RESUMEN
DEMETER-Like DNA demethylases (DMLs) are epigenetic regulators of many developmental and biological processes in plants. No comprehensive information about the DML gene family in citrus is available to date. Here, a total of three DML genes in the genomes of Citrus sinensis (named CsDML1-3) and C. clementina (named CcDML1-3) were identified and analyzed. They encode hydrophilic and relatively large proteins, with prediction of nuclear localization, containing the conserved domains and motifs typical of plant DMLs. Protein interaction network analysis suggested that they interact primarily with proteins related to the maintenance of DNA methylation and remodeling of chromatin. Analysis of their promoter regions led to the identification of several cis-acting regulatory elements involved in stress response, including drought, heat and cold stresses. The presence of several miRNA targets and potential phosphorylation sites suggest that their expression is also regulated at post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. RNA-Seq data and quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed a low and drought-regulated gene expression of the citrus DMLs in different plant tissues. CsDML1 and CsDML3 were also differentially regulated by deficit irrigation in fruits at different developmental stages, with a positive and significant correlation found between CsDML1 and PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY) and between CsDML3 and ATP CITRATE LYASEs (ACLs) and ZETA-CAROTENE DESATURASE (ZDS) gene expression. These results indicate that the citrus DMLs are potentially functional enzymes involved in developmental processes and drought stress-adaptive responses, providing a useful reference for further investigation of their functions and applications on the citrus improvement.
Asunto(s)
Citrus , Sequías , Estrés Fisiológico , Citrus/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Familia de MultigenesRESUMEN
The impact of water deficit on sucrose metabolism in sink organs like the fruit remains poorly known despite the need to improve fruit crops resilience to drought in the face of climate change. The present study investigated the effects of water deficit on sucrose metabolism and related gene expression in tomato fruits, aiming to identify candidate genes for improving fruit quality upon low water availability. Tomato plants were subjected to irrigated control and water deficit (-60% water supply compared to control) treatments, which were applied from the first fruit set to first fruit maturity stages. The results have shown that water deficit significantly reduced fruit dry biomass and number, among other plant physiological and growth variables, but substantially increased the total soluble solids content. The determination of soluble sugars on the basis of fruit dry weight revealed an active accumulation of sucrose and concomitant reduction in glucose and fructose levels in response to water deficit. The complete repertoire of genes encoding sucrose synthase (SUSY1-7), sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS1-4), and cytosolic (CIN1-8), vacuolar (VIN1-2) and cell wall invertases (WIN1-4) was identified and characterized, of which SlSUSY4, SlSPS1, SlCIN3, SlVIN2, and SlCWIN2 were shown to be positively regulated by water deficit. Collectively, these results show that water deficit regulates positively the expression of certain genes from different gene families related to sucrose metabolism in fruits, favoring the active accumulation of sucrose in this organ under water-limiting conditions. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01288-7.
RESUMEN
Galactinol synthase (GolS) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs), which serve as storage and transport sugars, signal transducers, compatible solutes and antioxidants in higher plants. The present work aimed to assess the potential functions of citrus GolS in mechanisms of stress response and tolerance. By homology searches, eight GolS genes were found in the genomes of Citrus sinensis and C. clementina. Phylogenetic analysis showed that there is a GolS ortholog in C. clementina for each C. sinensis GolS, which have evolved differently from those of Arabidopsis thaliana. Transcriptional analysis indicated that most C. sinensis GolS (CsGolS) genes show a low-level tissue-specific and stress-inducible expression in response to drought and salt stress treatments, as well as to 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' infection. CsGolS6 overexpression resulted in improved tobacco tolerance to drought and salt stresses, contributing to an increased mesophyll cell expansion, photosynthesis and plant growth. Primary metabolite profiling revealed no significant changes in endogenous galactinol, but different extents of reduction of raffinose in the transgenic plants. On the other hand, a significant increase in the levels of metabolites with antioxidant properties, such as ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, alfa-tocopherol and spermidine, was observed in the transgenic plants. These results bring evidence that CsGolS6 is a potential candidate for improving stress tolerance in citrus and other plants.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis , Citrus , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Citrus/genética , Citrus/metabolismo , Galactosiltransferasas , Oligosacáridos/metabolismo , Filogenia , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Rafinosa/metabolismo , Espermidina/metabolismo , Tocoferoles/metabolismoRESUMEN
MAIN CONCLUSION: EgPHI-1 is a member of PHI-1/EXO/EXL protein family. Its overexpression in tobacco resulted in changes in biomass partitioning, xylem fiber length, secondary cell wall thickening and composition, and lignification. Here, we report the functional characterization of a PHOSPHATE-INDUCED PROTEIN 1 homologue showing differential expression in xylem cells from Eucalyptus species of contrasting phenotypes for wood quality and growth traits. Our results indicated that this gene is a member of the PHI-1/EXO/EXL family. Analysis of the promoter cis-acting regulatory elements and expression responses to different treatments revealed that the Eucalyptus globulus PHI-1 (EgPHI-1) is transcriptionally regulated by auxin, cytokinin, wounding and drought. EgPHI-1 overexpression in transgenic tobacco changed the partitioning of biomass, favoring its allocation to shoots in detriment of roots. The stem of the transgenic plants showed longer xylem fibers and reduced cellulose content, while the leaf xylem had enhanced secondary cell wall thickness. UV microspectrophotometry of individual cell wall layers of fibers and vessels has shown that the transgenic plants exhibit differences in the lignification of S2 layer in both cell types. Taken together, the results suggest that EgPHI-1 mediates the elongation of secondary xylem fibers, secondary cell wall thickening and composition, and lignification, making it an attractive target for biotechnological applications in forestry and biofuel crops.
Asunto(s)
Eucalyptus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Eucalyptus/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Brotes de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Xilema/fisiología , Pared Celular/genética , Celulosa/metabolismo , Eucalyptus/citología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Brotes de la Planta/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Nicotiana/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Citrus plants are commercially propagated by grafting, with the rootstock variety influencing a number of horticultural traits, including drought tolerance. Among the different rootstock varieties available for citrus propagation, 'Rangpur' lime is known to confer enhanced tolerance to drought as compared to other citrus rootstocks. The objective of this study was to investigate the poorly understood molecular responses underlying the rootstock-induced drought tolerance in sweet orange. RESULTS: RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis was carried out in leaves of sweet orange grafted on 'Rangpur' lime subjected to control and drought-stress treatments, under greenhouse conditions, using the Illumina HiSeq platform. A total of 41,827 unique transcripts were identified, among which 1764 transcripts showed significant variation (P ≤ 0.001) between the treatments, with 1081 genes induced and 683 repressed by drought-stress treatment. The transcripts were distributed in 44 different categories of cellular component, molecular function and biological process. Several genes related to cell metabolism, including those involved in the metabolisms of cell wall, carbohydrates and antioxidants, light reactions, biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as genes coding for transcription factors (TFs), protein kinases (PKs) and proteins involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene signaling pathways, were differentially regulated by drought stress. RNA-Seq data were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis and comparative analysis of expression of the selected genes between sweet orange grafted on drought-tolerant and -sensitive rootstocks revealed new candidate genes for drought tolerance in citrus. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results showed that only a relatively small but functionally diverse fraction of the sweet orange transcriptome, with functions in metabolism, cellular responses and regulation, was differentially regulated by drought stress. The data suggest that the rootstock-induced drought tolerance in sweet orange includes the transcriptional activation of genes related to the cell wall, soluble carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolisms, biotic and abiotic stress responses, TFs, PKs and ABA signaling pathway, and the downregulation of genes involved in the starch metabolism, light reactions and ethylene signaling. Future efforts to elucidate their functional roles and explore their potential in the citrus genetic improvement should benefit from this data.
Asunto(s)
Citrus sinensis/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Estrés Fisiológico , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Citrus sinensis/metabolismo , Citrus sinensis/fisiología , Sequías , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Transducción de Señal , Factores de TranscripciónRESUMEN
Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is a ubiquitous transcription factor found in eukaryotes. It is composed of three distinct subunits called NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-Ys have been identified as key regulators of multiple pathways in the control of development and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the complete repertoire of genes coding for NF-Y in citrus, as well as to perform the functional characterization of one of its members, namely CsNFYA5, in transgenic tobacco plants. A total of 22 genes coding for NF-Y were identified in the genomes of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and Clementine mandarin (C. clementina), including six CsNF-YAs, 11 CsNF-YBs and five CsNF-YCs. Phylogenetic analyses showed that there is a NF-Y orthologous in the Clementine genome for each sweet orange NF-Y gene; this was not observed when compared to Arabidopsis thaliana. CsNF-Y proteins shared the same conserved domains with their orthologous proteins in other organisms, including mouse. Analysis of gene expression by RNA-seq and EST data demonstrated that CsNF-Ys have a tissue-specific and stress inducible expression profile. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that CsNF-YA5 exhibits differential expression in response to water deficit in leaves and roots of citrus plants. Overexpression of CsNF-YA5 in transgenic tobacco plants contributed to the reduction of H2O2 production under dehydration conditions and increased plant growth and photosynthetic rate under normal conditions and drought stress. These biochemical and physiological responses to drought stress promoted by CsNF-YA5 may confer a productivity advantage in environments with frequent short-term soil water deficit.
Asunto(s)
Factor de Unión a CCAAT/genética , Citrus/genética , Sequías , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Estrés Fisiológico , Arabidopsis/genética , Factor de Unión a CCAAT/metabolismo , Citrus/metabolismo , Genes de Plantas/genética , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Alineación de Secuencia , Nicotiana/genéticaRESUMEN
Bixa orellana L., popularly known as annatto, produces several secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical and industrial interest, including bixin, whose molecular basis of biosynthesis remain to be determined. Gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is an important tool to advance such knowledge. However, correct interpretation of qPCR data requires the use of suitable reference genes in order to reduce experimental variations. In the present study, we have selected four different candidates for reference genes in B. orellana, coding for 40S ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), histone H4 (H4), 60S ribosomal protein L38 (RPL38) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18SrRNA). Their expression stabilities in different tissues (e.g. flower buds, flowers, leaves and seeds at different developmental stages) were analyzed using five statistical tools (NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, ΔCt method and RefFinder). The results indicated that RPL38 is the most stable gene in different tissues and stages of seed development and 18SrRNA is the most unstable among the analyzed genes. In order to validate the candidate reference genes, we have analyzed the relative expression of a target gene coding for carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) using the stable RPL38 and the least stable gene, 18SrRNA, for normalization of the qPCR data. The results demonstrated significant differences in the interpretation of the CCD1 gene expression data, depending on the reference gene used, reinforcing the importance of the correct selection of reference genes for normalization.
RESUMEN
MAIN CONCLUSION: Overexpression of the citrus CsTIP2;1 improves plant growth and tolerance to salt and drought stresses by enhancing cell expansion, H 2 O 2 detoxification and stomatal conductance. Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) are a subfamily of aquaporins, belonging to the major intrinsic protein family. In a previous study, we have shown that a citrus TIP isoform, CsTIP2;1, is highly expressed in leaves and also transcriptionally regulated in leaves and roots by salt and drought stresses and infection by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the causal agent of the Huanglongbing disease, suggesting its involvement in the regulation of the flow of water and nutrients required during both normal growth and stress conditions. Here, we show that the overexpression of CsTIP2;1 in transgenic tobacco increases plant growth under optimal and water- and salt-stress conditions and also significantly improves the leaf water and oxidative status, photosynthetic capacity, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of plants subjected to a progressive soil drying. These results correlated with the enhanced mesophyll cell expansion, midrib aquiferous parenchyma abundance, H2O2 detoxification and stomatal conductance observed in the transgenic plants. Taken together, our results indicate that CsTIP2;1 plays an active role in regulating the water and oxidative status required for plant growth and adaptation to stressful environmental conditions and may be potentially useful for engineering stress tolerance in citrus and other crop plants.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Acuaporinas/metabolismo , Citrus/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Acuaporinas/genética , Citrus/citología , Citrus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Citrus/fisiología , Sequías , Expresión Génica , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Fotosíntesis , Hojas de la Planta/citología , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/citología , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/fisiología , Estomas de Plantas/citología , Estomas de Plantas/genética , Estomas de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estomas de Plantas/fisiología , Transpiración de Plantas , Isoformas de Proteínas , Cloruro de Sodio/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico , Nicotiana/citología , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/crecimiento & desarrollo , Nicotiana/fisiología , Agua/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rootstocks play a major role in the tolerance of citrus plants to water deficit by controlling and adjusting the water supply to meet the transpiration demand of the shoots. Alterations in protein abundance in citrus roots are crucial for plant adaptation to water deficit. We performed two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) separation followed by LC/MS/MS to assess the proteome responses of the roots of two citrus rootstocks, Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) and 'Sunki Maravilha' (Citrus sunki) mandarin, which show contrasting tolerances to water deficits at the physiological and molecular levels. RESULTS: Changes in the abundance of 36 and 38 proteins in Rangpur lime and 'Sunki Maravilha' mandarin, respectively, were observed via LC/MS/MS in response to water deficit. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) of the data revealed major changes in the protein profile of 'Sunki Maravilha' in response to water deficit. Additionally, proteomics and systems biology analyses allowed for the general elucidation of the major mechanisms associated with the differential responses to water deficit of both varieties. The defense mechanisms of Rangpur lime included changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids as well as in the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification and in the levels of proteins involved in water stress defense. In contrast, the adaptation of 'Sunki Maravilha' to stress was aided by the activation of DNA repair and processing proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that the levels of a number of proteins involved in various cellular pathways are affected during water deficit in the roots of citrus plants. The results show that acclimatization to water deficit involves specific responses in Rangpur lime and 'Sunki Maravilha' mandarin. This study provides insights into the effects of drought on the abundance of proteins in the roots of two varieties of citrus rootstocks. In addition, this work allows for a better understanding of the molecular basis of the response to water deficit in citrus. Further analysis is needed to elucidate the behaviors of the key target proteins involved in this response.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Calcio/metabolismo , Óxidos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteómica , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Deshidratación , Sequías , Electroforesis en Gel Bidimensional , Análisis de Componente Principal , Mapeo de Interacción de Proteínas , Mapas de Interacción de ProteínasRESUMEN
NEP1 (necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1)-like proteins (NLPs) have been identified in a variety of taxonomically unrelated plant pathogens and share a common characteristic of inducing responses of plant defense and cell death in dicotyledonous plants. Even though some aspects of NLP action have been well characterized, nothing is known about the global range of modifications in proteome and metabolome of NLP-treated plant cells. Here, using both proteomic and metabolomic approaches we were able to identify the global molecular and biochemical changes in cells of Nicotiana benthamiana elicited by short-term treatment with MpNEP2, a NLP of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the basidiomycete responsible for the witches' broom disease on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Approximately 100 protein spots were collected from 2-DE gels in each proteome, with one-third showing more than twofold differences in the expression values. Fifty-three such proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and mapped into specific metabolic pathways and cellular processes. Most MpNEP2 upregulated proteins are involved in nucleotide-binding function and oxidoreductase activity, whereas the downregulated proteins are mostly involved in glycolysis, response to stress and protein folding. Thirty metabolites were detected by gas spectrometry (GC)/MS and semi-quantified, of which eleven showed significant differences between the treatments, including proline, alanine, myo-inositol, ethylene, threonine and hydroxylamine. The global changes described affect the reduction-oxidation reactions, ATP biosynthesis and key signaling molecules as calcium and hydrogen peroxide. These findings will help creating a broader understanding of NLP-mediated cell death signaling in plants.
Asunto(s)
Agaricales/fisiología , Proteínas Fúngicas/fisiología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Metaboloma/fisiología , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Nicotiana/parasitología , Células Cultivadas , Ontología de Genes , Anotación de Secuencia Molecular , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Proteínas de Plantas/fisiología , Proteoma/fisiología , Nicotiana/citologíaRESUMEN
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses and an absolute requirement for stress tolerance. Recently, a third phytoene synthase (PSY3) gene paralog was identified in monocots and demonstrated to play a specialized role in stress-induced ABA formation, thus suggesting that the first committed step in carotenogenesis is a key limiting step in ABA biosynthesis. To examine whether the ectopic expression of PSY, other than PSY3, would similarly affect ABA level and stress tolerance, we have produced transgenic tobacco containing a fruit-specific PSY (CpPSY) of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). The transgenic plants contained a single- or double-locus insertion and expressed CpPSY at varying transcript levels. In comparison with the wild-type plants, the CpPSY expressing transgenic plants showed a significant increase on root length and shoot biomass under PEG-, NaCl- and mannitol-induced osmotic stress. The enhanced stress tolerance of transgenic plants was correlated with the increased endogenous ABA level and expression of stress-responsive genes, which in turn was correlated with the CpPSY copy number and expression level in different transgenic lines. Collectively, these results provide further evidence that PSY is a key enzyme regulating ABA biosynthesis and that the altered expression of other PSYs in transgenic plants may provide a similar function to that of the monocot's PSY3 in ABA biosynthesis and stress tolerance. The results also pave the way for further use of CpPSY, as well as other PSYs, as potential candidate genes for engineering tolerance to drought and salt stress in crop plants.
Asunto(s)
Transferasas Alquil y Aril/genética , Citrus paradisi/enzimología , Nicotiana/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Estrés Fisiológico , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Transferasas Alquil y Aril/biosíntesis , Deshidratación , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Geranilgeranil-Difosfato Geranilgeraniltransferasa , Hojas de la Planta/enzimología , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/enzimología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/fisiología , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Tolerancia a la Sal , Nicotiana/enzimología , Nicotiana/fisiología , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequences of PSY, PDS, and ZDS, encoding the early carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes in the carotenoid pathway of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), were isolated and characterized for the first time. CpPSY contained a 1311-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 436 amino acids, CpPDS contained a 1659-bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 552 amino acids, and CpZDS contained a 1713-bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 570 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CpPSY shares homology with PSYs from Citrus, tomato, pepper, Arabidopsis, and the monocot PSY1 group, while CpPDS and CpZDS are most closely related to orthologs from Citrus and tomato. Expression analysis revealed fluctuations in CpPSY, CpPDS, and CpZDS transcript abundance and a non-coordinated regulation between the former and the two latter genes during fruit development in albedo and juice vesicles of white ('Duncan') and red ('Flame') grapefruits. A 3× higher upregulation of CpPSY expression in juice vesicles of red-fleshed 'Flame' as compared to white-fruited 'Duncan' was observed in the middle stages of fruit development, which correlates with the well documented accumulation pattern of lycopene in red grapefruit. Together with previous data, our results suggest that the primary mechanism controlling lycopene accumulation in red grapefruit involves the transcriptional upregulation of CpPSY, which controls the flux into the carotenoid pathway, and the downregulated expression of CpLCYB2, which controls the step of cyclization of lycopene in chromoplasts during fruit ripening. A correlation between CpPSY expression and fruit color evolution in red grapefruit is demonstrated.
Asunto(s)
Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Carotenoides/biosíntesis , Citrus paradisi/enzimología , Enzimas/genética , Enzimas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Filogenia , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , Biología Computacional , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Componentes del Gen/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Licopeno , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Trichoderma stromaticum, a biocontrol agent of the cacao witches' broom pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa, has been used in Brazil as part of the integrated pest management of cacao. At the present time, little is known about the effects of T. stromaticum on the modulation of in vitro or in vivo immune responses. The present study examined the interaction of T. stromaticum spores with cellular and molecular components of the immune system following intranasal sensitization of mice. Our results showed that T. stromaticum spores prevented the expression and production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages stimulated with interferon (IFN)-γ plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays revealed that T. stromaticum spores inhibited the expression of dectin-1 and Toll-like-receptor (TLR)2/TLR4. Intranasal injection of BALB/c mice and subsequent challenge with spores of T. stromaticum induced a discrete inflammatory response in the lungs. Interestingly, the spores inhibited local and systemic production of the regulatory IL-10 and proinflammatory IFN-γ cytokines. In addition the spores presented an antiproliferative effect on spleen cells. These findings showed that the biopesticide T. stromaticum may exert immunosuppressive effects in vitro and in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Micosis/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fagocitos/metabolismo , Trichoderma/patogenicidad , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Animales , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/inmunología , Femenino , Inmunidad Innata , Lectinas Tipo C , Pulmón/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Control Biológico de Vectores , Fagocitos/inmunología , Fagocitos/microbiología , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 2/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 2/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismoRESUMEN
Oxalic acid (OA) and Nep1-like proteins (NLP) are recognized as elicitors of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants, which is crucial for the pathogenic success of necrotrophic plant pathogens and involves reactive oxygen species (ROS). To determine the importance of oxalate as a source of ROS for OA- and NLP-induced cell death, a full-length cDNA coding for an oxalate decarboxylase (FvOXDC) from the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes, which converts OA into CO(2) and formate, was overexpressed in tobacco plants. The transgenic plants contained less OA and more formic acid compared with the control plants and showed enhanced resistance to cell death induced by exogenous OA and MpNEP2, an NLP of the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. This resistance was correlated with the inhibition of ROS formation in the transgenic plants inoculated with OA, MpNEP2, or a combination of both PCD elicitors. Taken together, these results have established a pivotal function for oxalate as a source of ROS required for the PCD-inducing activity of OA and NLP. The results also indicate that FvOXDC represents a potentially novel source of resistance against OA- and NLP-producing pathogens such as M. perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.).
Asunto(s)
Agaricales/metabolismo , Agaricales/patogenicidad , Carboxiliasas/biosíntesis , Nicotiana , Ácido Oxálico/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Carboxiliasas/genética , Muerte Celular , Flammulina/enzimología , Flammulina/genética , Formiatos/metabolismo , Necrosis , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Nicotiana/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Two new lycopene ß-cyclases (LCYBs) were cloned and characterized from grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). During fruit ripening, CpLCYB1 expression did not show significant differences between 'Flame' (red flesh) and 'Marsh' (white flesh), and was much lower than CpLCYB2 and nearly constant; however, CpLCYB2 expression dramatically changed in a similar tendency in the pulp of both grapefruit cultivars, but the relative abundance of mRNA in 'Flame' was significantly lower than in 'Marsh'. Phylogenetically and structurally, CpLCYB1 was a chloroplast-specific member and CpLCYB2 a chromoplast-specific member, the two subfamilies of all the LCYB genes. An intron was found in the 5'-untranslated region of CpLCYB1 and in two other Citrus LCYB1 genes (CcLCYB1 and CsLCYB1-2), resulting in an extra 20 amino acids, compared with all the other LCYB1s. It suggested that a different genomic event, in addition to gene duplication, has contributed to the evolution of these LCYB genes, and likewise, the change of their functions.
Asunto(s)
Citrus paradisi/enzimología , Citrus paradisi/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Liasas Intramoleculares/genética , Filogenia , Secuencia de Bases , ADN Complementario/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Genes de Plantas/genética , Liasas Intramoleculares/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
The tropical tree Bixa orellana L. produces a range of secondary metabolites which biochemical and molecular biosynthesis basis are not well understood. In this work we have characterized a set of ESTs from a non-normalized cDNA library of B. orellana seeds to obtain information about the main developmental and metabolic processes taking place in developing seeds and their associated genes. After sequencing a set of randomly selected clones, most of the sequences were assigned with putative functions based on similarity, GO annotations and protein domains. The most abundant transcripts encoded proteins associated with cell wall (prolyl 4-hydroxylase), fatty acid (acyl carrier protein), and hormone/flavonoid (2OG-Fe oxygenase) synthesis, germination (MADS FLC-like protein) and embryo development (AP2/ERF transcription factor) regulation, photosynthesis (chlorophyll a-b binding protein), cell elongation (MAP65-1a), and stress responses (metallothionein- and thaumatin-like proteins). Enzymes were assigned to 16 different metabolic pathways related to both primary and secondary metabolisms. Characterization of two candidate genes of the bixin biosynthetic pathway, BoCCD and BoOMT, showed that they belong, respectively, to the carotenoid-cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) families, and are up-regulated during seed development. It indicates their involvement in the synthesis of this commercially important carotenoid pigment in seeds of B. orellana. Most of the genes identified here are the first representatives of their gene families in B. orellana.
Asunto(s)
Bixaceae/genética , Dioxigenasas/genética , Etiquetas de Secuencia Expresada , Metiltransferasas/genética , Semillas/metabolismo , Biblioteca de Genes , Genes de Plantas , Modelos Genéticos , Familia de Multigenes , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The tropical plant Bixa orellana L. (annatto) produces an array of natural products, including the pigment bixin used in the food and cosmetics industries. In order to understand the biochemical and molecular basis of the biosynthesis of these natural products, a reliable method for isolating high yields of high-quality RNA is required. Here we described a successful and reproducible method for isolation and purification of high-quantity and high-quality RNA from different tissues of annatto. This protocol overcomes the usual problems associated with large amounts of polyphenols, polysaccharides, pigments, and other secondary metabolites that are not easily removed by conventional extraction procedures. Furthermore, the proposed protocol can be easily carried out in any laboratory and it could also be extended to isolate RNA from other plant species showing similar abundance of compounds that interfere with RNA extractions. The yield and quality of the RNA were monitored by spectrophotometric analysis, separation on agarose gel, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), and construction of a cDNA library.