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The present study aimed to investigate the response of soybean cultivars with different susceptibility levels to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica at varied time intervals by analyzing the initial plant-nematode interaction using antioxidant enzymes as oxidative stress markers. A 4 × 4 × 2 factorial method with 5 repetitions was used to analyze 4 soybean cultivars at 4 different collection times-6, 12, 24, and 48 h-with and without M. javanica inoculation. The parameters evaluated were the activities of antioxidant enzymes phenol peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX); the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA); and the number of M. javanica juveniles penetrated into each plant. H2O2 concentration varied among the cultivars with and without inoculation and at different collection times as indicated by MDA concentration and POX and APX activities, demonstrating a rapid response of the host to an infection by M. javanica. Oxidative stress caused by M. javanica did not vary among the soybean cultivars regardless of their susceptibility level; however, the antioxidant enzymes POX and APX responded according to the susceptibility level of the cultivars.

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Introdução: O comportamento cinético da frequência cardíaca (FC) na transição do repouso para o exercício nos informa sobre a integridade do sistema nervoso autônomo. Recuperações mais lentas associam-se ao risco de mortalidade por eventos cardiovasculares, tornando-se imprescindível sua avaliação. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a resposta da cinética on da FC em pacientes asmáticos e indivíduos saudáveis durante o Endurance Shuttle Walk Test (ESWT). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, transversal e controlado, com 14 adultos asmáticos e 8 controles saudáveis. Os indivíduos realizaram as seguintes avaliações: Teste de função pulmonar, Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca (VFC) e Incremental Shuttle Walk Test e ESWT. Resultados: O grupo asmático apresentou um atraso da cinética on da FC na transição do repouso para o teste, e uma correlação negativa moderada (r=-0,60; p<0,05) entre a distância percorrida (m) e o tempo de resposta (TRM) cinética on da FC. Conclusão: Os pacientes asmáticos apresentaram um atraso da cinética "on", quando comparados ao grupo de indivíduos saudáveis, demonstrando ser um importante marcador na avaliação da performance física.

Introduction: The kinetic behavior of heart rate (HR) in the transition from rest to exercise, as this assessment informs us about the integrity of the autonomic nervous system. Slower recoveries are associated with the risk of mortality from cardiovascular events, making their evaluation, essential. Objective: To evaluate and compare the HR on kinetics response in asthmatic patients and healthy individuals during the Endurance Shuttle Walk Test (ESWT). Methods: This is a prospective, cross-sectional, controlled study with 14 asthmatic adults and 8 healthy controls. Subjects performed the following assessments: Pulmonary Function Test, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Incremental Shuttle Walk Test and ESWT. Results: The asthmatic group showed a delay in the HR on kinetics in the transition from rest to the test, and a moderate negative correlation (r=-0.60; p<0.05) between the distance covered (m) and the response time (TRM) kinetics on from FC. Conclusion: Asthmatic patients showed a delay in "on" kinetics, in comparison to the group of healthy individuals, proving to be an important marker in physical performance assessments.

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Three new styrylquinoline-chalcone hybrids have been synthesized using a three-step pathway starting with Friedländer cyclocondensation between (2-aminophenyl)chalcones and acetone to give 2-methyl-4-styrylquinolines, followed by selective oxidation to the 2-formyl analogues, and finally Claisen-Schmidt condensation between the formyl intermediates and 1-acetylnaphthalene. All intermediates and the final products have been fully characterized by IR and 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy, and by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the three products have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecular conformations of (E)-3-{4-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]quinolin-2-yl}-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, C30H21NO, (IVa), and (E)-3-{4-[(E)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethenyl]quinolin-2-yl}-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, C30H20FNO, (IVb), are very similar. In each compound, the molecules are linked into a three-dimensional array by hydrogen bonds, of the C-H...O and C-H...N types in (IVa), and of the C-H...O and C-H...π types in (IVb), and by two independent π-π stacking interactions. By contrast, the conformation of the chalcone unit in (E)-3-{4-[(E)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]quinolin-2-yl}-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, C30H20ClNO, (IVc), differs from those in (IVa) and (IVb). There are only weak hydrogen bonds in the structure of (IVc), but a single rather weak π-π stacking interaction links the molecules into chains. Comparisons are made with some related structures.

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AIM: To classify functional capacity of people with difficult-to-treat asthma based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). METHODS: Fifty-seven patients underwent the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) to assess functional capacity, in order to categorize them functionally we used the ICF qualifiers. To qualify ISWT results the individual's impairment (i.e. percentage of distance walked in relation to the percentage of predicted) was analyzed. Additionally, body mass index (BMI); physical activity level (IPAQ); and pulmonary function were evaluated. In order to analyze the difference between functional capacity levels, two groups were compared (i.e. mild/moderate vs. severe impairment); therefore, the participants were matched according to age and BMI and the unpaired Student t test was used. RESULTS: Among the fifty-seven included individuals, only one (1.8%) presented mild functional capacity limitation, 12 (21.1%) moderate limitation and 44 (77.2%) severe limitation. There was a significant difference between the ISWT distance between groups (F = 0.217, p < .001). The other variables did not present differences between the mild/moderate and severe groups. CONCLUSION: The ICF qualifiers were able to categorize the ISWT and classified the functional capacity limitation as mild, moderate and severe. Therefore, it has proved to be a useful clinical tool for evaluation, follow-up and clinical decision-making.

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ABSTRACT: In this study Pyricularia spp., P. oryzae and the P. oryzae pathotype Triticum (PoT) were detected and identified in leaf segments of forage and invasive grasses located in or next to wheat fields. In 2018 and 2019, 66 samples of lesion leaf segments of Urochloa and other grasses were collected in Londrina (PR), Patos de Minas (MG), and Uberaba (MG). The detection and/or identification of the pathogens on the samples was conducted using moist chamber procedures and with the primers MoT3 and Pot2 by PCR. There were DNA amplification with the primer MoT3 (specific for PoT) for 13 (19.69%) of the samples, all of them from Urochloa. The finding that Urochloa hosts PoT at a relatively high rate raises concerns about the importance which these plants may have on the wheat blast cycle as an alternative host for the pathogen and/or source of inoculum for the disease.

RESUMO: Neste estudo Pyricularia spp., P. oryzae e o patótipo Triticum (PoT) de P. oryzae foram detectados e identificados em segmentos foliares de forrageiras e gramíneas invasoras de lavouras de trigo. Em 2018 e 2019, foram coletadas 66 amostras de segmentos foliares lesionados de Urochloa e outras gramíneas em Londrina (PR), Patos de Minas (MG) e Uberaba (MG). A detecção e/ou identificação dos patógenos nas amostras foi realizada por meio de procedimentos de câmara úmida e com os iniciadores MoT3 e Pot2 por PCR. Houve amplificações de DNA com o primer MoT3 (específico para PoT) em 13 (19,69%) das amostras, todas provenientes da Urochloa. O resultado de que Urochloa hospeda PoT em uma taxa relativamente alta levanta preocupações sobre a importância que essas plantas podem ter no ciclo de brusone do trigo como hospedeiro intermediário para o patógeno e / ou fonte de inóculo para a doença.

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In this study Pyricularia spp., P. oryzae and the P. oryzae pathotype Triticum (PoT) were detected and identified in leaf segments of forage and invasive grasses located in or next to wheat fields. In 2018 and 2019, 66 samples of lesion leaf segments of Urochloa and other grasses were collected in Londrina (PR), Patos de Minas (MG), and Uberaba (MG). The detection and/or identification of the pathogens on the samples was conducted using moist chamber procedures and with the primers MoT3 and Pot2 by PCR. There were DNA amplification with the primer MoT3 (specific for PoT) for 13 (19.69%) of the samples, all of them from Urochloa. The finding that Urochloa hosts PoT at a relatively high rate raises concerns about the importance which these plants may have on the wheat blast cycle as an alternative host for the pathogen and/or source of inoculum for the disease.

Neste estudo Pyricularia spp., P. oryzae e o patótipo Triticum (PoT) de P. oryzae foram detectados e identificados em segmentos foliares de forrageiras e gramíneas invasoras de lavouras de trigo. Em 2018 e 2019, foram coletadas 66 amostras de segmentos foliares lesionados de Urochloa e outras gramíneas em Londrina (PR), Patos de Minas (MG) e Uberaba (MG). A detecção e/ou identificação dos patógenos nas amostras foi realizada por meio de procedimentos de câmara úmida e com os iniciadores MoT3 e Pot2 por PCR. Houve amplificações de DNA com o primer MoT3 (específico para PoT) em 13 (19,69%) das amostras, todas provenientes da Urochloa. O resultado de que Urochloa hospeda PoT em uma taxa relativamente alta levanta preocupações sobre a importância que essas plantas podem ter no ciclo de brusone do trigo como hospedeiro intermediário para o patógeno e / ou fonte de inóculo para a doença.

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Three new 4-styrylquinoline-benzimidazole hybrids have been synthesized using a reaction sequence in which 2-methylquinoline precursors first undergo selective oxidation by selenium dioxide to form the corresponding 2-formylquinoline intermediates, followed by oxidative cyclocondensation reactions with benzene-1,2-diamine to yield the hybrid products. The formyl intermediates and the hybrid products have all been fully characterized using a combination of IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the structures of the three hybrid products have been determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Ethyl (E)-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-4-(4-chlorostyryl)quinoline-3-carboxylate, C27H20ClN3O2, (IIIa), and ethyl (E)-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-4-(2-methoxystyryl)quinoline-3-carboxylate, C28H23N3O3, (IIIb), both crystallize in the solvent-free form with Z' = 1, but ethyl (E)-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-4-(4-methylstyryl)quinoline-3-carboxylate, C28H23N3O2, (IIIc), crystallizes as a partial hexane solvate with Z' = 3, and the ester group in one of the independent molecules is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies of 0.765 (7) and 0.235 (7). The molecules of (IIIc) enclose continuous channels which are occupied by disordered solvent molecules having partial occupancy. In all of the molecules of (IIIa)-(IIIc), the styrylquinoline fragment is markedly nonplanar. Different combinations of N-H...O and C-H...π hydrogen bonds generate supramolecular assemblies which are two-dimensional in (IIIb) and (IIIc), but three-dimensional in (IIIa). Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.

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Frailty is a state of critical loss of physiological complexity resulting in greater vulnerability to stressors and has been characterized as a debility syndrome in the older adult. Changes in functional capacity and the cardiovascular system during aging are the most significant and relevant for this population, including the clinically healthy. In this sense, this review aims to investigate methods to monitor the performance of older adults, such as heart rate variability and verify how it can be related to frailty. It contributes to understanding that the changes in heart variability can be a marker for frailty in older adults.

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BACKGROUND: Biological control is widely applied against soybean (Glycine max L.) soil-borne pathogens by furrow or seed treatments. The efficiency of bioproducts and timing of application by foliar sprays against soybean pathogens needs to be more fully understood. This work investigated the efficiency of foliar application with a Bacillus subtilis-based product (BBP) to protect soybean from multiple pathogens and the best moment to apply it considering its compatibility with fungicides. RESULTS: Foliar applications (from stages V6 to R4) with BBP, mancozeb (M) and systemic fungicides (S) applied against Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), BBP followed by S (BBP-S), BBP along with S (S + BBP), S along with M (S + M) or water were carried out in a soybean field for two years. The treatments S + BBP, S + M and BBP-S reduced the severity of Asian rust by 82% compared to the control. Except for M, all treatments reduced the severity of other foliar diseases by >60%. The defoliation was reduced by BBP and BBP-S, whereas the yield was 25% higher than control by using BBP, S + M, S + BBP or BBP-S. Also, the incidence of Fusarium sp. was significantly reduced on seeds from treatments BBP and BBP-S. The compatibility tests in Petri dishes demonstrated that all fungicides decreased the bacterial growth when applied along with BBP, whereas previous applications of BBP did not reduce the bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS: The BBP protected soybean against multiple pathogens, reduced defoliation and promoted soybean yield similarly to conventional fungicides, but in general, the early application of the BBP was the most efficient protection. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The first report of wheat blast in the world was in Brazil, in 1986. Since then, a great effort has been made towards the development of wheat cultivars resistant to this disease, which is caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). The objective of this research was to (i) evaluate the resistance of wheat genotypes to blast and (ii) verify the correlation between disease severity on wheat spikes and sporulation rate of PoT on spike rachises. Plants of 40 cultivars grown in pots, at the flowering stage (stage 65 on the Zadoks scale), were inoculated with a suspension of conidia of a PoT isolate representative of the main variant of the fungus reported in Brazil. Severity of blast on the spikes at 5 and 7 days after inoculation (dai) and the rate of sporulation of the fungus on the rachis (conidia per g of rachis) were evaluated. Eighty percent of the cultivars that were classified in the group with the lowest sporulation rate were also classified in the group with the highest resistance at 7 dai. However, the correlation coefficients of the analysis established between the cultivar severity at 5 and 7 dai averages and the PoT sporulation rate averages were not significant (r=0.2464 and r=0.2047, respectively). Results obtained represent the updated characterization to blast of wheat cultivars in Brazil and constitute an important exploratory framework for the evaluation of the reaction of wheat genotypes based on the sporulation rate of PoT on their tissues.

O primeiro relato da brusone do trigo no mundo foi no Brasil, em 1986. Desde então, tem-se realizado um esforço muito grande com vistas ao desenvolvimento de cultivares de trigo resistentes a esta doença, a qual é causada pelo fungo Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). O objetivo deste trabalho foi de (i) avaliar a resistência de genótipos de trigo à brusone e (ii) verificar a correlação entre severidade da doença em espigas e taxa de esporulação de PoT em ráquis de espigas. Plantas de 40 cultivares brasileiras de trigo crescidas em vasos, no estádio de florescimento (estádio 65 da escala de Zadoks), foram submetidas à inoculação com uma suspensão de conídios de um isolado de PoT representativo da principal variante do fungo encontrada no Brasil. A severidade de brusone nas espigas aos cinco e sete dias após a inoculação (dai) e a taxa de esporulação do fungo nas ráquis (conídios por g de ráquis) foram avaliadas. Oitenta por cento das cultivares que foram classificadas no grupo com menor taxa de esporulação também foram classificadas no grupo de maior resistência aos sete dai. Entretanto, os coeficientes de correlação da análise estabelecida entre as médias de severidade das cultivares aos cinco e sete dai e as médias da taxa de esporulação de PoT não foram significativos (r=0,2464 e r=0,2047, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos representam a caracterização atualizada da reação à brusone de cultivares de trigo do Brasil e constituem-se em importante marco exploratório da avaliação da reação de genótipos de trigo baseado na taxa de esporulação de PoT em seus tecidos.

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Asthma is the most common inflammatory disease affecting the lungs, which can be caused by intrauterine or postnatal insults depending on the exposure to environmental factors. During early life, the exposure to different risk factors can influence the microbiome leading to undesired changes to the immune system. The modulations of the immunity, caused by dysbiosis during development, can increase the susceptibility to allergic diseases. On the other hand, immune training approaches during pregnancy can prevent allergic inflammatory diseases of the airways. In this review, we focus on evidence of risk factors in early life that can alter the development of lung immunity associated with dysbiosis, that leads to asthma and affect childhood and adult life. Furthermore, we discuss new ideas for potential prevention strategies that can be applied during pregnancy and postnatal period.

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Asthma is a widespread disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation. It causes substantial disability, impaired quality of life, and avoidable deaths around the world. The main treatment for asthmatic patients is the administration of corticosteroids, which improves the quality of life; however, prolonged use of corticosteroids interferes with extracellular matrix elements. Therefore, cell-based therapies are emerging as a novel therapeutic contribution to tissue regeneration for lung diseases. This study aimed to summarize the advancements in cell therapy involving mesenchymal stromal cells, extracellular vesicles, and immune cells such as T-cells in asthma. Our findings provide evidence that the use of mesenchymal stem cells, their derivatives, and immune cells such as T-cells are an initial milestone to understand how emergent cell-based therapies are effective to face the challenges in the development, progression, and management of asthma, thus improving the quality of life.

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in modulating bronchial smooth muscle contractility, which is altered in cystic fibrosis (CF). A convenient approach to probe ANS regulation is the quantitative analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). The purpose of this study was to evaluate ANS regulation in children with CF and to investigate the influence of colonization by Pseudonomas aeruginosa via assessment of HRV in colonized CF (CCF) children and noncolonized CF (NCCF) children. Sixteen children with CF (7 CCF and 9 NCCF) and seven healthy age-matched control children were enrolled in the study. Heart rate was recorded for 10 min at rest in the supine and standing positions and HRV analysis was carried out using autoregressive spectral analysis. The CCF group was characterized by lower forced expiratory volume than NCCF, indicating an impairment of respiratory function. The HRV parameters further confirmed the possible sympathetic overactivity in CCF. Children with CF exhibited hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. In particular, the CCF group presented a greater impairment of ANS modulation. Both CCF and NCCF children showed lower supine vagal activation in the HRV indices related to sympathetic activation and reduction of indices indicating vagal activity with the postural change from supine to standing when compared to the NCCF group.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acute application of LEDT in improving peripheral muscle performance during isometric exercise in patients with asthma. Eleven patients, with a mean age 38 ± 10, underwent a single LEDT and sham application in the femoral quadriceps' dominant member (cluster with 50 LED λ = 850 nm, 50 mW, 15 s; 37.5 J), 48 h apart in a randomized crossover design. Before and after LEDT and sham application, the patients were submitted an isometric endurance test (60% of the maximum isometric voluntary contraction), up to the limit of tolerance simultaneous recording of surface electromyography. There were no statistically significant differences between groups at the time of contraction (before 41±14 versus 44±16; after 46±12 versus 45±20 s) during the isometric contraction test and inflammatory markers before and after a single LEDT application. A single application of LEDT in the parameters and dose according to the equipment used in the study were not able to promote differences in the time of contraction and the fatigue response in asthmatic patients. However, the chronic effects of LEDT application for improving muscle performance in these patients are unknown and may present different responses during applications for a long time.

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Drug-target networks have an important role in pharmaceutical innovation, drug lead discovery, and recent drug repositioning tasks. Many different in silico approaches for the identification of new drug-target interactions have been proposed, many of them based on a particular class of machine learning algorithms called kernel methods. These pattern classification algorithms are able to incorporate previous knowledge in the form of similarity functions, i.e., a kernel, and they have been successful in a wide range of supervised learning problems. The selection of the right kernel function and its respective parameters can have a large influence on the performance of the classifier. Recently, multiple kernel learning algorithms have been introduced to address this problem, enabling one to combine multiple kernels into large drug-target interaction spaces in order to integrate multiple sources of biological information simultaneously. The Kronecker regularized least squares with multiple kernel learning (KronRLS-MKL) is a machine learning algorithm that aims at integrating heterogeneous information sources into a single chemogenomic space to predict new drug-target interactions. This chapter describes how to obtain data from heterogeneous sources and how to implement and use KronRLS-MKL to predict new interactions.

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Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar a respostada irrigação e da aplicação foliar de fungicida sobre o complexo grãos ardidos, a incidência de fungos (teste de sanidade - Blotter test) e produtividade de grãos de dois híbridos de milho. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na safra agrícola 2014/15, em Cruz Alta, RS. Para ambos os experimentos o delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados e os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial: 2 (híbridos comerciais) x 4 (3 fungicidas e 1 testemunha), com 4 repetições. Em laboratório, os grãos foram avaliados, quanto à porcentagem de grãos ardidos, sanidade de grãos pelo método de “Blotter test”, peso de mil grãos e produtividade de grãos. Houve influência do uso da irrigação, do híbrido, e da aplicação de fungicidas sobre a produtividade de grãos e a incidência de grãos ardidos e fungos fitopatogênicos. A irrigação favoreceu uma maior incidência de grãos ardidos e dos fungos Fusarium sp. e Aspergillus sp. O híbrido BG7060HR proporcionou uma menor incidência de fungos e de grãos ardidos, paralelamente a uma maior massa de mil grãos e produtividade quando aplicou-se o fungicida Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir. A aplicação de fungicidas no estádio V8 da cultura reduziu a incidência dos fungos Fusarium sp. e Aspergillus sp., destacando-se o fungicida Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of irrigation and foliar application of fungicide on the burned grain complex, fungal incidence (Blotter test) and grain yield of two maize hybrids. The experiments were conducted in the agricultural crop 2014/15, in Cruz Alta, RS. For both experiments, the treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and arranged in factorial scheme: 2 (commercial hybrids) x 4 (3 fungicides and 1 control), with 4 replicates. In the laboratory, the grains were evaluated, as percentage of burned grains, grain sanity by Blotter test method, weight of one thousand grains and grain yield. There was influence of the use of irrigation, the hybrid, and the application of fungicides on grain yield and the incidence of burned grains and phytopathogenic fungi. Irrigation favored a higher incidence of burned grains and fungi Fusariumsp. and Aspergillussp. The hybrid BG7060HR provided a lower incidence of fungi and burned grains, parallel to a greater mass of a thousand grains and productivity when the fungicide Azoxystrobin + Benzovindiflupir was applied. The application of fungicides in the V8 stage of the culture reduced the incidence of fungi Fusariumsp. and Aspergillussp., especially the fungicide Azoxystrobin + Benzovindiflupir.

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Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar a respostada irrigação e da aplicação foliar de fungicida sobre o complexo grãos ardidos, a incidência de fungos (teste de sanidade - Blotter test) e produtividade de grãos de dois híbridos de milho. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na safra agrícola 2014/15, em Cruz Alta, RS. Para ambos os experimentos o delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados e os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial: 2 (híbridos comerciais) x 4 (3 fungicidas e 1 testemunha), com 4 repetições. Em laboratório, os grãos foram avaliados, quanto à porcentagem de grãos ardidos, sanidade de grãos pelo método de “Blotter test”, peso de mil grãos e produtividade de grãos. Houve influência do uso da irrigação, do híbrido, e da aplicação de fungicidas sobre a produtividade de grãos e a incidência de grãos ardidos e fungos fitopatogênicos. A irrigação favoreceu uma maior incidência de grãos ardidos e dos fungos Fusarium sp. e Aspergillus sp. O híbrido BG7060HR proporcionou uma menor incidência de fungos e de grãos ardidos, paralelamente a uma maior massa de mil grãos e produtividade quando aplicou-se o fungicida Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir. A aplicação de fungicidas no estádio V8 da cultura reduziu a incidência dos fungos Fusarium sp. e Aspergillus sp., destacando-se o fungicida Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of irrigation and foliar application of fungicide on the burned grain complex, fungal incidence (Blotter test) and grain yield of two maize hybrids. The experiments were conducted in the agricultural crop 2014/15, in Cruz Alta, RS. For both experiments, the treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and arranged in factorial scheme: 2 (commercial hybrids) x 4 (3 fungicides and 1 control), with 4 replicates. In the laboratory, the grains were evaluated, as percentage of burned grains, grain sanity by Blotter test method, weight of one thousand grains and grain yield. There was influence of the use of irrigation, the hybrid, and the application of fungicides on grain yield and the incidence of burned grains and phytopathogenic fungi. Irrigation favored a higher incidence of burned grains and fungi Fusariumsp. and Aspergillussp. The hybrid BG7060HR provided a lower incidence of fungi and burned grains, parallel to a greater mass of a thousand grains and productivity when the fungicide Azoxystrobin + Benzovindiflupir was applied. The application of fungicides in the V8 stage of the culture reduced the incidence of fungi Fusariumsp. and Aspergillussp., especially the fungicide Azoxystrobin + Benzovindiflupir.(AU)

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[Purpose] This study evaluated the effect of Bilevel Positive Airway (BiPAP) on the autonomic control of heart rate, assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure. [Subjects and Methods] This prospective cross-sectional study included 20 subjects (age: 69±8 years, 12 male, left ventricular ejection fraction: 36 ±8%) diagnosed with heart failure who were admitted to a semi-intensive care unit with acute decompensation. Date was collected for HRV analysis during: 10 minutes spontaneous breathing in the resting supine position; 30 minutes breathing with BiPAP application (inspiratory pressure = 20 cmH2O and expiratory pressure = 10 cmH2O); and 10 minutes immediately after removal of BiPAP, during the return to spontaneous breathing. [Results] Significantly higher values for indices representative of increased parasympathetic activity were found in the time and frequency domains as well as in nonlinear Poincaré analysis during and after BiPAP in comparison to baseline. Linear HRV analysis: standard deviation of the average of all R-R intervals in milliseconds = 30.99±4.4 pre, 40.3±6.2 during, and 53.3±12.5 post BiPAP. Non-linear HRV analysis: standard deviations parallel in milliseconds = 8.31±4.3 pre, 12.9±5.8 during, and 22.8 ±6.3 post BiPAP. [Conclusion] The present findings demonstrate that BiPAP enhances vagal tone in patients with heart failure, which is beneficial for patients suffering from acute decompensation.