 as an anthelmintic agent, which can lead to further investigations as a tool for pharmaceutical discoveries.
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Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Venenos de Crotálidos/farmacología , Fosfolipasas A2/farmacología , Venenos de Serpiente/farmacología , Strongyloides/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antihelmínticos/química , Antihelmínticos/aislamiento & purificación , Bothrops , Células CACO-2 , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Venenos de Crotálidos/química , Venenos de Crotálidos/aislamiento & purificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Humanos , Fosfolipasas A2/química , Fosfolipasas A2/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Venenos de Serpiente/química , Venenos de Serpiente/aislamiento & purificación , Strongyloides/parasitología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Herein, we evaluate a mimotope-based synthetic peptidenamed NC41 to diagnose neurocysticercosis (NC), a neglected parasitic disease and a major cause of epilepsy worldwide. NC41 synthetic peptide was evaluated to diagnose NC, and total saline extract from Taenia solium metacestodes (SE) was used as control. Serum samples from patients with NC (n = 40), other parasitic diseases (n = 43), and healthy individuals (n = 40) were tested. Diagnostic parameters such as sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), likelihood ratio (LR), and area under curve (AUC) were calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The sequence from T. solium phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was used for epitope prediction, resulting in one high-scoring patch centered at residue L247. NC41 synthetic peptide reached high diagnostic performance (Se 97.5% and Sp 97.5%, LR+ 39 and AUC 0.997). Data from diagnostic parameters and in silico analyses proved the usefulness of NC41 synthetic peptide as a diagnostic marker for human NC.
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Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Antígenos Helmínticos/sangre , Neurocisticercosis/diagnóstico , Péptidos/inmunología , Fosfoenolpiruvato Carboxiquinasa (ATP)/inmunología , Taenia solium/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Área Bajo la Curva , Biomarcadores , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Humanos , Neurocisticercosis/sangre , Neurocisticercosis/parasitología , Péptidos/genética , Fosfoenolpiruvato Carboxiquinasa (ATP)/genética , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Taenia solium/inmunologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In most Strongyloides stercoralis infected individuals, nematoidosis occurs asymptomatically, but in immunocompromised patients, it can cause hyperinfection. Serological techniques seem to be a good alternative for detecting this parasite. METHODS: The frequency of seropositivity for strongyloidiasis in Alfenas, MG, was estimated using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay on blood samples, between May and August of 2015. RESULTS: Out of 258 samples tested, 53.9% were positive, and the frequency of seropositive individuals was higher in the peripheral districts of the municipality. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate high seropositivity rates for strongyloidiasis among the residents of Alfenas city.
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Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Strongyloides stercoralis/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidiasis/transmisión , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Abstract INTRODUCTION: In most Strongyloides stercoralis infected individuals, nematoidosis occurs asymptomatically, but in immunocompromised patients, it can cause hyperinfection. Serological techniques seem to be a good alternative for detecting this parasite. METHODS The frequency of seropositivity for strongyloidiasis in Alfenas, MG, was estimated using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay on blood samples, between May and August of 2015. RESULTS: Out of 258 samples tested, 53.9% were positive, and the frequency of seropositive individuals was higher in the peripheral districts of the municipality. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate high seropositivity rates for strongyloidiasis among the residents of Alfenas city.
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Humanos , Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Estrongiloidiasis/epidemiología , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Strongyloides stercoralis/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidiasis/transmisión , Brasil/epidemiología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Infection with Strongyloides sp. induces a host immune response, predominantly the Th2 type, that is able to eliminate the parasite. However, little is known about the role of the nitric oxide (NO) mediator, induced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), in strongyloidiasis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the immune response of mice genetically deficient in the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS-/- ), infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and iNOS-/- mice were individually inoculated by subcutaneous injection of 3000 S. venezuelensis L3 larvae. In the absence of iNOS, mice were more susceptible to the infection than WT animals, in which the parasite was completely eliminated. The overall production of cytokines and specific IgG, IgG1 or IgE antibodies against the parasite was significantly lowered in infected iNOS-/- mice. The expression of iNOS was observed in the intestine of WT hosts but mainly in the wall of the parasite, despite the presence of iNOS in mice. Altogether, we concluded that iNOS expression may play an important role in the control of S. venezuelensis infection.
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Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Strongyloides/metabolismo , Estrongiloidiasis/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/biosíntesis , Arvicolinae/parasitología , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Strongyloides/citología , Strongyloides/aislamiento & purificación , Estrongiloidiasis/parasitología , Células Th2/inmunologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT The Taenia solium cysticercosis affects millions of people worldwide and is considered a public health problem, especially in developing countries. The diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is complex and involves the analysis of epidemiological, clinical, neuroimaging, and immunological host data. Neurocysticercosis is endemic in Brazil, and is related to the cause of death mainly in the Southeast, South, and Central-West regions. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of cysticercosis in inhabitants of the city of Jataí, Goiás, in the Central-West region of Brazil from April to August 2012. A total of 529 serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting IgG antibodies against T. solium larvae, and Western blotting was used for confirming the diagnosis through the recognition of at least two specific peptides from their serum antibodies. The 351/529 (66.3%) reactive samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting confirmed the diagnosis in 73 samples that recognized at least two of the following peptides specific IgG antibodies for cysticercosis: 18, 24, 28-32, 39-42, 47-52, 64-68, and 70 kDa. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis was 13.8% (95% CI 5.9-21.7), demonstrating that the studied area is endemic to this disease.