RESUMEN
Darwin's theory of evolution, which is based on variation, heredity, and selection, includes all biological fields and spreads to other areas such as philosophy. Medicine is an example of how the evolutionary perspective can greatly improve the understanding of concepts in an area, as human health and pathological conditions are under the effect of evolution. Evolutionary medicine is an emerging paradigm for understanding human heterogeneity, health, and diseases. Nevertheless, there are indications that medical research and practice are only marginally affected by these ideas. Here, we investigate how concepts of biological evolution are employed in medical research. We use a bibliometric approach to look for the presence and frequency of biological evolution-related concepts in medical articles. The distribution of these concepts over the years is analyzed according to the medical specialty and the impact of the journal. Our data showed that: i) only a small percentage of articles in medical journals have an evolutionary perspective; ii) medical journals where these evolution-based articles are published focus on basic science, theoretical medicine, and less frequently, on applied medicine; iii) these articles are mostly from the microbiology, immunology, neurology, psychology, behavior, and oncology fields; and iv) viruses are the most frequently covered microorganisms, followed by bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. The collection of our results, considering the importance of evolutionary medicine in the medical field, highlights the need for a decisive change in perspective in medical research.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Biológica , Medicina , Humanos , BiologíaRESUMEN
Darwin's theory of evolution, which is based on variation, heredity, and selection, includes all biological fields and spreads to other areas such as philosophy. Medicine is an example of how the evolutionary perspective can greatly improve the understanding of concepts in an area, as human health and pathological conditions are under the effect of evolution. Evolutionary medicine is an emerging paradigm for understanding human heterogeneity, health, and diseases. Nevertheless, there are indications that medical research and practice are only marginally affected by these ideas. Here, we investigate how concepts of biological evolution are employed in medical research. We use a bibliometric approach to look for the presence and frequency of biological evolution-related concepts in medical articles. The distribution of these concepts over the years is analyzed according to the medical specialty and the impact of the journal. Our data showed that: i) only a small percentage of articles in medical journals have an evolutionary perspective; ii) medical journals where these evolution-based articles are published focus on basic science, theoretical medicine, and less frequently, on applied medicine; iii) these articles are mostly from the microbiology, immunology, neurology, psychology, behavior, and oncology fields; and iv) viruses are the most frequently covered microorganisms, followed by bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. The collection of our results, considering the importance of evolutionary medicine in the medical field, highlights the need for a decisive change in perspective in medical research.
RESUMEN
A close interaction between basic science and applied medicine is to be expected. Therefore, it is important to measure how far apart the field of cell biology and medicine are. Our approach to estimating the distance between these fields was to compare their vocabularies and to quantify the difference in word repertoire. We compared the vocabulary of the title and abstract of articles available in PubMed in two selected high-impact journals in each field: cell biology, medicine, and translational science. Although each journal has its own editorial policy, we showed that within each field there is a small vocabulary difference between the two journals. We developed a word similarity index that can measure how much journals share a common vocabulary. We found a high similarity index between each cell biology (91%), medical (71-74%), and translational journal (65%). In contrast, the comparison between medicine and biology journals produced low correlation values (22-36%), suggesting that their vocabularies are quite dissimilar. Translational medicine journals had medium similarity values when compared to cell biology journals (52-70%) and medicine journals (27-59%). This approach was also performed in 10-year periods to evaluate the evolution of each field. Using the "onomics" strategy presented here, we observed that differences in vocabulary of basic science and medicine have been increasing over time. Since translational medicine has an intermediate vocabulary, we confirmed that translational medicine is an efficient approach to bridge this gap.
Asunto(s)
VocabularioRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There are no accurate estimates of the prevalence of non-severe maternal morbidities. Given the lack of instruments to fully assess these morbidities, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed an instrument called WOICE. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of non-severe maternal morbidities in puerperal women and factors associated to impaired clinical, social and mental health conditions. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with postpartum women at a high-risk outpatient clinic in southeast Brazil, from November 2017 to December 2018. The WOICE questionnaire included three sections: the first with maternal and obstetric history, sociodemographic data, risk and environment factors, violence and sexual health; the second considers functionality and disability, general symptoms and mental health; and the third includes data on physical and laboratory tests. Data collection was supported by Tablets with REDCAP software. Initially, a descriptive analysis was performed, with general prevalence of all variables contained in the WOICE, including scales on anxiety and depression (GAD-7 and PHQ-9- impaired if ≥10), functionality (WHODAS- high disability scores when ≥37.4) and data on violence and substance use. Subsequently, an evaluation of cases with positive findings was performed, with a Poisson regression to investigate factors associated to impaired non-clinical and clinical conditions. RESULTS: Five hundred seventeen women were included, majority (54.3%) multiparous, between 20 and 34 years (65.4%) and with a partner (75,6%). Over a quarter had (26.2%) preterm birth. Around a third (30.2%) reported health problems informed by the physician, although more than 80% considered having good or very good health. About 10% reported any substance use and 5.9% reported exposure to violence. Anxiety was identified in 19.8% of cases, depression in 36.9% and impaired functioning in 4.4% of women. Poisson regression identified that poor overall health rating was associated to increased anxiety/depression and impaired functioning. Having a partner reduced perception of women on the presence of clinical morbidities. CONCLUSION: During postpartum care of a high-risk population, over one third of the considered women presented anxiety and depression; 10% reported substance use and around 6% exposure to violence. These aspects of women's health need further evaluation and specific interventions to improve quality of care.
Asunto(s)
Depresión Posparto/epidemiología , Embarazo de Alto Riesgo , Trastornos Puerperales/epidemiología , Adulto , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/epidemiología , Exposición a la Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Distribución de Poisson , Periodo Posparto , Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Organización Mundial de la Salud , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A close interaction between basic science and applied medicine is to be expected. Therefore, it is important to measure how far apart the field of cell biology and medicine are. Our approach to estimating the distance between these fields was to compare their vocabularies and to quantify the difference in word repertoire. We compared the vocabulary of the title and abstract of articles available in PubMed in two selected high-impact journals in each field: cell biology, medicine, and translational science. Although each journal has its own editorial policy, we showed that within each field there is a small vocabulary difference between the two journals. We developed a word similarity index that can measure how much journals share a common vocabulary. We found a high similarity index between each cell biology (91%), medical (71-74%), and translational journal (65%). In contrast, the comparison between medicine and biology journals produced low correlation values (22-36%), suggesting that their vocabularies are quite dissimilar. Translational medicine journals had medium similarity values when compared to cell biology journals (52-70%) and medicine journals (27-59%). This approach was also performed in 10-year periods to evaluate the evolution of each field. Using the "onomics" strategy presented here, we observed that differences in vocabulary of basic science and medicine have been increasing over time. Since translational medicine has an intermediate vocabulary, we confirmed that translational medicine is an efficient approach to bridge this gap.
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The licuri palm, Syagrus coronata (Martius) Beccari (Arecaceae), is widely distributed throughout the Brazilian Caatinga and has high cultural, socioeconomical, and ecological importance. The palm tree logging is prohibited by the Brazilian law, and thus isolated individuals are a common sight on managed pastures in the Brazilian semi-arid region. We aimed to compare the insect seed-predator Pachymerus nucleorum (Fabricius) (Bruchinae) abundance and its predation levels on S. coronata seeds between managed (pasture) and natural (Caatinga vegetation) habitats. We also monitored the parasitoid Heterospilus prosopodis (Viereck) (Braconidae) abundance and other P. nucleorum potential natural enemies (generalist predators and microhymenopterans). We tested the hypothesis that more complex and heterogenous habitats (i.e., with higher plant diversity) support higher abundance of potential P. nucleorum natural enemies. For such, we collected 600 fruits from each habitat and evaluated the seed predation level by P. nucleorum, as well as the P. nucleorum parasitism by H. prosopodis. The P. nucleorum abundance and its potential natural enemies were estimated using 122 sticky traps placed on the S. coronata individuals' crown. Neither the P. nucleorum and generalist predators abundance differed between habitats, whereas the H. prosopodis and microhymenopterans abundance was higher in the natural habitat. Consequently, P. nucleorum parasitism levels by H. prosopodis were also higher in the natural habitat. Our study indicated that habitat with higher plant diversity supported more natural enemies, thus confirming that increased habitat homogenization leads to decreased parasitism levels by the less parasitoids number in managed habitats. Our results may subsidize conservationist management practices in the managed habitats aiming to improve fruit exploitation techniques sustainability and land-use practices, which would thereafter allow for the S. coronata population conservation in the Brazilian Caatinga.
Asunto(s)
Arecaceae , Escarabajos , Ecosistema , Herbivoria , Animales , Brasil , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Frutas , Dinámica Poblacional , SemillasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article is to describe maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed in a high-risk prenatal outpatient clinic at a referral center. METHODS: This observational study included pregnant women with SLE who underwent prenatal follow-up and childbirth at the Women's Hospital, University of Campinas, from January 2012 to January 2018. All women were followed according to the institution's protocol for pregnant women with SLE. They were subdivided into two groups according to the presence of disease activity during the preconception and gestation periods, and evaluated according to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pregnancy Disease Activity Index scales. Data were retrieved from patients' medical records. Chi-square, Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney tests and multivariable analyses were performed. Statistical significance level was 5% (p < .05). RESULTS: A total of 125 cases were initially included; those who were lost to follow-up or gave birth at another hospital were further excluded, with 102 pregnancies (of 95 women) remaining. The mean age of the women was 27.7 years (SD 5.44), and 48% were in their first gestation. The average duration of disease was 6.79 years (SD 5.38), with 92.1% receiving SLE-specific therapy. SLE flare occurred in 8.9% during the preconception period and 23.5% during gestation. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (16.6%), preeclampsia or eclampsia (15.6%) and preterm labor (12.7%) were the most frequent complications. The mean gestational age at birth was 34.4 weeks (SD 5.9); the preterm birth rate was 46.8%, the low birth weight rate was 35.1%, and intensive neonatal care admission was 40.4%. Four fetal deaths and one maternal death occurred, all of them in the group with SLE flares. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that preconception lupus activity had a six-fold increased rate of gestational loss (odds ratio (OR): 6.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-29.99)), and lupus activity during pregnancy had a five-fold increased rate of prematurity at less than 34 weeks (OR: 5.02 (95% CI: 1.90-13.30)). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the low percentages of women with pregestational and pregnancy-active disease, we found high incidences of maternal and perinatal complications. Preconception SLE activity increased gestational loss, and SLE activity during pregnancy increased prematurity. Effective immunosuppressive therapy was able to decrease clinical and laboratory activity of SLE; however, unfavorable perinatal outcomes still occurred, even when lupus activity was under control. Pregnancy in women with SLE is always a challenge.
Asunto(s)
Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/complicaciones , Complicaciones del Embarazo/prevención & control , Atención Prenatal/normas , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Femenino , Muerte Fetal/etiología , Rotura Prematura de Membranas Fetales/epidemiología , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Incidencia , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/tratamiento farmacológico , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/epidemiología , Muerte Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Trabajo de Parto Prematuro , Preeclampsia/epidemiología , Atención Preconceptiva/normas , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , Nacimiento Prematuro , Atención Prenatal/métodos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Background: Taking into account the probable role that race/skin color may have for determining outcomes in maternal health, the objective of this study was to assess whether maternal race/skin color is a predictor of severe maternal morbidity. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity, a national multicenter cross-sectional study of 27 Brazilian referral maternity hospitals. A prospective surveillance was performed to identify cases of maternal death (MD), maternal near miss (MNM) events, and potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), according to standard WHO definition and criteria. Among 9,555 women with severe maternal morbidity, data on race/skin color was available for 7,139 women, who were further divided into two groups: 4,108 nonwhite women (2,253 black and 1,855 from other races/skin color) and 3,031 white women. Indicators of severe maternal morbidity according to WHO definition are shown by skin color group. Adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PRadj - 95%CI) for Severe Maternal Outcome (SMO=MNM+MD) were estimated according to sociodemographic/obstetric characteristics, pregnancy outcomes, and perinatal results considering race. Results: Among 7,139 women with severe maternal morbidity evaluated, 90.5% were classified as PLTC, 8.5% as MNM, and 1.6% as MD. There was a significantly higher prevalence of MNM and MD among white women. MNMR (maternal near miss ratio) was 9.37 per thousand live births (LB). SMOR (severe maternal outcome ratio) was 11.08 per 1000 LB, and MMR (maternal mortality ratio) was 170.4 per 100,000 LB. Maternal mortality to maternal near miss ratio was 1 to 5.2, irrespective of maternal skin color. Hypertension, the main cause of maternal complications, affected mostly nonwhite women. Hemorrhage, the second more common cause of maternal complication, predominated among white women. Nonwhite skin color was associated with a reduced risk of SMO in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Nonwhite skin color was associated with a lower risk for severe maternal outcomes. This result could be due to confounding factors linked to a high rate of Brazilian miscegenation.
Asunto(s)
Mortalidad Materna , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Pigmentación de la Piel , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Nacimiento Vivo/epidemiología , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/mortalidad , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , Población Blanca , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The ageing of society is driving an enormous increase in fragility fracture incidence and imposing a massive burden on patients, their families, health systems and societies globally. Disrupting the status quo has therefore become an obligation and a necessity. Initiated by the Fragility Fracture Network (FFN) at a "Presidents' Roundtable" during the 5th FFN Global Congress in 2016 several leading organisations agreed that a global multidisciplinary and multiprofessional collaboration, resulting in a Global Call to Action (CtA), would be the right step forward to improve the care of people presenting with fragility fractures. So far global and regional organisations in geriatrics/internal medicine, orthopaedics, osteoporosis/metabolic bone disease, rehabilitation and rheumatology were contacted as well as national organisations in five highly populated countries (Brazil, China, India, Japan and the United States), resulting in 81societies endorsing the CtA. We call for implementation of a systematic approach to fragility fracture care with the goal of restoring function and preventing subsequent fractures without further delay. There is an urgent need to improve: To address this fragility fracture crisis, the undersigned organisations pledge to intensify their efforts to improve the current management of all fragility fractures, prevent subsequent fractures, and strive to restore functional abilities and quality of life.
Asunto(s)
Continuidad de la Atención al Paciente/normas , Atención a la Salud/normas , Servicios de Salud para Ancianos , Osteoporosis/epidemiología , Fracturas Osteoporóticas/rehabilitación , Prevención Secundaria/normas , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil/epidemiología , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Geriatría , Investigación sobre Servicios de Salud , Servicios de Salud para Ancianos/organización & administración , Servicios de Salud para Ancianos/normas , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Osteoporosis/complicaciones , Fracturas Osteoporóticas/epidemiología , Fracturas Osteoporóticas/cirugía , Mejoramiento de la Calidad/normas , Calidad de la Atención de Salud/normas , Calidad de Vida , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Preeclampsia currently remains one of the leading causes of death and severe maternal morbidity. Although its prevalence is still underestimated in some places due to underreporting, preeclampsia is a disease that health professionals need to know how to deal with and take action. For this reason, the studies about the theme remain along with the advances in their understanding that often implies improvement and change of concepts and conducts. The complexity of its etiology is a challenge and requires further studies for its full understanding. Apparently, poor adaptation of the maternal organism to the conceptus, marked by the nonoccurrence of changes in the uterine spiral arteries, determines a series of systemic repercussions that compound the various forms of preeclampsia presentation. In recent years, the use of acetylsalicylic acid to prevent cases of early onset of the disease has been consolidated and, alongside, studies have advanced the development of accessible and effective methods of identifying women at risk of preeclampsia. The aim of this review is to discuss updates on the occurrence, concept, pathophysiology, repercussion, prevention, and prediction of preeclampsia.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Aspirina/uso terapéutico , Placenta/fisiopatología , Preeclampsia/fisiopatología , Arteria Uterina/fisiopatología , Proteína ADAM12/genética , Proteína ADAM12/metabolismo , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Femenino , Galectinas/genética , Galectinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Flujometría por Láser-Doppler , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Placenta/irrigación sanguínea , Placenta/diagnóstico por imagen , Placenta/efectos de los fármacos , Preeclampsia/diagnóstico por imagen , Preeclampsia/genética , Preeclampsia/prevención & control , Embarazo , Proteínas Gestacionales/genética , Proteínas Gestacionales/metabolismo , Proteína Plasmática A Asociada al Embarazo/genética , Proteína Plasmática A Asociada al Embarazo/metabolismo , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Arteria Uterina/diagnóstico por imagen , Arteria Uterina/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor 1 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Receptor 1 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
Citrus canker, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp citri (Xac), severely affects most economically important citrus varieties worldwide. A previous study showed that disruption of the ORF XAC1201 from the Xac 306 strain by transposon Tn5 decreased bacterium virulence in the Rangpur lime host (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck). However, little is known regarding the possible function of the hypothetical protein XAC1201 and how it affects the virulence of Xac 306. Here, we confirmed that disruption of ORF XAC1201 reduces Xac 306 virulence in two different hosts, delaying the onset of typical symptoms. In silico analysis suggested that XAC1201 interacts with the flagellar proteins FliM and FliL, known to be an important factor for virulence. In fact, motility assays revealed that the XAC1201 mutant has a significant difference in motility compared to the wild-type Xac 306. Also, a 3-D structure model revealed modified cofactor binding sites and suggested that XAC1201 has a non-functional HD domain. This hypothesis was confirmed by enzymatic assays performed in purified, XAC1201 recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli, which revealed no significant activities previously associated with HD domains for the tested substrates. Thus, the role of the XAC1201 protein in Xac 306 virulence seems to be related to flagellar motility, although a non-classic role for the HD domain cannot be dismissed.
Asunto(s)
Flagelos/metabolismo , Movimiento , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Xanthomonas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Flagelos/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Mutación , Unión Proteica , Dominios Proteicos , Virulencia/genética , Xanthomonas/patogenicidad , Xanthomonas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
O NANOLIPE® é o indicador de digestibilidade LIPE® com incorporação de nano partículas que se misturam de forma mais homogênea e rápida na digesta, permitindo redução do período de adaptação e maiores taxas de recuperação daquele quando comparado com outros indicadores usados em equinos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho comparar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes de dieta em equinos obtida pelo método padrão (coleta total de fezes - CTF), estimada por dois indicadores internos (fibra em detergente ácido indigestível - FDAi; lignina Klason - LK) e por indicador externo NANOLIPE®, visando à validação deste último para uso na nutrição equina. Em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, oito éguas Mangalarga Marchador adultas (média de 380kg PV) foram usadas para avaliação dos tratamentos (CTF, FDAi, LK, NANOLIPE®). A dieta foi composta por 1,5% PV de feno de coast cross, 1,0% PV de concentrado comercial com 13% PB, dividido em dois tratos diários fornecidos às oito e às 17h, além de água e sal mineral à vontade. O experimento teve duração de 13 dias, sendo os oito iniciais para adaptação à dieta e ao manejo e os cinco finais para coleta de fezes. O NANOLIPE® foi fornecido no terceiro e quarto dias da coleta de fezes, sendo administrado uma vez por dia, por meio de cápsulas de 0,25g/animal/dia via oral. Houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os valores de produção fecal estimados pela FDAi (0,86kg MS) e LK (0,60kg MS) em comparação aos observados na CTF (2,16kg MS) e NANOLIPE® (2,17kg MS), com sub ou superestimação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, FDN, FDA, HEM, ED, MO e PB estimados pelos indicadores internos. O NANOLIPE® obteve alta taxa de recuperação (100,46%) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade de todos nutrientes foram semelhantes aos obtidos pela CTF. O indicador NANOLIPE® foi eficiente para estimativa da produção fecal e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta em equinos, quando fornecido [...](AU)
NANOLIPE® is the LIPE®digestibility indicator incorporating nano particles that blend more smoothly and quickly in digesta, allowing reduction of the induction period, and higher recovery rates that compared with other indicators used in horses. The objective of this work was to compare the digestibility of the diet of nutrients in horses obtained by standard method (total collection of feces - TCF) and estimated by two internal indicators ( Klason Lignin - KL and indigestible Acid Detergent Fiber.- iADF) ) and external indicator NANOLIPE®, aiming to validate the latter for use in equine nutrition. In a randomized block design, eight Mangalarga Marchador adult mares were used to evaluate treatments (CBC, iADF, LK, NANOLIPE®). The diet was composed of 1.5% PV hay Coast Cross, 1.0% PV of commercial concentrate, divided into two daily treatment.. The trial lasted 13 days, with 8 adaptation to the diet and the handling and 5 for the experimental procedures. In the first five days of the experimental period total feces was collected and in the 3th and 4th day the animals received NANOLIPE® administered once a day through capsules of 0.25 g / animal / day orally. Using the method of TFC as standart, the Klason Lignin and iADF proved inadequate (P<0,05) and NANOLIPE® was considered efficient (P>0,05) for estimating the digestibility of nutrients in the equine species. There were differences (P <0.05) between fecal production values estimated by iADF (0.86 kg DM) and LK (0.60 kg DM) compared to those observed in CTF (2.16 kg DM) and NANOLIPE® (2.17 kg DM) with under- or overestimation of the digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF, HEM, ED, OM and CP estimated by internal indicators. The NANOLIPE® got high recovery rate (100.46%) and the digestibility coefficients of all nutrients were similar to those obtained by the CTF. The NANOLIPE® indicator was efficient to estimate fecal output and apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients in horses when [...](AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Caballos , Lignina , Dieta/veterinaria , Alimentos , NanotecnologíaRESUMEN
O NANOLIPE® é o indicador de digestibilidade LIPE® com incorporação de nano partículas que se misturam de forma mais homogênea e rápida na digesta, permitindo redução do período de adaptação e maiores taxas de recuperação daquele quando comparado com outros indicadores usados em equinos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho comparar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes de dieta em equinos obtida pelo método padrão (coleta total de fezes - CTF), estimada por dois indicadores internos (fibra em detergente ácido indigestível - FDAi; lignina Klason - LK) e por indicador externo NANOLIPE®, visando à validação deste último para uso na nutrição equina. Em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, oito éguas Mangalarga Marchador adultas (média de 380kg PV) foram usadas para avaliação dos tratamentos (CTF, FDAi, LK, NANOLIPE®). A dieta foi composta por 1,5% PV de feno de coast cross, 1,0% PV de concentrado comercial com 13% PB, dividido em dois tratos diários fornecidos às oito e às 17h, além de água e sal mineral à vontade. O experimento teve duração de 13 dias, sendo os oito iniciais para adaptação à dieta e ao manejo e os cinco finais para coleta de fezes. O NANOLIPE® foi fornecido no terceiro e quarto dias da coleta de fezes, sendo administrado uma vez por dia, por meio de cápsulas de 0,25g/animal/dia via oral. Houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os valores de produção fecal estimados pela FDAi (0,86kg MS) e LK (0,60kg MS) em comparação aos observados na CTF (2,16kg MS) e NANOLIPE® (2,17kg MS), com sub ou superestimação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, FDN, FDA, HEM, ED, MO e PB estimados pelos indicadores internos. O NANOLIPE® obteve alta taxa de recuperação (100,46%) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade de todos nutrientes foram semelhantes aos obtidos pela CTF. O indicador NANOLIPE® foi eficiente para estimativa da produção fecal e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta em equinos, quando fornecido por dois dias, sendo uma aplicação diária e com início da coleta de fezes, 24 horas após sua administração.(AU)
NANOLIPE® is the LIPE®digestibility indicator incorporating nano particles that blend more smoothly and quickly in digesta, allowing reduction of the induction period, and higher recovery rates that compared with other indicators used in horses. The objective of this work was to compare the digestibility of the diet of nutrients in horses obtained by standard method (total collection of feces - TCF) and estimated by two internal indicators ( Klason Lignin - KL and indigestible Acid Detergent Fiber.- iADF) ) and external indicator NANOLIPE®, aiming to validate the latter for use in equine nutrition. In a randomized block design, eight Mangalarga Marchador adult mares were used to evaluate treatments (CBC, iADF, LK, NANOLIPE®). The diet was composed of 1.5% PV hay Coast Cross, 1.0% PV of commercial concentrate, divided into two daily treatment.. The trial lasted 13 days, with 8 adaptation to the diet and the handling and 5 for the experimental procedures. In the first five days of the experimental period total feces was collected and in the 3th and 4th day the animals received NANOLIPE® administered once a day through capsules of 0.25 g / animal / day orally. Using the method of TFC as standart, the Klason Lignin and iADF proved inadequate (P<0,05) and NANOLIPE® was considered efficient (P>0,05) for estimating the digestibility of nutrients in the equine species. There were differences (P <0.05) between fecal production values estimated by iADF (0.86 kg DM) and LK (0.60 kg DM) compared to those observed in CTF (2.16 kg DM) and NANOLIPE® (2.17 kg DM) with under- or overestimation of the digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF, HEM, ED, OM and CP estimated by internal indicators. The NANOLIPE® got high recovery rate (100.46%) and the digestibility coefficients of all nutrients were similar to those obtained by the CTF. The NANOLIPE® indicator was efficient to estimate fecal output and apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients in horses when provided for two days, with a daily application and start collecting feces 24 hours after administration.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Alimentos , Caballos , Lignina , NanotecnologíaRESUMEN
RESUMO O capim Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) vem sendo utilizado na alimentação de equinos na forma de pré-secado (haylage) e feno, todavia não existem estudos conclusivos a respeito da influência da haylage sobre o estado de saúde dessa espécie. Portanto, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o perfil sanguíneo como indicador de higidez de éguas Quarto de Milha alimentadas com haylage e feno de Tifton-85. A gramínea utilizada foi cortada com 30 dias de crescimento. Para produção da haylage, a planta cortada permaneceu no campo até atingir 70% de matéria seca, quando foi colhida. Foram utilizadas 12 éguas Quarto de Milha, com idade entre oito e 12 anos e com peso vivo médio inicial de 451,6kg. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=6), sendo o grupo 1 alimentado com feno e o grupo 2 alimentado com haylage, por um período de 28 dias. Foram realizadas cinco coletas de sangue em intervalos de uma semana, para a determinação do perfil hematológico. Em relação ao eritrograma, observou-se discreta diminuição da concentração de hemoglobina, do hematócrito e do volume globular médio (VGM) em ambos os grupos. No leucograma, houve aumento dos leucócitos totais nas coletas iniciais em ambos os grupos, mas sem significado clínico. Conclui-se que éguas adultas Quarto de Milha, após a ingestão de feno e haylage de Tifton-85, não apresentaram alterações no perfil hematológico que indicassem prejuízos à saúde.(AU)
ABSTRACT Tifton-85 grass (Cynodon spp) has been used in equine nutrition in the form of pre-dried (haylage) and hay, however, there are no conclusive studies about the influence of haylage on blood profile of this species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the blood profile as health indicators of Quarter Horse mares were fed haylage and Tifton-85 hay. The used grass was cut at 30 days of growth. For the production of haylage, this plant remained cut in the field until it had 70% of dry matter, when it was collected. Twelve Quarter Horse mares, aged 8-12 years, with average weight of 451.58kg were used. The animals were distributed randomly into two groups (n= 6), group 1 fed hay and group 2 fed haylage, both for 28 days. Blood samples were collected at one week intervals each for determining the hematological parameters. In the erythrogram, a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and mean cell volume after the administration in both groups were detected. The white blood count increased in both groups, but the values remained within normal limits without clinical significance. In conclusion, adult Quarter Horse mares fed Tifton-85 hay and haylage showed no alterations in hematology.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Adulto , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Caballos/sangre , Pastizales , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas/veterinaria , Conservación de AlimentosRESUMEN
O capim Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) vem sendo utilizado na alimentação de equinos na forma de pré-secado (haylage) e feno, todavia não existem estudos conclusivos a respeito da influência da haylage sobre o estado de saúde dessa espécie. Portanto, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o perfil sanguíneo como indicador de higidez de éguas Quarto de Milha alimentadas com haylage e feno de Tifton-85. A gramínea utilizada foi cortada com 30 dias de crescimento. Para produção da haylage, a planta cortada permaneceu no campo até atingir 70% de matéria seca, quando foi colhida. Foram utilizadas 12 éguas Quarto de Milha, com idade entre oito e 12 anos e com peso vivo médio inicial de 451,6kg. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=6), sendo o grupo 1 alimentado com feno e o grupo 2 alimentado com haylage, por um período de 28 dias. Foram realizadas cinco coletas de sangue em intervalos de uma semana, para a determinação do perfil hematológico. Em relação ao eritrograma, observou-se discreta diminuição da concentração de hemoglobina, do hematócrito e do volume globular médio (VGM) em ambos os grupos. No leucograma, houve aumento dos leucócitos totais nas coletas iniciais em ambos os grupos, mas sem significado clínico. Conclui-se que éguas adultas Quarto de Milha, após a ingestão de feno e haylage de Tifton-85, não apresentaram alterações no perfil hematológico que indicassem prejuízos à saúde.(AU)
Tifton-85 grass (Cynodon spp) has been used in equine nutrition in the form of pre-dried (haylage) and hay, however, there are no conclusive studies about the influence of haylage on blood profile of this species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the blood profile as health indicators of Quarter Horse mares were fed haylage and Tifton-85 hay. The used grass was cut at 30 days of growth. For the production of haylage, this plant remained cut in the field until it had 70% of dry matter, when it was collected. Twelve Quarter Horse mares, aged 8-12 years, with average weight of 451.58kg were used. The animals were distributed randomly into two groups (n= 6), group 1 fed hay and group 2 fed haylage, both for 28 days. Blood samples were collected at one week intervals each for determining the hematological parameters. In the erythrogram, a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and mean cell volume after the administration in both groups were detected. The white blood count increased in both groups, but the values remained within normal limits without clinical significance. In conclusion, adult Quarter Horse mares fed Tifton-85 hay and haylage showed no alterations in hematology.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Adulto , Caballos/sangre , Pastizales , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Conservación de Alimentos , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the burden of respiratory disease, considering the influenza A pandemic season (H1N1pdm09), within the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity, and factors associated with worse maternal outcome. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study, involving 27 referral maternity hospitals in five Brazilian regions. Cases were identified in a prospective surveillance by using the WHO standardized criteria for potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC) and maternal near miss (MNM). Women with severe complications from respiratory disease identified as suspected or confirmed cases of H1N1 influenza or respiratory failure were compared to those with other causes of severe morbidity. A review of suspected H1N1 influenza cases classified women as non-tested, tested positive and tested negative, comparing their outcomes. Factors associated with severe maternal outcome (SMO = MNM + MD) were assessed in both groups, in comparison to PLTC, using PR and 95 % CI adjusted for design effect of cluster sampling. RESULTS: Among 9555 cases of severe maternal morbidity, 485 (5 %) had respiratory disease. Respiratory disease occurred in one-quarter of MNM cases and two-thirds of MD. H1N1 virus was suspected in 206 cases with respiratory illness. Around 60 % of these women were tested, yielding 49 confirmed cases. Confirmed H1N1 influenza cases had worse adverse outcomes (MNM:MD ratio < 1 (0.9:1), compared to 12:1 in cases due to other causes), and a mortality index > 50 %, in comparison to 7.4 % in other causes of severe maternal morbidity. Delay in medical care was associated with SMO in all cases considered, with a two-fold increased risk among respiratory disease patients. Perinatal outcome was worse in cases complicated by respiratory disease, with increased prematurity, stillbirth, low birth weight and Apgar score < 7. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory disease, especially considering the influenza season, is a very severe cause of maternal near miss and death. Increased awareness about this condition, preventive vaccination during pregnancy, early diagnosis and treatment are required to improve maternal health.
Asunto(s)
Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Gripe Humana/complicaciones , Complicaciones del Embarazo/mortalidad , Enfermedades Respiratorias/mortalidad , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Maternidades , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/virología , Mortalidad Materna , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/virología , Estudios Prospectivos , Derivación y Consulta , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify the burden of severe infection within the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity and factors associated with worse maternal outcomes. METHODS: This was a multicentre cross-sectional study involving 27 referral maternity hospitals in Brazil. WHO's standardised criteria for potentially life-threatening conditions and maternal near miss were used to identify cases through prospective surveillance and the main cause of morbidity was identified as infection or other causes (hypertension, haemorrhage or clinical/surgical). Complications due to infection were compared to complications due to the remaining causes of morbidity. Factors associated with a severe maternal outcome were assessed for the cases of infection. RESULTS: A total of 502 (5.3%) cases of maternal morbidity were associated with severe infection vs. 9053 cases (94.7%) with other causes. Considering increased severity of cases, infection was responsible for one-fourth of all maternal near miss (23.6%) and nearly half (46.4%) of maternal deaths, with a maternal near miss to maternal death ratio three times (2.8:1) that of cases without infection (7.8:1) and a high mortality index (26.3%). Within cases of infection, substandard care was present in over one half of the severe maternal outcome cases. Factors independently associated with worse maternal outcomes were HIV/AIDS, hysterectomy, prolonged hospitalisation, intensive care admission and delays in medical care. CONCLUSIONS: Infection is an alarming cause of maternal morbidity and mortality and timely diagnosis and adequate management are key to improving outcomes during pregnancy. Delays should be addressed, risk factors identified, and specific protocols of surveillance and care developed for use during pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Maternidades , Infecciones/epidemiología , Muerte Materna/etiología , Mortalidad Materna , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Atención Prenatal , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Brasil/epidemiología , Cuidados Críticos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Maternidades/normas , Humanos , Infecciones/mortalidad , Tiempo de Internación , Morbilidad , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/mortalidad , Atención Prenatal/normas , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Sepsis/epidemiología , Sepsis/mortalidad , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify cases of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) during pregnancy and childbirth, their characteristics, and to test the feasibility of scaling up World Health Organization criteria for identifying women at risk of a worse outcome. DESIGN: Multicentre cross-sectional study. SETTING: Twenty-seven referral maternity hospitals from all regions of Brazil. POPULATION: Cases of SMM identified among 82 388 delivering women over a 1-year period. METHODS: Prospective surveillance using the World Health Organization's criteria for potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC) and maternal near-miss (MNM) identified and assessed cases with severe morbidity or death. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Indicators of maternal morbidity and mortality; sociodemographic, clinical and obstetric characteristics; gestational and perinatal outcomes; main causes of morbidity and delays in care. RESULTS: Among 9555 cases of SMM, there were 140 deaths and 770 cases of MNM. The main determining cause of maternal complication was hypertensive disease. Criteria for MNM conditions were more frequent as the severity of the outcome increased, all combined in over 75% of maternal deaths. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified around 9.5% of MNM or death among all cases developing any severe maternal complication. Multicentre studies on surveillance of SMM, with organised collaboration and adequate study protocols can be successfully implemented, even in low-income and middle-income settings, generating important information on maternal health and care to be used to implement appropriate health policies and interventions. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Surveillance of severe maternal morbidity was proved to be possible in a hospital network in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Maternidades/estadística & datos numéricos , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Conducta Cooperativa , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Maternidades/organización & administración , Humanos , Mortalidad Materna , Potencial Evento Adverso/estadística & datos numéricos , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/mortalidad , Estudios Prospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Tifton-85 grass (Cynodon spp) has been used in equine nutrition in the form of pre-dried (haylage) and hay, however, there are no conclusive studies about the influence of haylage on blood profile of this species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the blood profile as health indicators of Quarter Horse mares were fed haylage and Tifton-85 hay. The used grass was cut at 30 days of growth. For the production of haylage, this plant remained cut in the field until it had 70% of dry matter, when it was collected. Twelve Quarter Horse mares, aged 8-12 years, with average weight of 451.58kg were used. The animals were distributed randomly into two groups (n= 6), group 1 fed hay and group 2 fed haylage, both for 28 days. Blood samples were collected at one week intervals each for determining the hematological parameters. In the erythrogram, a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and mean cell volume after the administration in both groups were detected. The white blood count increased in both groups, but the values remained within normal limits without clinical significance. In conclusion, adult Quarter Horse mares fed Tifton-85 hay and haylage showed no alterations in hematology.
RESUMO O capim Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) vem sendo utilizado na alimentação de equinos na forma de pré-secado (haylage) e feno, todavia não existem estudos conclusivos a respeito da influência da haylage sobre o estado de saúde dessa espécie. Portanto, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o perfil sanguíneo como indicador de higidez de éguas Quarto de Milha alimentadas com haylage e feno de Tifton-85. A gramínea utilizada foi cortada com 30 dias de crescimento. Para produção da haylage, a planta cortada permaneceu no campo até atingir 70% de matéria seca, quando foi colhida. Foram utilizadas 12 éguas Quarto de Milha, com idade entre oito e 12 anos e com peso vivo médio inicial de 451,6kg. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=6), sendo o grupo 1 alimentado com feno e o grupo 2 alimentado com haylage, por um período de 28 dias. Foram realizadas cinco coletas de sangue em intervalos de uma semana, para a determinação do perfil hematológico. Em relação ao eritrograma, observou-se discreta diminuição da concentração de hemoglobina, do hematócrito e do volume globular médio (VGM) em ambos os grupos. No leucograma, houve aumento dos leucócitos totais nas coletas iniciais em ambos os grupos, mas sem significado clínico. Conclui-se que éguas adultas Quarto de Milha, após a ingestão de feno e haylage de Tifton-85, não apresentaram alterações no perfil hematológico que indicassem prejuízos à saúde.
RESUMEN
Radiation sources have being widely used in industrial applications, but their inappropriate use presents a large potential for hazards to human health and the environment. These hazards can be minimised by development of specific radiation protection rules and adequate procedures for the handling, use and storage of radiation sources, which should be established in a national normative framework. Recently, due to discovery of new oil and gas reservoirs on the Brazilian continental shelf, especially in deep water and the pre-salt layer, there has been a large and rapid increase in the use of radiation sources for well logging. Generic radiation protection regulations have been used for licensing the use of radiation sources for well logging, but these are not comprehensive or technically suitable for this purpose. Therefore it is necessary to establish specific Brazilian safety regulations for this purpose. In this work, an assessment is presented of the relevant radiation protection aspects of nuclear well logging not covered by generic regulations, with the aim of contributing to the future development of specific safety regulations for the licensing of radioactive facilities for oil and gas well logging in Brazil. The conclusions of this work relate to four areas, which include the specific requirements to control (1) radiation sources, (2) radiation survey meters and (3) access to radiation workplaces and (4) to control and identify the workers who are occupationally exposed.